Levels Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Research Articles

Organic or Non-organic Agriculture: Comparison of Organic and Conventional Farming Sustainability

Reduction of the level of greenhouse gas emissions from sector of agriculture are one of the serious issues across European Union. The dairy industry is responsible for generating a significant amount of emissions from enteric fermentation, manure and long-term storage. The amount of emissions produced depends highly on factors such as livestock feeding and manure management systems, feed intensity and quality. Farms that have high milk yield also produce more liquid manure, leading to an increase in overall emissions from manure management.Organic farming has been valued as one of the most suitable solutions to conventional agriculture for the achievement of climate goals. Organic farming can be described as a farming approach based on prevention, ecological processes, and the restriction of pesticides. Restricting pests and lower yields can have a negative impact on production costs and revenues. However, organic farming has lower operating costs and higher product costs, which can increase overall incomes.The research aims to evaluate the environmental, economic and social dimensions of conventional and organic farming, comparing were comparing on their integral environmental, economic and social sustainability. The core element for the sustainability assessment is the construction of the composite sustainability index using data for scientific literature, reports and statistics.

Selling sunshine: Emerging challenges in the certification of hydrogen

Development of a hydrogen economy as part of the response to the challenges especially of climate change and energy security will depend upon the solution not only of technical problems, but also of legal and regulatory problems. Whereas these are most obviously related to health and safety, this paper focuses on the fact that support for hydrogen is increasingly contingent upon the method of its production and specifically upon the level of greenhouse gas emissions involved. The paper examines emerging arrangements in Australia and the EU as examples of likely future key hydrogen exporters and importers, respectively.

A simplified system dynamics model to investigate the effects of urban transportation management policies on reducing CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions

Kuwait suffers from severe air pollution levels making it on the top ten list worldwide pollution wise based on the records of Air Quality Index (AQI). The transport and energy sectors represent the major players in contributing to the current unprecedent pollution situation Kuwait is suffering from. The unique harsh arid weather associated with high levels of humidity, high temperatures and frequent sandstorms in the region intensifies the extent of the pollution crisis. There is almost no single study in the literature that focused on testing different scenarios on transport and energy sectors effects into the reduction of prevailing pollution levels in this region of the world. This work comes to fill this gap in the literature. A simplified system dynamics model (covering the years from 2004 to 2040) was developed for Kuwait to simulate the effects of different urban transportation management policies on reducing CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions levels. Two policies were tested: a gasoline tax with low, medium, and high rates, as well as a free bus service. Combined policies resulting from merging the gasoline tax at different levels with the free bus service were also tested, which outperformed the two separate plans being implemented alone. The best combined strategy achieved was to encourage citizens to use public transportation by utilizing the free bus service rather than using private vehicles in addition to impose a high fuel tax. This action was anticipated to reduce CO2 emissions by 14 million metric tons and the number of private vehicles by 3 million vehicles by the end of 2040. Such approach proved to be helpful in reducing the pollution levels and in turn decrease the severity of global warming phenomenon in the Arabian desertic peninsula.

Disaggregation of Dairy in Composite Foods in the United Kingdom

Dairy, especially cheese, is associated with high levels of greenhouse gas emissions. Accurate estimates of dairy consumption are therefore important for monitoring dietary transition targets. Previous studies found that disaggregating the meat out of composite foods significantly impacts estimates of meat consumption. Our objective was to determine whether disaggregating the dairy out of composite foods impacts estimates of dairy consumption in Scotland. Approximately 32% of foods in the UK Nutrient Databank contain some dairy. In the 2021 Scottish Health Survey, mean daily intakes of dairy with and without disaggregation of composite foods were 238.6 and 218.4 g, respectively. This translates into an 8% underestimation of dairy consumption when not accounting for dairy in composite foods. In particular, milk was underestimated by 7% and cheese and butter by 50%, whereas yogurt was overestimated by 15% and cream by 79%. Failing to disaggregate dairy from composite foods may underestimate dairy consumption.

Spatial Econometric Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Emission – European Case Study

The level of greenhouse gas emissions is one of the most important issues today, both professionally and politically, because a lower level of greenhouse gas emission is mandatory for a sustainable economy. Besides industry and households, the transport sector is also responsible for these emissions. For this reason, it may be essential to set up a model with which the amount of CO2 emissions could be estimated or predicted. This article presents a model that examines the extent of economic development and CO2 emissions in European countries. The result is establishing a pattern requiring a longer time series. If the pattern is proven, a clear reassessment of the current relationship between economic development and environmental protection should be made.

INFLUENCE OF ASSOCIATED PETROLEUM GAS COMBUSTION VOLUMES ON AVERAGE ANNUAL SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE INCREASE IN WESTERN SIBERIA

On April 2016, Russia signed the Paris Climate Agreement, under which by 2030 it pledged to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions to no more than 70 % of 1990 levels annually. However, this may be hindered by a number of factors, in particular the significant increase in oil production at new oil and gas fields being brought into commercial development. Most of these facilities are concentrated in inaccessible areas with poor infrastructure, which significantly complicates the process of associated petroleum gas utilization and calls into question the fulfillment of commitments made. At the moment, carbon regulation in Russia is at the initial stage: in 2018, the level of greenhouse gas emissions from Russia amounted to only 52 % of the 1990 level. This has a significant contribution to the change in the temperature background of oil-producing regions, the main one being Western Siberia. Therefore, the study of such a massive anthropogenic impact on the environment, such as the mass flaring of associated petroleum gas on an industrial scale, is confidently correlated with Russia's stated strategic goals to significantly reduce the amount of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere.

Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Household Activities: A Case in Bogor Indonesia

Climate change is a result of global warming. Global warming is caused by an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. One of the largest GHG-contributing sectors is the energy sector, which includes households with various activities. Household activities include using LPG, electricity, gasoline, waste generation, and farming and livestock activities to meet the household's needs. The level of GHG emissions produced in households is influenced by income, years of study, and knowledge of emissions. The objectives of this study are to estimate the amount of GHG emissions generated from household activities, analyze the factors that influence GHG emissions, and estimate the value of the carbon economy. The analytical methods used are quantitative descriptive analysis, IPCC (2006) method, multiple linear regression, and economic value analysis. The results showed that: (1) CO2-eq emissions generated in Sinarsari Village for 100 respondents amounted to 32,011.68 kg CO2-eq/month, and the amount of GHG emissions in one village scope amounted to 853,431.36 kg CO2-eq/month. (2) Income, length of study, and emission knowledge dummy influence GHG emissions. 3) Carbon economic value based on carbon pricing is Rp287,415,199.70/month.

Agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, fertilizer consumption, and technological innovation: A comprehensive quantile analysis

This paper investigates the asymmetric inter-linkages and causality between agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, fertilizer consumption, and technological innovation in four main agricultural countries i.e., China, the United States, Japan and Canada, by employing monthly data from 1990 to 2019. Accordingly, Quantile-on-Quantile (QQ) regression and two causality-in-quantile approaches are applied to conduct a comprehensive quantile analysis of the asymmetric relationship for all quantiles of the above distribution. Our results exhibit a positive association between agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, fertilizer consumption, and technological innovation in China, the United States and Canada. Besides, the strength of the positive association depends largely on the development level of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, fertilizer consumption, and technological innovation. However, except for the positive impact between fertilizer consumption and agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, I find a negative nexus between agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and technological innovation in Japan. Compared with the other three sample countries, Japan has done the best in agricultural greenhouse gas emission mitigation. The results also demonstrate that agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, fertilizer consumption, and technological innovation follow a bidirectional quantile-causality relation in all sample countries. Overall, I find that fertilizer consumption does increase agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, and that technological innovation has not played a full role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in most countries. Finally, our findings have significant implications for formulating reasonable emission reduction measures in the agricultural sector.

The size and composition of residual emissions in integrated assessment scenarios at net-zero CO2

Residual emissions are an important category of analysis in climate targets and scenarios, describing the emissions that would need to be compensated by carbon dioxide removal to reach net zero CO2. This article sheds light on the size and composition of residual emissions in integrated assessment modelling (IAM) scenarios at net-zero CO2, using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 6th assessment report (AR6) scenario database. I find that IAMs depict residual greenhouse gas emissions levels of 16 [12–26] GtCO2e/yr across below 1.5 °C, below 1.5 °C with overshoot, and below 2 °C scenarios—representing gross emissions reductions of 72 [55–78] % from 2020 to the point of net zero CO2. Emissions from livestock, agriculture, transport, waste and industrial processes remain most prevalent at net zero, with scenario averages tending to depict significantly lower reduction rates and higher residual emissions than those recently published in corporate net zero standards. Nonetheless, scenarios depict a wide range of outcomes across all of these ‘hard-to-abate’ sectors, with lower values characterised by demand-side shifts in the food and energy system, alongside the rapid electrification of end-use sectors and limits on CDR scaling. Current scenario reporting does not easily facilitate the calculation of gross emissions from the AR6 database, which would be a prerequisite to a more systematic exploration of the residual emissions frontier and its implications for climate policy.

The Determinants of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Canadian Provinces

The main objective of the present study is to examine the determinants of greenhouse gas emissions in Canada using panel data of 10 provinces from 1990 to 2019. The pooled ordinary least squares method is used to estimate the models. The main findings of the basic model show that provinces with larger populations, younger ages, and more income produce higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions. The results of the extended model (per capita greenhouse gas emissions as the dependent variable) show that only five factors (out of ten potential determinants identified)—oil production per capita, gas production per capita, motor vehicles registered per capita, electricity generation intensity, and heating degree days—are significant determinants of per capita greenhouse gas emissions. The results also reveal that the provinces with older populations have lower per capita greenhouse gas emissions in Canada. However, both trend variables played an important role in explaining the greenhouse gas emissions per capita in Canada. Moreover, there were no significant differences among the patterns of the per capita greenhouse gas emissions in Canada after 2005.

Case Study on Decarbonization Strategies for LNG Export Terminals Using Heat and Power from CSP/PV Hybrid Plants

The race towards decarbonization is driving major oil and gas companies to explore means to use renewable heat and power for their plants as part of their commitment to reduce their carbon intensity by 80% to 100% by 2050 [1]. In terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, natural gas is considered the cleanest fossil fuel option available, and decarbonization of new liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects is on the radar of many LNG projects developers. In addition, LNG cargos will have to be certified in the future by accredited authorities to meet defined GHG emission levels [2].
 This research study investigates a concept of providing both heat and power from a photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) solar tower hybrid plant to meet the energy demand of LNG export terminals. Two locations have been investigated for potential future LNG projects: Karratha in Australia and Ras Laffan in Qatar. Both locations have direct normal irradiance (DNI) values higher than 2000 kWh/m2/year, which is the minimum level required for CSP technology [3]. A techno-economic assessment was carried-out taking into consideration the electricity price, the grid carbon intensity and the carbon dioxide (CO2) tax in the region.
 The results indicate that the CSP/PV hybrid plant significantly accelerates the decarbonization of energy supply to the “All electric” LNG Plant. The quantity of CO2 emitted between 2025 and 2050 is reduced by 81% for Karratha (Australia) and by 88% for Ras Laffan (Qatar) compared to a grid connected LNG plant.

Multi-dimensional low-carbon assessments of wind-driven seawater desalination system via hybrid life cycle modeling

Wind-driven desalination is a representative technology of renewable energy that not only alleviates water shortages but also reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated by the utilization of fossil fuels. This study examined the GHG emissions from a wind-driven seawater desalination system by using the hybrid input-output life-cycle analysis (IO-LCA) to undertake a comprehensive low-carbon assessment by comparing with traditional thermal seawater desalination systems over the whole life cycle. The findings indicate that the GHG emissions of the wind-driven seawater desalination system are 96.14% lower than those of the traditional system. According to estimations, if reverse osmosis (RO) desalination is driven by wind power technologies at a larger scale, the annual GHG emissions can be reduced by an amount between 7.54E+05 and 3.71E+06 t CO2-eq. Although the construction stage increases the emissions to 55.41% over the whole life cycle, the payback period (Ypp) is about 2.69 years, which means that the level of GHG emissions could be reduced by 25.42% of the level of the traditional systems. Based on the multi-dimensional low-carbon assessment, this study is expected to provide quantitative assessments and policy implications to integrate low-carbon technologies with seawater desalination and promote sustainable development of seawater desalination industries.

The Impact of Deep Decarbonization Policy on the Level of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the European Union

The Green Deal, a cornerstone of the European Union’s climate goals, sets out to achieve a substantial 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The EU’s decarbonization strategies revolve around three pivotal avenues. First, there is a focus on enhancing energy efficiency and decreasing the energy intensity of economies. Second, concerted efforts are made to diminish the reliance on fossil fuels, particularly within industrial sectors. Lastly, there is a deliberate push to augment the share of renewable energy sources in the final energy consumption mix. These measures collectively aim to propel the decarbonization of EU economies, establishing EU member countries as global leaders in implementing these transformative processes. This manuscript seeks to evaluate the efficacy of three primary decarbonization strategies adopted by EU economies, namely the enhancement in energy efficiency, the promotion of renewable energy consumption and the reduction in fossil fuel consumption. The objective is to discern which strategies wield a decisive influence in achieving decarbonization goals across EU countries. The analysis encompasses all 27 member states of the European Union, spanning from 1990 to 2022, with data sourced from reputable outlets, including Eurostat, Our World in Data and the Energy Institute. Research findings underscore that, in the realm of decarbonization policies, statistically significant impacts on carbon dioxide emission reduction are attributable to the strategies of improving energy efficiency and augmenting the share of renewables in energy consumption across almost all EU countries. Conversely, the strategy with the least impact, embraced by a minority of EU member states, revolves around diminishing the share of fossil fuels in primary energy consumption. This approach, while statistically less impactful, is intricately linked with transitioning the economies toward renewable energy sources, thus playing a contributory role in the broader decarbonization landscape. The uniqueness of this research lies not only in its discernment of overarching trends but also in its fervent advocacy for a comprehensive and adaptive approach to EU decarbonization policy. It underscores the enduring significance of prioritizing energy efficiency, endorsing the integration of renewable energy and acknowledging the distinctive dynamics inherent in diverse regions. The study accentuates the necessity for nuanced, region-specific strategies, challenging the conventional wisdom of a uniform approach to decarbonization. In doing so, it accentuates the critical importance of tailoring policies to the varied energy landscapes and transition strategies evident in different EU member states.

RAMMED EARTH CONSTRUCTION: A CIRCULAR SOLUTION FOR SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

The building and construction sector is one of the most harmful industries to the environment, responsible for producing high levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy consumption, and waste. Rammed earth, a traditional building technology is deemed as a promising solution to tackle these challenges. In addition, the low level of skill required for rammed earth buildings paves the way for self-built activities. This paper presents the preliminary findings of an ongoing research study focused on the rammed earth construction technique. The primary objective is to assess its sustainability and circularity within the context of Europe and the Mediterranean. The methodology employed is based on an analysis of rammed earth techniques and a review of relevant regulations related to the selected context. The analysis includes case studies of contemporary European rammed earth buildings. They aim to illustrate possible design strategies that incorporate rammed earth alongside well-established construction technologies. These case studies also shed light on how the integration of various construction technologies introduces circularity variables into buildings, thereby influencing their overall sustainability. These variables are contingent upon the techniques, technologies, and performance characteristics of the selected building elements. As a result of this analysis, the paper initiates a discussion on the role that rammed earth constructions can play in the development of sustainable hybrid buildings.

Model Multi Objektif untuk Pemilihan Supplier Industri CPO pada Jaringan Rantai Pasokan Ramah Lingkungan dengan Ketidakpastian Pasokan

This study proposes a mathematical model for the problem of selecting suppliers for the palm oil industry by considering the green factor. Stochastic parameters are also considered to deal with uncertain parameters in green supply chain networks. The objective of this model is to select suppliers considering the total costs and total greenhouse gas emissions. This paper aims to present a more comprehensive model based on real-world conditions for the supplier selection problem of green supply chain in the palm oil industries under uncertainty. Besides economic issues, environmental issues are also considered from several aspects such as selecting environmentally friendly suppliers and purchasing from them and considering the environmental impact of the finished product. The results show that increasing one of the indicators such as the number of products and market demand leads to an increase in the value of the total objective function, which is caused by an increase in problem size. On the other hand, the cost function increases when most supplier selection is environmentally friendly suppliers. Meanwhile, the function of the objective level of greenhouse gas emissions increases when the selection of suppliers is most suppliers with high greenhouse gas emissions, but the objective function of costs decreases

Techno-environmental analysis to valorize the secondary energy resources from refuse-derived fuel-based waste to energy plant.

The present study quantifies the environmental and sustainability impacts associated with municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in India which plays a vital environmental issue in recent times. The upsurge in population has resulted in massive waste generation, leading to a concerning rise in the level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, the sustainable management of MSW has been discussed and highlights the conversion of MSW into refuse-derived fuel (RDF) to identify its potential for generating electricity in waste-to-energy (WtE) plants. The life cycle assessment (LCA) study has been done to identify and compare the environmental impacts associated with different scenarios (SC) as SC1: landfilling without energy recovery, SC2: open burning and SC3: processing of RDF in WtE plant by considering the nine impact categories from the inventory data obtained over a period of 12 consecutive months (Jan 2021-Jan 2022). The results exhibited that the global warming potential caused by emissions of GHG are in the order of SC1 (1188kg CO2 eq) > SC2 (752kg CO2 eq) > SC3 (332kg CO2 eq), respectively from 1 t of MSW. It is concluded that the WtE plant can help in the reduction of environmental issues, strengthening the capacity of electricity generation and improving the aesthetic view of the city which is socially acceptable as well. Thus, WtE technology can help in achieving sustainable development goal 12 to regenerate the sustainable secondary resources for the twenty-first century and minimize global climate change.

THE PERFORMANCE OF KUALA LUMPUR’S CARBON EMISSIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF URBAN PLANNING

Cities are responsible for 70% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on a global scale, and cities play an important role in reducing GHG emissions. It is essential for Kuala Lumpur to consider reducing the city's GHG emissions. The city's GHG emission inventory can track and monitor the effectiveness of the climate action plans that has been implemented. The aim of this study is to identify the performance level of GHG emissions in Kuala Lumpur between 2010 and 2019. It is also to identify the performance of Kuala Lumpur's GHG emissions in 2019 in comparison to the global and Malaysian level. Data is calculated using the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory (GPC), which is recognised and utilised globally. Secondary data for the years 2010 and 2019 was analysed as well as the performance of the Kuala Lumpur GHG emission profile in 2019. With three (3) identified sources of emissions, Kuala Lumpur managed to reduce its GHG emission intensity from 2010 by 74.07% in 2019. The city's GHG emission was recorded at 15,675 ktCO2eq in 2019. The stationary energy sector contributes higher GHG emission than other sector, with 12,043 ktCO2eq (76.83%), followed by the transportation sector with 3,180 ktCO2eq (20.29%) and the waste sector with 452 ktCO2eq (2.88%). As of 2019, Kuala Lumpur's absolute carbon contribution to the global average is 0.03%, whereas Malaysia's absolute carbon contribution is 4.74%. Additionally, the city contributes just 0.07 kgCO2eq/RM (30.17%) to Malaysia's total GHG emission intensity.

RE:SLAB—a load bearing system for open-ended component reuse in building structures

The construction industry plays a major role in the high levels of greenhouse gas emissions, resource consumption, and waste generation observed nowadays. Key to the circular economy, structural component reuse arises as a promising solution to divert construction waste from landfilling and avoid the production of new components. In this context, this paper presents the conceptual design of a new slab-and-column system called “Re:Slab”, optimized for disassembly and open-ended reassembly over multiple building lifespans. Beyond conventional considerations of modular sizing and reversible connections, the proposed system provides designers with a minimum kit of parts that is capable of exceptionally diverse building layouts–e.g., related to floor geometry, span between supports, applied loads, and spatial transformations. Attention is given to easily operable assembly and disassembly techniques, embodied environmental impacts, and manufacturing costs. As a result, the proposed system reaches unprecedented high levels of versatility, making it capable of adapting to future functional design requirements that are hard to predict over long-term social developments. Options for increased economic viability are identified, which are necessary to promote widespread adoption of the system.

Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, and Methane: What Types of Greenhouse Gases Are Most Affected by Green Investments and Renewable Energy Development?

The article aims to analyze the impact of green investments and the development of renewable energy on greenhouse gas emissions based on 223 countries in 2011–2021. The information base is the International Renewable Energy Agency, Our World in Data, Climate Policy Initiative, and FTSE Russell. Correlation analysis was used to check the data multicollinearity, multivariate regression analysis with stepwise variable entry—to formalize functional relationships. All variables characterizing the dynamics of green investments and the development of alternative energy, the number of annual investments in off-grid renewable energy has the largest impact on the amount of CO2 and N2O. Thus, an annual investment increase of USD 1 million leads to a CO2 emission increase of 4.5 kt and an N2O emission increase of 0.272 kt. Simultaneously, the green economy’s market capitalization level has the largest impact on the amount of CH4. In this case, a capitalization increases of USD 1 trillion leads to a CH4 emission increase of 129.53 kt. The dynamics of renewable energy development have a statistically significant effect on only one of the three studied greenhouse gases—CO2 emissions. Here, 1 MW growth of an absolute increase in off-grid renewable energy capacity leads to a 1171.17 kt reduction of CO2 emissions. Checking input data for lags confirmed a time lag of one year between the level of green investments and the level of greenhouse gas emissions. That is, the impact of green investments on the level of greenhouse gas emissions is delayed by one year. The results of regression models taking into account lags confirmed that an increase in the level of green investments has a positive effect on reducing the level of greenhouse gas emissions (an increase in off-grid renewable energy annual investments of USD 1 million leads to a decrease in CO2 of 1.18 kt and N2O of 1.102 kt; the increase in green economy market capitalization of USD 1 trillion leads to a decrease in CH4 emissions of 0.64 kt).

The effect of human activities on Bali’s Silent Day (Nyepi) in 2022

During Nyepi, all activities are eliminated, including public services, such as closing access to land, sea, and air transportation routes that transit to Bali for one day. In 2022, the BMKG Research and Development Center observed air quality in Nyepi. The measurement aims to determine the relative reduction level of greenhouse gas (GHG) and particulate emissions on Nyepi Day compared to before and after. Greenhouse gases and particulates were measured for seven days, February 28 - March 6, 2022. The measurement locations were over 3 points: Denpasar Regional Office III, Karangasem Geophysics Post, and Jembrana Climatology Station. The results of this field measurement show that daily human activities significantly influence the concentration of pollutant gases and particulates in the air. During Nyepi Day, air concentration improves when all human actions are reduced. This is marked by a decrease in the air’s concentration of pollutant gases (CO, NO2) and dust particles. The reduction in the concentration of pollutant gases and dust particles did vary at each observation location; this was due to the sensitivity of the equipment, the character of each observation location, and the placement of measuring devices. Urban areas filled with community activities have experienced the greatest improvement in air quality compared to suburban areas. Order of measuring instruments close to the location of pollutant sources, even in suburban areas, will decrease the concentration of pollutant gases, similar to that in urban areas. The difference between PM25 data during Nyepi 2022 and the average PM25 for 2020 - 2022 shows a decrease in PM25 concentrations of around 47%, with the highest drop at night.