Level Of International System Research Articles

Discussion on Practical Options for Territorial Dispute Settlement Mechanisms — Taking the Case of Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan as an Example

In order to better respond to and deal with territorial disputes, and choose a more rational and appropriate dispute settlement mechanism, this article selects the case of sovereignty dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan for analysis, which chose two different dispute settlement mechanisms, namely, bilateral negotiation and judicial settlement, respectively, in the early and late stages of the dispute. The article analyzes the reasons for Indonesia’s two different choices at three levels: international system level, domestic level and decision-makers level, and finally draws the conclusion that Indonesia’s choice of territory dispute settlement methods was not only restricted by the structure, but also directly affected by the factors at the unit level to a large extent. It is in Indonesia’s interest to peacefully resolve the dispute over the two islands under structural pressure. And in this case, the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the ensuing crisis of governance ultimately prompted Indonesia to choose the International Court of Justice. The role played by the state and decision-makers in this case was more direct and critical.

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM ANALYTICAL FACTOR IN AUSTRALIA’S RESPONSE TOWARDS TENSIONS WITH CHINA

The relationship between Australia and China has been one of the highlights of recent foreign policy study. With its relatively unstable political dynamics, China has been very good at maintaining its economic growth so that its often referred as Rising China. Australia, on the other hand, has a great influence in Asia-Pasific economic aspect. For decades, Australia and China have a strong economic ties towards each other. It makes them one of the best duo in Asia-Pasific economic cooperation. After previously the relationship between Australia and China had been stretched for some reasons, recently the relationship between the two has become increasingly tense. It related to the various aggressiveness by China’s foreign policy towards Australia, one of which is the posting of fake image by Chinese officials, which is quite controversial. This controversy has an impact on the trade relationship between the two which getting heated. However, Australia's response tends to be less strong, compared to China’s aggressiveness. Therefore, the author will try to analyze Australia's response in this issue seen from the International System level of analysis. Inline with this, the author will focus on how interdependence in the international system can influence Australia not to act more aggressively in responding to China.

Levels of Decision-Making Determinants in the European Council of the EU in 2010–2022

The European Union has been recognised as an international system whose decisions and actions are conditioned by environmental determinants, which is a dynamic process of change. The article attempts to explain the EU’s decisions based on the conclusions of the European Council in 2010–2022. 93 documents containing the conclusions of the European Council adopted during that period were analysed. It was found that the determinants of EU decisions and actions function – firstly – at the international system level and, secondly, at the level of the domestic systems of the Member States. In addition, the article: 1) reconstructed the discussion in the science of international relations on behavioural determinants, 2) reconstructed the perception of determinants in the conclusions of the European Council; 3) a model for organising the analysis of the determinants of the decisions of the European Council was proposed.

An ERGM Social Selection Model for International Relations: The EU’s Nuclear Trade Network

An ERGM is a statistical model that can verify the existence of links in networks. In specific, an ERGM social selection model verifies various effects of variables related to attributes of actors. Estimates related to attribute variables represent the probability that particular attributes of those actors, or the similarities among and homogeneity of those attributes, affect their relationships in the network. Applying the model to international relations research, we can analyze which attributes of states significantly affect the formation of their relationships at the international system level. In an application, we estimate whether and the extent to which certain subnetwork structures and the attributes of state actors proactively influenced the formation of the EU’s nuclear trade network.

China’s Strategic Narratives in Global Governance Reform under Xi Jinping

ABSTRACT Beijing has long sought to shape global narratives about China. The Xi Jinping administration not only continued that effort but also added an entirely new dimension: it now seeks to use discourse power, particularly through formulating and promoting strategic narratives, to reshape the international system itself. Drawing upon social identity theory (SIT) and strategic narratives framework, this study shows that Beijing employs a multifaceted narrative strategy to redefine existing norms or create new ones in varied global governance domains. A theoretical framework is presented to explain the strategy and subsequently applied to illustrate China’s strategic narratives at the international system level and in three global governance areas, i.e., climate change, human rights, and Internet governance.

Religion and International Relations in the Middle East as a Challenge for International Relations (IR) Studies

This article addresses the search for religion’s “suitable place” within International Relations (IR), taking as a starting point the social changes in the world (“reflexive modernity”) and the postulated “Mesopotamian turn” in IR. The assumption is that religion is present at each level of IR analysis in the Middle East and, thanks to that, more and more at the international system level. This presence of religion serves to undermine one of the basic assumptions lying at the heart of the modern international order (and therefore also IR), i.e., the so-called “Westphalian presumption”. The author, inter alia, emphasizes how more attention needs to be paid to the “transnational region” constituted by the Middle East—in association with the whole Islamic World. A second postulate entails the need for a restoration of the lost level of analysis in IR, i.e., the level of the human being, for whom religion is—and in the nearest future, will remain—an important dimension of life, in the Middle East in particular. It can also be noted how, within analysis of IR, what corresponds closely to the level referred to is the concept of human security developed via the UN system. The Middle East obliges the researcher to extend considerations to the spiritual dimension of security, as is starting to be realized (inter alia, in the Arab Human Development Reports). It can thus be suggested that, through comparison and contrast with life in societies of the Middle East as it is in practice, religion has been incorporated quite naturally into IR, with this leaving the “Westphalian presumption” undermined at the same time. The consequences of that for the whole discipline may be considerable, but much will depend on researchers themselves, who may or may not take up the challenge posed.

THE US’ CONTAINMENT STRATEGY AGAINST CHINA AND ITS IMPACT ON THE US-CHINA RELATIONS AT INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM LEVEL

The article analyzes the US’ containment strategy against China at international system level, including the reason, main actions, and impact of this strategy on the US-China relations. The article supposes the main reason for making the strategy is the US’ desire to preserve her hegemony over the rise of China. The strategy consists of five main moves: economic restraint, technology restraint, restraint of territorial sovereignty ambition, assault on soft power, military deterrence, and prevention of coalition alliances. These moves will make the US-China relationship increasingly tense. However, except for the excess of the limit of restraining territorial sovereignty ambition, especially related to Taiwan, the other moves may make the US-China relations tense, but will not drive these two countries to war.

Globální veřejný statek na příkladu Systému systémů globálního pozorování Země

The debate surrounding the provision of welfare by state institutions has been widely discussed in the field of political economics since the 1930s. Related research also focuses on welfare supply at an international system level. This article assesses whether international cooperation in the area of sharing remote sensing data leads to the supply of global public goods, which to date has not yet been discussed in related scholarly literature. The supply of global public goods is assessed within the GEO international regime and leads to the use of the non-rivalrous GEOSS, which can be accessed by every socio-economic group in every UN member country including future generations. However, providing the benefit of GEOSS is not always favourable because of the low number of financially participating consumers.

The revolutionary and Napoleonic wars in the Prussian political imaginary: a politico-anthropological genealogy of the ‘special’ German–French relations

This paper captures the processes by which the French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars redefined enduringly the logics of interaction between Prussia/Germany and France. It explains transformations of power, political imagination and social organisation that are key to understanding the ‘special’ nature of contemporary German–French relations. The paper finds that historical and international relations narratives fail to address the entire range of system-level transformations in the international order. Making use of approaches and concepts such as liminality, communitas, mimetic theory and the sacred, this paper proposes a novel, political anthropological perspective on such transformations, conceiving them as the interlocking of mimetic binds. First, I present wars and revolutions as liminal moments of collective threshold experiences. Second, I show how the liminal process functions at the international system-level. Third, I explain the challenge that the approach of liminality is posing to theories of international and systemic change. Fourth, I analyse the liminal process in Prussia and show how the said wars brought the French and the Prussians/Germans in a long-term mimetic rivalry. Finally, I argue that the proposed theoretical framework can take the research on international institutions and nationalism beyond the narratives of sociology, political science and historical studies.

A Review Study about Quality of Democracy from the View of International Law and the Definitions Related to Democracy

If the organized and basic principle of a person is incomplete, proper political Decision by him seems very hard and unlikely. Therefore, recognition about view of international relationship theories to the concept of international cooperation can present an intellectual help to the politicians. Each of the existing theories in the field of international relationships has different views to the international problems and concepts depending on the focused and emphasized factors and the kind of ontology and epistemology. Therefore, to the idea of the author of this paper, the dominating rules should be in a way that philosophic view point includes this message that there are series of rules and principles for the strengthening of a country at the level of international system. (1) These rules and principles should be observed. Furthermore we can analyze the international problems in scientific and systematic way by means of these rules and principles. In the science of international relations and international law, it is tried that measures, definitions and doctrines be recognized and exercised as known principles and rules in a conventional way and with international civility The concept of democracy in the international law is the emphasis on detection of the use of rules and principles of strengthening of a country at the level of international system. (2) It means that this course philosophically has this message that there are series of rules and principles for the strengthening of a country at the level of international system. These rules and principles should be observed. Furthermore, we can analyze the international issues in a scientific and systematic matter through these principles and rules. Since our hypotheses and propositions can be effective in the analysis of international politics problems, our sight from ecology view is effective in the study of behavioral patterns and international events. In this condition, the analysis of profits, national security, contradiction, cooperation, power and basically war and peace subjects present a different view of the international politics which is different from our traditional view on the mentioned subjects. While realism look at the geography as an essential source for the survival of the governments and providing national profits, liberalism has assisted in biological disasters by emphasizing on The need to have free access to sources in the framework of universal economics. (3) From the view of extremist ecology, the main line of international relations theory defines international processes and norms in a way that it has contrast with sustainable development law. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences October 2013, Vol. 3, No. 10

Cultural Influences on Mediation in International Crises

In order to assess the impact of culture on state behavior in international crises, specifically with regard to mediation and its outcome, this study tests hypotheses rooted in both the international relations and the cross-cultural psychology literatures, implementing analysis at both the international-system level and the domestic-state-actor level. At the international system level, the study finds that cultural difference between adversaries affects whether or not mediation occurs during an international crisis but has no effect on tension reduction. At the domestic state actor level, we find that there are certain facets of cultural identity that make a state more or less open to requesting or accepting third-party mediation during an international crisis, but that these facets have no effect on tension reduction.

関係修復の国際政治と戦後日本外交

This paper examines how Postwar Japan chose a reconciliation partner, by focusing on cognitive psychological dynamics in multilateral diplomacy and domestic politics. The goal of this research is to re-examine the basic framework of Postwar Japan's reconciliation diplomacy systematically. Despite the accumulation of previous studies, we do not understand much about the systematic patterns of choosing a reconciliation partner. This question is complicated since the patterns derive from the decision makers' synchronic perception of multilateral relationships among states and domestic politics. To explain how Postwar Japan chose a reconciliation partner, this paper provides a reconciliation model, which is based on decision makers' cognitive psychology. Applying general principles of cognitive psychology to their perception and decision, I reorganize the history of Postwar Japan's reconciliation diplomacy from a theoretical standpoint. The model shows the conditions of reconciliation at the international system level, and at the domestic political level. As preliminary case studies, this paper compares the Yoshida administration's attempts to reconcile with Taiwan and China, with the Hatoyama administration's attempts to reconcile with South Korea and the Soviet Union in 1950s.

The IEEE 1904.1 standard: SIEPON architecture and model

In a short time, IEEE EPON has progressed from initial trials to a market-leading optical access technology that supports business and residential services, including IPTV, VoIP, commercial- grade data services, and cellular backhaul. Due to EPON's simplicity and flexibility, various standards development organizations have embarked on standardization projects aimed at integrating EPON with existing network architectures. Also, several network operators have developed EPON solutions that address their specific deployment environments or relevant regulations. The IEEE P1904.1 SIEPON project is creating an open international system-level specification that provides for multivendor interoperability of EPON equipment while accommodating the rich and varied nature of the existing deployments and standards. The development of a unified EPON data path architecture is one of the key achievements of the SIEPON project. This flexible architecture supports multiple service models, multiple provisioning and management concepts, and diversity of deployment environments and regulatory requirements.

Culture�and�Mediation�In International Crises

In order to measure the impact of culture and a state’s identity on state behavior in international crises, specifically in regards to mediation and its outcome, this paper tests hypotheses rooted in both the international relations and cross-cultural psychology literatures, implementing analysis at both the international system level and the domestic state actor level. At the international system level, this paper finds that cultural difference between adversaries affects whether or not mediation occurs during an international crisis, but not whether or not these mediations are effective in reducing tensions if they do occur. At the domestic state actor level, we find that there are certain facets of cultural identity that lead to a state being more or less open to requesting or accepting third-party mediation during an international crisis, and others that affect whether or not these mediations are effective in reducing tensions.

Southern Democracy in the Long Run: A Systemic Analysis

This paper extends the leadership-long cycle systemic perspective, which so far has tended to focus on major power, rise-and-decline dynamics and global war, to explain Southern democratization. Unlike studies of democratization at the national level of analysis, we conduct a systemic level analysis, with a specific focus on the global South. Our extension the leadership-long cycle perspective predicts that Southern democracy will be driven, in part, by systemic leadership and world economic growth. Other variables also may have a role in Southern democratization, with levels of Southern economic development, Southern conflict, and Southern democratic inertia serving as controls in our model. The leadership-long cycle approach requires one to open the time window of observation to include longer time periods than is typically customary. Using data from 1870 to 1992, the empirical analysis strongly supports our theory. Increases in the level of systemic leadership and the growth rate of the world economy promote Southern democratization. Viewed within the context of our perspective, these empirical results suggest that national democratization processes are subject to global structural processes operating at the larger international system level.

CONCEPTUAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ADAPTATION OF SECURITY: REDEFINING NATO'S ROLE, IDENTITY AND STRATEGY IN THE NEW EUROPEAN CONDITION

This article is about how change at the international system level has produced those political outcomes rcIatcd to sccurity and defence desil:,rnin the ı990s Europe. il is both a description and evaluation of the way the European security arcna has changcd as wcll as an attcmpt to comc to terms with the process that kd ta 'internalisation' of system change. By using the term 'internalisation' we mcan the process, or better, the causal reJationship betwccn system change and policy response. Our argument is that the nature of the post-Cold War systemic reality has bccn instrumental in sustaining and even inereasing actars' faith in co-opcrative frameworks and in further collcctive behaviour and interaction in European sccurity and defence.