Fluctuation Level Research Articles

Probing sub-galactic mass structure with the power spectrum of surface-brightness anomalies in high-resolution observations of galaxy–galaxy strong gravitational lenses. II. Observational constraints on the subgalactic matter power spectrum

ABSTRACT Stringent observational constraints on the subgalactic matter power spectrum would allow one to distinguish between the concordance ΛCDM and the various alternative dark-matter models that predict significantly different properties of mass structure in galactic haloes. Galaxy–galaxy strong gravitational lensing provides a unique opportunity to probe the subgalactic mass structure in lens galaxies beyond the Local Group. Here, we demonstrate the first application of a novel methodology to observationally constrain the subgalactic matter power spectrum in the inner regions of massive elliptical lens galaxies on 1–10 kpc scales from the power spectrum of surface-brightness anomalies in highly magnified galaxy-scale Einstein rings and gravitational arcs. The pilot application of our approach to Hubble Space Telescope (HST/WFC3/F390W) observations of the SLACS lens system SDSS J0252+0039 allows us to place the following observational constraints (at the 99 per cent confidence level) on the dimensionless convergence power spectrum $\Delta ^{2}_{\delta \kappa }$ and the standard deviation in the aperture mass σAM: $\Delta ^{2}_{\delta \kappa }\lt 1$ (σAM < 0.8 × 108 M⊙) on 0.5-kpc scale, $\Delta ^{2}_{\delta \kappa }\lt 0.1$ (σAM < 1 × 108 M⊙) on 1-kpc scale and $\Delta ^{2}_{\delta \kappa }\lt 0.01$ (σAM < 3 × 108 M⊙) on 3-kpc scale. These first upper-limit constraints still considerably exceed the estimated effect of CDM subhaloes. However, future analysis of a larger sample of galaxy–galaxy strong lens systems can substantially narrow down these limits and possibly rule out dark-matter models that predict a significantly higher level of density fluctuations on the critical subgalactic scales.

Fractal Geometric Model for Statistical Intermittency Phenomenon.

The phenomenon of intermittency has remained a theoretical concept without any attempts to approach it geometrically with the use of a simple visualization. In this paper, a particular geometric model of point clustering approaching the Cantor shape in 2D, with a symmetry scale θ being an intermittency parameter, is proposed. To verify its ability to describe intermittency, to this model, we applied the entropic skin theory concept. This allowed us to obtain a conceptual validation. We observed that the intermittency phenomenon in our model was adequately described with the multiscale dynamics proposed by the entropic skin theory, coupling the fluctuation levels that extended between two extremes: the bulk and the crest. We calculated the reversibility efficiency γ with two different methods: statistical and geometrical analyses. Both efficiency values, γstat and γgeo, showed equality with a low relative error margin, which actually validated our suggested fractal model for intermittency. In addition, we applied the extended self-similarity (E.S.S.) to the model. This highlighted the intermittency phenomenon as a deviation from the homogeneity assumed by Kolmogorov in turbulence.

Kappa-Distributed Electrons in Solar Outflows: Beam-Plasma Instabilities and Radio Emissions

Electrostatic (ES) wave instabilities are assumed to be at the origin of radio emissions from interplanetary shocks, and solar coronal sources are most likely induced by electron beams, more energetic but less dense than electron strahls in the solar wind. In this paper, we present the results of a new dispersion and stability analysis for electron populations with Kappa velocity distributions, as often indicated by in situ observations. We investigate, both theoretically and numerically, three electron plasma beam configurations with different implications in the generation of radio emissions. The same three cases, but for Maxwellian distributed electrons, were considered in numerical simulations by Thurgood and Tsiklauri (Astronomy and Astrophysics 584:A83, 2015). Our kinetic plasma approach clarifies the nature of the unstable mode as being an electron beam ES instability (and not a Langmuir instability) in all cases, and for both Kappa and Maxwellian approaches. Electron beam waves are Landau resonant and with frequencies of the fastest growing modes close to but below the plasma frequency (i.e., $\omega \lesssim \omega _{pe}$ ). Suprathermal Kappa tails tend to inhibit the instability by reducing the growth rates, but these effects become minor if the drift speed of the beam is sufficiently high compared to the thermal speed of the electrons. The frequency downshift, also revealed by the observations, clearly tends to increase in the presence of a Kappa-distributed beam. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations confirm the inhibiting effects of (initially) Kappa-distributed electrons, but these minor effects in the linear and quasi-linear phases unexpectedly lead to significant decreases in the wave energy levels of the (primary) ES fluctuations near the plasma frequency and higher harmonics. As a result, EM radio (secondary) emissions generated nonlinearly after saturation are even more drastically reduced and can even be completely suppressed. However, the EM emissions around the second harmonic ( $\omega \lesssim 2 \, \omega _{pe}$ ) are markedly powered by two symmetric countermoving beams, even in the presence of Kappa electrons. These results offer real promise for a realistic interpretation and modeling of radio emissions observed in heliosphere, arguing in favor of a rigorous spectral analysis of the wave instabilities at their origin.

The Dynamics of Exchange Rate Movements and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Does the Mundell–Fleming Model Stand?

The purpose of this study is to examine if exchange rate fluctuations have an impact on Nigeria’s economic performance using annual time series spanning from 1986 to 2020. The Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARC) model was used as the study’s analytical technique. The result shows that in the long-run, exchange rate depreciation, inflation and the monetary policy rate have a significant long-term impact on the nation’s economic performance. By implication, the Naira/USD exchange rate fluctuation affects the economy negatively. Therefore, an appreciation in the value of the Naira relative to the USD will enhance Nigeria’s economic performance and vice versa. The net effect of this finding is that a persistent exchange rate fluctuation is detrimental to Nigeria’s economic stability and overall performance. With this finding, this study suggests the intervention of the monetary authority to reduce the level of fluctuation and ensure short-term and long-term stability in the exchange rate system. From the fiscal policy perspective, the government should consider trade interdependence and flexibility of production factors when formulating exchange rate policies. Keywords: Exchange Rate Fluctuations, Monetary Policy Rate, Inflation Rate, Economic Growth, Mundell-Fleming Model, & Nigeria JEL: C1, F4, F31 DOI: 10.7176/JESD/14-10-06 Publication date: May 31 st 2023

A Marine Magnetometer Based on TMR

TMR (tunneling magnetoresistance) has the characteristics of high sensitivity, large linear range, low power consumption, and easy miniaturization, and has received great attention in the field of miniaturized and high-performance magnetic sensors. Widely used in marine magnetic field detection, earthquake monitoring, industrial control, and other fields. In this paper, A TMR marine magnetometer with AC modulation and magnetic field feedback compensation is proposed, designed, and manufactured, which can be used for the measurement of weak marine magnetic fields. After testing, its measurement range is ±100,000nT, the noise fluctuation level is 0.27nT, and nonlinearity level reaches 0.07%. It works by means of ac modulation and real-time compensation of feedback magnetic field, which greatly reduces magnetic hysteresis and increases the linearity. Compared with the nonlinearity of TMR material (more than 20% within ±1Oe, more than 7% within ±0.3Oe), it has been significantly improved.

Effect of hormonal changes during menstrual cycle on measures of differential sensitivity: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundCyclic fluctuation levels of hormones in females during different phases of menstruation can lead to many favorable and unfavorable changes. Different researchers had investigated these changes and suggested that such hormonal fluctuations may lead to alterations in auditory functions indirectly. The evidence from different studies suggested variations in thresholds of female participants between pre-menstruation and post menstruation stages. However, to our best knowledge, no attempts have been made to assess the differential sensitivity in females across the four phases of the menstrual cycle. The present study aims to investigate these variations in the auditory system across the four phases of menstruation.Methods and materialsThe participants were 27 volunteers with the age range of 18–30 years, consisting of 12 females (experimental group) and 15 males (control group). Three psychoacoustics measures, i.e., differential limen of intensity (DLI), differential limen of frequency (DLF), and differential limen of time (DLT), to assess the differential sensitivity were performed to analyze any audiological changes that may occur during each menstrual cycle phase.ResultsThe results of the study showed that the scores were significantly poorer (p < 0.05) in the menstrual phase compared to other phases for all the tests in females. The scores were significantly better (p > 0.05) at the premenstrual phase for all the tests in females. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in scores across the phases for all the tests in males. The results of the study agree with previous studies which also report the effect of hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle in various audiological tests.ConclusionThe results of the current study support to the theory that changes in sex hormone levels at different phases of menstrual cycle can affect differential sensitivity.

Effect of Symmetry/Asymmetry of Shear Rotation of a Plasma Column in a Radial Electric Field on the Level of Turbulent Density Fluctuations

The influence of the properties of the profile of a radial static electric field E(r) on the evolution of an unstable ion temperature–gradient (ITG) drift wave in a nonuniformly rotating plasma column in a magnetic field is studied. The effect of symmetry on the decrease in the level of turbulent fluctuations, which are associated with the limiting state of the ITG wave during its destruction, is discussed. The level of turbulence is estimated in the framework of approximation of finite amplitudes depending on the electric field structure. It is shown that the maximum decrease in the level of fluctuations occurs with a symmetrical configuration of the radial electric field.

VELOCITY AND WALL PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS OF TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

The results of the study of the velocity pulsation field and the near-wall pressure of the turbulent boundary layer, which is formed on a flexible elongated cylinder and a hydraulically smooth flat plate, are presented. Peculiarities of the interaction of the velocity and pressure fields in the boundary layer are shown; sound and pseudosonic sources of hydrodynamic noise are characterized. The integral, correlation and spectral characteristics of the field of velocity pulsations and wall pressure in the turbulent boundary layer are analyzed. The relationship between these statistical characteristics is shown, as well as the mechanisms and sources that influence the behavior of these characteristics. It is noted that large-scale vortex structures and small-scale vortices are formed in the turbulent boundary layer, which form the outer and inner regions of the boundary layer. It is established that large-scale vortex structures generate pressure fluctuations, whose probability density distribution law is close to Gaussian law, and small-scale vortices that generate high-frequency or low-wave fluctuations have a non-Gaussian law of probability distribution of pulsation density. The interaction of coherent vortex structures with each other and with the streamlined surface leads to changes in the integral, correlation and spectral characteristics of the velocity and pressure fields. It is noted that with increasing the distance between the pressure fluctuation sensors, the correlation of signals decreases, and the delay time of correlated signals increases. Thus, with the increasing of the distance between the measuring points, the correlated fluctuations are those generated by the large-scale vortex structures. It is determined that the highest levels of velocity and pressure fluctuations are generated by the large-scale vortex structures that have the highest coherence. The results obtained make it possible to characterize coherent vortex structures, their features of formation, places of origin, scales, directions and velocities of transfer.

Parametric dependence of microwave beam broadening by plasma density turbulence

High-power microwave beams used for heating and current drive in magnetically confined fusion plasmas can be broadened significantly by plasma turbulence, negatively impacting the efficiency of the machine. The dependence of this beam broadening on plasma and beam parameters is not yet fully understood, particularly where the dependence on one parameter is not separable from the dependence on the other parameters, meaning the dependence must be expressed via functions of linear combinations of parameters, rather than functions of single parameters. The aim of this work is to develop an empirical model for how the broadening depends on plasma and beam parameters, allowing for the easy estimation of beam broadening by turbulence without the need for computationally expensive full-wave simulations. In this paper, a microwave beam is simulated propagating through a turbulent layer of plasma using the 2D full-wave cold plasma code EMIT-2D. The dependence of beam broadening on background plasma density, fluctuation amplitude, turbulence correlation lengths in the radial and poloidal direction, thickness of the turbulence layer, and microwave beam waist are considered. The parameter scans are conducted in pairwise combinations of the parameters in order to determine the separability of the dependencies. We find that the dependence on the radial and poloidal correlation lengths are not separable from each other, and neither are the dependences on the fluctuation level and the background density, but all other dependencies are separable. Ignoring this inseparability in the correlation lengths will usually result in an over-prediction of the broadening in tokamak plasmas. An empirical formula for the beam broadening based on the turbulence and beam parameters is found for fusion-relevant scenarios, making prediction of the effect possible in microseconds, instead of the hours required for full-wave simulation. This could then be of use for integrated modelling of heating and current drive systems.

Formation of plasma density cavities caused by nonuniform stochastic electric fields

The effect of depletion of the density of ions and electrons and the formation of a spatial cavity in a plasma-like medium due to inhomogeneous stochastic electric fields is considered. This effect is caused by collisions of charged plasma particles with random fluctuations of inhomogeneous electrostatic turbulence, as a result of which the particles are pushed out of the region with an increased level of fluctuations. To determine the final stationary distribution of the plasma density, the Fokker–Planck equation is used, the coefficients of which are determined from the equation of motion of particles in a stochastic electric field.

Parenting Styles: Interaction with Hyperactivity

Abstract Hyperactivity is a mental health disorder that causes drastic fluctuation level of concentration and hyperactivity (Snyder, 2006). People with hyperactivity have difficulty concentrating, sitting position, in dedicating attention, stay organized, following instructions, memorizing the details and management of impulsiveness (Smith, 2016). Participants were from primary school students in Kosovo, N=200 Children age 9-11 and N=200 parents, they completed the following instruments, PSDQ questionnaire; (Robinson, Mandleco, Olsen, &amp; Hart, 2001) this instruments was for measuring parenting styles, and Children behavioral checklist version for parents (Achenbach and Rescorla, 2007). The results shown that hyperactivity of children was positively correlated with authoritarian and tolerant parenting styles. In the survey results show that 74.0% of children participate in extra-curricular activities, and 26.0% did not participate in extra-curricular activities.Regression analysis explain 32% of variance for hyperactivity factor as a depended variable predicted by Gender and authoritarian parenting style. Also male has higher mean of hyperactivity than female and results was significantly different with p=.030* Conclusion is that parents who set strict rules authoritarian parents and tolerant parents can have a hyperactive children. Usually there is no need for special treatment for parents, already they have to be empathic with their children, collaboration with peers, relatives and parent-child cooperation which will give positive effect.

Implementation Of Risk Management To Anticipate Price Fluctuations In The Sale And Purchase Of Shallot Seeds In Rejoso Sub-District, Nganjuk District

Risk Management is basically really needed in a business, from large businesses to small businesses. Because implementing risk management will help entrepreneurs know the obstacles that will occur in a business. The shallot seed business is a fairly high level of risk, in this business there are things that need to be known such as depreciation rates, market developments such as fluctuations in prices. By knowing risks like these, it will make it easier for entrepreneurs to make decisions and be able to take action to lead to possible risks that will occur. From this it is also very clear why risk management is very important for the development of this business. Talking about the shallot seed business, there are several stages of risk management that can be applied, namely: (a) risk identification, (b) risk analysis, (c) risk control. By carrying out these steps it will be possible to help overcome risks in the shallot seed business. Because considering the level of price fluctuations and the rate of depreciation on shallots is very unstable. It is hoped that shallot seed entrepreneurs know about risk management so that they can assist in running the business.

Temperature Distribution Monitoring on Blood Bank Chamber Using Android Application on Mobile Phone

Blood cold chain is a mandatory requirement of blood donation procedures to protect blood from bacterial contamination and to extend the shelf life of blood. Blood bank as a storage medium for blood bags requires a temperature between 2℃-6℃ on average. However, in general, blood banks only have 1 cold temperature distribution point, which is feared that the spread of cold temperatures in the compartment will be different at each point. For this reason, the researcher intended to design a blood bank temperature distribution monitoring device consisting of 7 measurement points. In this case, temperature sensor readings at each point are displayed wirelessly to smartphone devices using the Blynk platform and are also on a 3.5-inch TFT screen. The measurement data were then stored on the SD card memory so that the level of temperature fluctuations in the blood bank compartment can be analyzed during use. The module was also equipped with an alarm warning on the module and the Blynk application if the temperature is out of the normal temperature range (2℃-6℃). Before being used for measuring temperature distribution, the device made was compared with the standard Fluke DPM4 tester, in which the highest error obtained was 2.08% at T1, 1.58% at T2, -2.73% at T3, 1,61% at T4, -1.07% at T5, -0.06% at T6, and -2.32% at T7. After being compared with standard equipment, the device was used to measure the temperature spread in the Kirsch brand blood bank and the average temperature obtained was 3.56℃ at T1, 3.58℃ at T2, 3.73℃ at T3, 3.57℃ at T4, 3.67℃ at T5, 3.63℃ at T6, and 3.72℃ at T7. Based on the analysis results, the blood bank monitoring device can be used to measure the temperature spread in the blood bank compartment at 7 measurement points. Furthermore, temperature readings can be monitored wirelessly and remotely. It is hoped that this research can further help laboratory personnel at the Blood Transfusion Unit to monitor and evaluate the level of temperature spread in the blood bank compartment and prevent early damage to blood components.

Changing the Paradigm of Environmental Law in a New Reality

This paper is an attempt to build a different paradigm of environmental law in the conditions of the planetary transformation of the Earth in the context of such civilizational paradigms as archaic — modern — postmodern — supermodern with the transition to the sixth technological order. These realities require both traditional and innovative legal regulation. The spectrum of transformations includes the initial parameters of the current order, the hierarchy of structures and the dynamics of their interaction, the level of fluctuation and bifurcation vectors, as well as attractors for exiting the turbulence zone. In order to answer these questions, the authors monitor previous and current environmental and historical trends in the world and the goal setting of what we are building in response to the challenges of the future on the basis of expanding interdisciplinary horizons, a systematic approach, a new range of methodologies and conceptual and categorical apparatus. Through the method of multidimensional didactics, legal topics are associatively connected to the consonant tasks of other subject areas with logical structuring and analysis of isomorphic meanings and semantic models for optimal synthesis of the developed legal systems with ensuring their applied effectiveness and practical application options. Interdisciplinary registers make it possible to build a new ecological and legal doctrine with the correction of the mutual importance of man and nature in the conditions of the global collapse of the capitalist system, based on impoverished natural resources and an increasing ecological catastrophe. Since it is necessary to go to the capital coordinates of the living cosmos for earthly problems to be solved, the «reasonable man» has completed a purely earthly cycle of evolution and must position himself as a «Universal Man» with access to a new ecological political and legal paradigm. These should include formulas (semantic images), integrals (keys of wholeness) and algorithms (methods of action, ways achievements) rule-making matrices.

Information flow among stocks, bonds, and convertible bonds.

This study examines the information flow between convertible bonds (CBs) and other investment assets, such as stocks and bonds. In particular, we employ transfer entropy (TE) as a proxy for the causal effect between the two assets considering that one of the most widely used methods, Granger causality, requires strict assumptions. When adopting TE, we find that asymmetric information flow arising between assets depends on macroeconomic phases. The stock and bond markets affected the CB market prior to and during the global financial crisis, respectively. In the post-crisis period, we find no meaningful information exchange between CBs and other investment assets concerning their return series. However, we observe a significant cause-effect relationship between CBs and stocks in the rise-fall patterns of their price series. The findings suggest that the appearance of one-directional information flow depends on macroeconomic conditions and the level of data, for example, return series or price fluctuations. Accordingly, investors could exploit this pattern predictability in their portfolio management. In addition, policymakers must closely monitor the information flow among the three markets. When any two markets exchange information in a state of strong market integration, unbalanced regulation between them could lead to market distortions and regulatory arbitrage.

Multi-objective optimal peak load shaving strategy using coordinated scheduling of EVs and BESS with adoption of MORBHPSO

With increase of electrical vehicles (EVs), carbon emissions and dependence on fossil energy would be reduced. However, uncoordinated charging may further raise the peak load and magnify the load imbalance which will pose a key challenge to the system reliability. Hence, the peak load shaving whereby coordinated optimal scheduling of EVs and energy storage systems (ESS) has attracted more and more attention. And challenges arise in terms of multiple objectives, algorithms with better global searching performance and constraints handling methods. In this paper, the proposed multi-objective optimal peak load shaving strategy aims to achieve the best peak load shaving effect with the minimum electricity cost whereby coordinated scheduling of EVs and battery energy storage systems (BESS). Especially, load balance constraint, charging/discharging power limits considering state of charge (SOC) as well as capacity limits of EVs and BESS, vehicles to grid (V2G), time-of-use (TOU) price and driving behavior of EVs with different types are all considered. The multi-objective random black-hole particle swarm optimization algorithm (MORBHPSO) with adjustable power redundancy method is adopted. Four case studies have been carried out on a regional distribution network with 130 EVs and 20 BESS. And satisfactory results were obtained in terms of better peak load shaving effect (a 70.6 % decrease in load fluctuation level) and better economic benefit (a 40.56 % reduction in electricity cost). Moreover, MORBHPSO performs better than multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm (MOPSO) in terms of a 41.47 % decline in load fluctuation level and a 5.44 % decrease in electricity cost with only half the iterations. Furthermore, it is also found that different from the impact of EVs' driving behavior, TOU price is conducive to obtaining smoother load curve and lower electricity cost.

Statistical Analysis of Single-Order Diffraction Grating with Quasi-Random Structures

Single-order diffraction gratings with quasi-random structures are effective optical elements in suppressing harmonics contamination. However, background intensity fluctuations introduced by quasi-random structures may affect the measurement of the spectra and the fluctuations lack quantitative description. A unified theoretical method is provided to describe quasi-random diffraction structures with arbitrary distribution functions and an arbitrary number of microstructures. The effect of the number of microstructures and distribution functions on the level of background fluctuations is evaluated. This work provides important guidance for the design and optimization of single-order diffraction gratings, which are attractive for spectral analysis and monochromator applications in synchrotron beam lines.

Edge turbulence transport during ELM suppression with n = 4 resonant magnetic perturbation on EAST

The edge turbulence characteristics and the induced radial transport have been investigated in edge localized mode (ELM) suppression by using the 4 resonant magnetic perturbation coils on EAST, with 3.6 and the electron collisionality 0.5. During ELM suppression, the edge turbulence is enhanced dramatically, as measured by the reciprocating probe and the poloidal correlation reflectometry. In the near SOL, the low frequency turbulence (<30 kHz) has a large fluctuation level and propagates along the ion diamagnetic drift direction with a speed of 0.35 km s−1 in the plasma frame; an electromagnetic mode around 120 kHz with a small (∼0.15 cm−1) appears when the ELM is suppressed; weak broadband turbulence between 40–120 kHz propagates in the electron diamagnetic drift direction with a velocity of 3.4 km s−1 in the plasma frame. During the ELM suppression, the radial turbulent particle flux, calculated in both the time and frequency domains, is much higher (can be up to five times) than that in the inter-ELM phase. Furthermore, the low frequency turbulence (<30 kHz) dominates the cross-field particle transport. The 120 kHz electromagnetic mode also contributes to outward particle flux, which is relatively small. A set of CGYRO simulations are performed to illustrate the nature of the 120 kHz electromagnetic mode and the low frequency turbulence, suggesting that the former is the micro-tearing mode and the latter is the ion temperature gradient mode. The bispectral analysis suggests a strong three-wave coupling between the low frequency and high frequency turbulence (>250 kHz), which could be beneficial to form the observed turbulent transport. The estimated upstream cross-field particle flux is consistent with the total particle flux deposited on divertor targets, demonstrating that the enhanced radial turbulent particle transport is an important mechanism for particle exhaust in ELM suppression.

Observation of Turbulent Magnetohydrodynamic Cascade in the Jovian Magnetosheath

We present the first estimation of the energy cascade rate in Jupiter’s magnetosheath (MS). We use in situ observations from the Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment and the magnetometer investigation instruments on board the Juno spacecraft, in concert with two recent compressible models, to investigate the cascade rate in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) scales. While a high level of compressible density fluctuations is observed in the Jovian MS, a constant energy flux exists in the MHD inertial range. The compressible isothermal and polytropic energy cascade rates increase in the MHD range when density fluctuations are present. We find that the energy cascade rate in Jupiter’s magnetosheath is at least 2 orders of magnitude (100 times) smaller than the corresponding typical value in the Earth’s magnetosheath.

Hybrid gated recurrent unit bidirectional-long short-term memory model to improve cryptocurrency prediction accuracy

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Cryptocurrency is a virtual or digital currency used in financial systems that utilizes blockchain technology and cryptographic functions to gain transparency, decentralization, and conservation. Cryptocurrency prices have a high level of fluctuation; thus, tools are needed to monitor and predict them. RNN is a deep learning model that is capable of strongly predicting data time series. Some types of Recurrent Nureal Network layers, such as Long Short Term Memory, have been used in previous studies to prediction common used currency. In this study, we used the Gate Recurrent Unit and Bidirectional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;LSTM hybrid model to predict cryptocurrency prices to improve the accuracy of previously proposed prediction LSTM Model to predict the Bitcoin, Using four cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ehtereum, Ripple, and Binance), we obtained very good results with RMSE after normalization the results get closer to 0 and with MAPE values all below &amp;lt;10%.&lt;/span&gt;