Family Income Level Research Articles

DIGITAL MARKETING MANAGEMENT TRAINING FOR FAMILY WELFARE EMPOWERMENT MEMBERS IN BANDUNG REGENCY

There is no denying that the COVID-19 pandemic, which broke out at the start of 2020, had an influence on Indonesia's family economy, both positively and negatively. A decline in family income levels is one of the COVID-19 pandemic's negative effects on Indonesian families, although there are also beneficial effects, such as increased usage of digital technologies worldwide, including in Indonesia. Teaching women how to be productive without having to leave the house while still being able to fulfil their responsibilities as mothers is one of the answers suggested by academics from Singaperbangsa Karawang University. This time at the community service, the volunteer proposes a way to improve mothers' knowledge by giving them training in operating digital stores using their social media. This service will be provided to mothers who are members of the Bandung Regency Family Empowerment and Welfare Group of mothers. Participants in this programme should gain an understanding of how women can manage digital shops to boost family income.

Barriers to Uptake of Postpartum Long Acting Reversible Contraception; A Cross Sectional Study

Objective: To investigate factors limiting postpartum long-acting reversible contraception from being used in our system. Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, from September 2022 to April 2023, consisted of all women who gave birth at this hospital during the study period. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire that had been pretested. The survey asks questions about sociodemographics, reproductive health, healthcare, knowledge and attitudes about LARC, and family planning use. At discharge, a skilled nurse conducted a face-to-face interview with the patient in a quiet private room to gather the data. Results: In our study most (56.04%) of the women were between age of 26-35 years and (69.97%) belonged to urban area. Main bulk (47.68%) of the women had parity of 3-4 and majority (44.58%) of the women in sample had 0-2 alive children and (21.05%) women presented with history of previous abortion. Most (74.61%) of the women had spontaneous vaginal delivery. The rate of use of LARCs was 69 (21.36%) in our study sample. The comparison of rate of use of LARC’s was found to be significantly (P-value < 0.05) associated with increasing age, increasing women education, occupation and job status. Family income, number of alive children and duration for plan to have next pregnancy were also significant (P-value < 0.05) contributors for uptake of LARCs. Conclusion: The rate of used of postpartum LARC was low (21.36%) in the studied population. Postpartum women from of higher age, having higher education, with formal employment, having higher level of family income, and with higher duration for plan to have next pregnancy were more likely to use LARC.

Employment status among individuals afflicted by acquired brain injury: exploring economic consequences for both the affected person and their family (Situación laboral en personas con lesión cerebral adquirida: estudio sobre el impacto económico individual y familiar)

ABSTRACT Background: Acquired Brain Injuries (ABI) are conditions that can result in decreased workforce engagement and economic earnings. This research study aims to explore the impact of ABIs on employability, and their potential to reduce individual and family income. Method: Using data from the II National Survey on Disability, a cohort of 9,835 individuals aged 18 to 65 was chosen. Subsequently, a sample of 110 ABI-affected individuals was selected, employing propensity score matching to ensure equivalence with a control group of healthy subjects (n = 110). Results: The study found that the presence of ABI and disability decreases the likelihood of employment and labour force engagement. These differences persist even after accounting for covariate effects. However, no conclusive predictive association was established regarding individual and family income levels, despite observed disparities across the analysed groups. Discussion: The obtained findings can contribute to raising awareness regarding the general employment situation of individuals with ABI, and facilitate policy-making in the context of inclusion and vocational rehabilitation initiatives.

Association of socioeconomic factors and dietary intake with sarcopenic obesity in the Korean older population.

This study investigated the relationship between socioeconomic factors, dietary intake, and sarcopenic obesity among older adults in Korea. Data from the seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018) were analyzed. The study included 3,690 participants (1,645 men and 2,045 women) aged 65 years and older. Sarcopenic obesity was defined as the coexistence of low muscle strength (handgrip strength <28 kg in men and <18 kg in women) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference >90 cm in men and >85 cm in women). Socioeconomic factors assessed included age, living status, residential area, employment, education, and family income level. Dietary intake was evaluated using the nutrient adequacy ratio and mean adequacy ratio derived from 24-h dietary recall data. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with sarcopenic obesity. The prevalence rates of sarcopenic obesity were 6.5% in men and 17.4% in women. Low education levels were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in women, whereas lower family income levels were associated with an increased risk of sarcopenic obesity in men. In women, a lower mean adequacy ratio was significantly associated with a higher risk of sarcopenic obesity. Lower family income and education level are associated with a higher prevalence of sarcopenic obesity. Ad-ditionally, overall nutritional adequacy is inversely related to the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity, particularly in women.

Nutritional knowledge, family income, and blood sugar level among diabetic patients

Nutritional literacy related to diabetes control can play an important role in glycemic control and the reduction of complications of type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between nutritional knowledge and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c). In this study, nutritional literacy and its components (food portion, nutritional content, healthier food choice, and food label reading skill) were evaluated by a valid and reliable questionnaire designed in Singapore for the evaluation of diabetes-related nutrition knowledge. Furthermore, family income, level of education, type of ethnicity, having a smartphone, as well as access to social media of 64 type 2 diabetic patients were assessed. Pearson’s Correlation coefficient between HbA1c and total nutritional knowledge score was calculated at -0.58, which was significant (p&amp;lt;0.001). Participants scored 48%, 55%, 51%, 52%, and 52% of total score for food portion and sizes, nutrition content of food, healthier food choices and safety, food label reading, and overall, respectively. After controlling for possible confounding, regression model results suggested nutritional knowledge and family income were two potential predictors of HbA1c. Improving nutrition and media literacy may help reduce blood sugar levels and treatment costs.

Mother-daughter communication of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) matters and associated factors among sinhalese adolescent girls aged 14–19 years, in Sri Lanka

IntroductionSchool-based and community-based sexuality education has not shown a significant impact on the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes of Sri Lankan adolescents. Parents, as the primary educators of adolescents, could potentially serve as better sources for providing individualized sexuality education to their children.ObjectiveTo assess the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) topics discussed between mothers and daughters, barriers to communication, and associations of SRH communication among Sinhala adolescent girls aged 14–19 years in Sri Lanka.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of 810 Sinhala adolescent girls using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics pertaining to mother-daughter communication in SRH matters were presented using frequencies and percentages. Bivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the association of selected socio-demographic factors with mother-daughter SRH communication, while binary logistic analysis was used to assess the independent association of chosen demographic factors with mother-daughter SRH communication.ResultsThe majority of the respondents (67.1%, n = 540) indicated a willingness to discuss SRH matters with their mothers. For 78.2% (n = 632) of the respondents, the mother was the preferred source of SRH information. Common topics discussed between the mothers and daughters included issues related to menstruation (88.4%, n = 701) and maintaining personal boundaries (94%, n = 718), whereas less discussed topics included homosexuality (21%, n = 166), and preventing unwanted pregnancy (38.6%, n = 305). Cultural barriers, fear of mothers’ reactions, and mothers’ lack of confidence in responding to their daughter’s SRH matters were the main barriers to discussing SRH topics with mothers. Adolescent girls’ age, and family income level were significantly associated with mother-daughter SRH communication.Conclusions and recommendationsAlthough a majority of adolescent girls preferred to share their sexual health concerns with their mothers, a notable barrier was the lack of confidence from the mother’s side. Furthermore, the scope of mother-daughter sexual communication in this study was largely limited to less sensitive topics. In light of these findings, it is suggested that interventions targeted at parents be developed alongside school-based sex education for adolescents. These interventions should aim to enhance parents’ knowledge and skills in discussing sexual health matters with their adolescent children.

MARKETING STRATEGY BY MISSION SHAKTI OF ODISHA: A JOURNEY FROM SELF HELP GROUPS (SHGS) TO SMALL AND MEDIUM-ENTERPRISES (SMES)

Empowerment of women playing a significant role in society. When women will empower with financially at that time her family income level increase. Mission Shakti gives the power to increase his financial stability. In layman language we can say the women is Samarthy to run her family. Indian constitution provides the women equal freedom and opportunity, so they can empower by them self. Both literate and illiterate women have rights to empower by themselves. So Government of Odisha plays a significant role to empower women through Mission Shakti Department. This department has deep reach to women, nearly about 70 lakh women through 6 lakh groups. The groups are self empower by them self selves through the help of the Mission Shakti.This Paper is mainly focused how the group is converted SHGs to SMEs with the help of Mission Shakti. What types of Marketing Strategy they followed to reach her goal from SHGs to SMEs.Marketing tactics used by cluster members to sell the manufactured goods, as well as the intensity of empowerment among members of women, SHGs to SMEs in Sustainable Livelihood actions. Data were obtained from the districts of Angul and Khordha using a standardized questionnaire written in the local language. Around 180 members of various women SHGs were chosen for the study. The SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The data was analyzed using one-way Anova, multiple regression, and Pearson correlation. most crucial components such as Sustainable Livelihood, Women Entrepreneurship, and Women Empowerment, all of which have a significant impact on the performance of Marketing Strategies used by SHG members in rural Odisha. It was also bring into being that the number of SHG members and the time-span of years the SHG group has been founded had a substantial impact convert SHGs to SMEs.

Assessment of Psychological Birth Trauma and Related Factors in Primiparous Women in Hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Background and Objective: Psychological childbirth trauma occurs as a result of physical or psychological traumatic experiences during labor and delivery, and the mother shows a response in the form of fear, despair, loss of control, helplessness, and panic. It can also cause complications in the postpartum period, such as disrupting the relationship between mother and child and communication with her husband in the future. The present study was conducted to investigate the level of psychological childbirth trauma and the related factors in primiparous women in the teaching hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2022. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 484 primiparous women in the Midwifery Department of educational hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2022. The data collection tool included a demographic profile form and the Psychological Childbirth Trauma Questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21 software, and descriptive statistical tests (mean, standard deviation, number, and percentage) and regression were used. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The average score for the total psychological childbirth trauma was obtained at 45.52 ± 18.51, and the average score for anxiety and hotness of childbirth, psychological manifestations, helplessness, collapse, sense of death, and physical manifestations was 16.31 ± 7.44, 11.20 ± 4.97, 9.73 ± 4.80, 3.82 ± 1.67, 4.46 ± 2.06, and 4.46 ± 2.06, respectively. There was a significant relationship between psychological childbirth trauma and family income level (P=0.030), unwanted pregnancy (P&lt;0.001), primiparous birth (P&lt;0.001), and newborn APCAR score (P=0.001). Conclusion: Considering the incidence of postpartum psychological trauma and the existence of a relationship between first birth, family income level, unwanted pregnancy, and the APCAR score of the newborn, healthcare workers should identify women at risk of postpartum psychological trauma as soon as possible and prevent the occurrence of resulting injuries by performing preventive measures and early interventions.

A Study on the Effectiveness of Utilization of the Union Digital Center Agricultural Information by the Farmers in Bangladesh

Aims: The aims of the study were to determine the effectiveness of Union Digital Center (UDC) in the utilization of agricultural information by the farmers, also to investigate the contribution of the selected characteristics of the farmers to the effectiveness of UDC in the utilization of agricultural information and to resolve the problems faced by the farmers in receiving agricultural information from the UDC. Study Design: It is a Field Survey Research. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in a union named Alokjhari under Khanshama Upazila of Dinajpur district of Bangladesh There are eight villages in this union. The study was conducted in these eight villages from January 2020 to February 2022. Methodology: The farmers of Alokjhari Union who were members of the Common Interest Group (CIG) under the National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) of the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) constitute the population of the study. According to Yamane’s (1967) formula, the sample size was determined as 154 from 200 respondents. A simple random sampling method was used in order to select the sample. Data were collected using a structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics and stepwise multiple regression were used for analysis. Results: The highest proportion 49.4 percent of the farmers had low effectiveness of UDC in utilizing agricultural information compared to 30.5 percent with medium effectiveness and 20.1 percent with high effectiveness. And the highest effective information that the farmers asked for was found on ‘compost preparation’ followed by ‘tree plantation’, ‘recommended seed rate’, and so on. Among the influential variables level of education, family income, innovativeness, agricultural knowledge and aspiration provided a 53.1 percent contribution to the effectiveness of UDC. Conclusion: The findings indicate that UDC plays a moderate role in the utilization of agricultural information. Agricultural knowledge was the main contributor to the improvement of the effectiveness of UDC while agricultural knowledge should be increased to both farmers and UDC staff levels.

Identifying Factors Influencing Consumers’ Choice of Disposal Channels Regarding Children’s Clothing in China

The disposal of undesired clothing, a crucial phase in consumers’ post-purchase decision-making process, significantly impacts the environment. However, behavior regarding the disposal of children’s clothing, a hitherto unexplored research area, differs from that of adults’ clothing due to the unique physical features of children. Investigating consumers’ behavior regarding the disposal of children’s clothing is thus essential. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify factors influencing consumers’ choice of disposal channels regarding children’s clothing in China. Specifically, the study seeks to answer two sub-questions: (1) What are the factors that influence consumers’ choice of conventional disposal channels for children’s clothing? and (2) what is the usage status of online clothing recycling platforms among consumers, and what are the barriers and facilitators for their adoption? Data were collected through a combination of quantitative closed-ended questions and a qualitative open-ended question from an online survey involving 259 mothers of children aged 4 to 12 years. The quantitative data were analyzed using binary logistic regression, whereas the qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis and Chi-square by employing the capability, opportunity, and motivation–behavior model (COM-B). The findings show that Chinese consumers’ choice of conventional disposal channels for children’s clothing is influenced by reasons related to poor fit and clothing damage, mother’s age, and family’s annual family income level. Moreover, the study reveals that online clothing-recycling platforms as an emerging disposal channel are not widely accepted due to various barriers, including psychological capability, physical opportunity, social opportunity, and reflective motivation. Therefore, the insights gained from this study provide guidance to consumers, recyclers, public policymakers, and practitioners in the children’s clothing industry towards children’s clothing disposal, aiming to promote sustainable disposal behavior.

Autistic clinical profiles, age at first concern, and diagnosis among children with autism spectrum disorder.

To explore the relationship between autistic clinical profiles and age at first concern and diagnosis among children with autism spectrum disorder. The clinical profiles included the severity of autism, cognition, adaptability, language development, and regression. The multivariate linear regression model was used to examine the association of diagnostic age and first-concern age with autistic clinical profiles and with further stratification analysis. A total of 801 autistic children were included. Language delay and regression were associated with earlier diagnostic age (language delay: crudeβ: -0.80, 95%CI%: -0.92--0.68; regression: crudeβ: -0.21, 95%CI%: -0.43--0.00) and the age of first concern of autistic children (language delay: crudeβ: -0.55, 95%CI%: -0.65--0.45; regression: crudeβ: -0.17, 95%CI%: -0.34--0.00). After stratification by sex, language delay tended to be more associated with the earlier diagnostic age among boys (crudeβ: -0.85, 95%CI%: -0.98--0.72) than among girls (crudeβ: -0.46, 95%CI%: -0.77--0.16). After stratification by maternal education level or family income level, language delay was most associated with the earlier diagnostic age in autistic children from families with higher socioeconomic levels. Language delay, rather than other symptoms, promoted an earlier diagnostic age. Among male autistic children or children from families with higher socioeconomic levels, language delay was most significantly associated with an earlier age of diagnosis. Cognitive delay, or adaptive delay, was associated with a later age at diagnosis and presented only in autistic children from families with lower socioeconomic levels. There may be sex or socioeconomic inequality in the diagnostic age for autistic children. More publicity and public education about the diversity of autistic symptoms are urgently needed in the future, especially for low-socioeconomic families.

Study on the Factors Influencing the Enrollment of Nanchang Vocational College under Educational Marketing

Background and Aim: This study aims to analyze the factors affecting the recruitment of students in private colleges and universities based on research data, analyzes the problems of recruitment in private colleges and universities and their causes, and then proposes recruitment management strategies based on educational marketing theory. Materials and Methods: NC Vocational College was selected as an example. A quantitative research approach was adopted to collect and analyze the data. Results: Results show that the former includes students' motivation, family income, and parent's education level, while the latter includes the school's infrastructure conditions, teachers' level, curriculum, and specialties. In addition, according to the actual situation of NC Vocational College, we analyze the disadvantages of its enrollment mode, insufficient quality of enrollment team, false or exaggerated enrollment propaganda, and confused enrollment incentive management and analyze the reasons for the problems of enrollment in private colleges and universities from the aspects of policy, school development mode, school quality, and employment. Lastly, this paper emphasizes that the enrollment work of private colleges and universities is "student-centered", market-oriented, and based on the demand for talents in society, and puts forward specific and constructive countermeasures in the aspects of enrollment organization planning, enrollment work team, enrollment work brand construction and enrollment work layout. Conclusions: It is hoped that this study will help NC Vocational College to optimize its recruitment mode and improve its recruitment management, to enhance the quantity and quality of recruitment, and also provide a reference for the recruitment management of other private universities in China.

The effect of poverty on the relationship between household education levels and obesity in U.S. children and adolescents: an observational study

Although ample evidence has shown the link between childhood obesity and socioeconomic status including family income and household education levels, the mediating role of poverty in the association between household education levels and childhood obesity is unclear. This study aimed to quantify the extent to which family poverty levels contribute to the association between household education levels and obesity among US children and adolescents. This cohort study used the nationally representative data of 21,754 US children and adolescents aged 6-17 years (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2018). We applied mediation analysis of the association between household education levels (less than high school, high school, and college or above) and obesity mediated through poverty (≤138% vs. >138% federal poverty level), adjusting for demographic characteristics of household head and their offspring. Obesity was defined as age- and sex-specific body mass index in the 95th percentile or greater using the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Among 21,754 children and adolescents (weighted N=43,544,684; mean age, 11.6 years; female, 49%), 9720 (weighted percentage,33.0%) were classified as living in poverty and 4671 (weighted percentage,19.1%) met the criteria for obesity. Low household education level (less than high school) showed increased risks of poverty (adjusted relative risk [95% CI], 5.82 [4.90-6.91]) and obesity (adjusted relative risk [95% CI], 1.94 [1.68-2.25]) compared to high household education level (college or above). We also quantified that poverty mediated 18.9% of the association between household education levels and obesity among children and adolescents. The mediation effect was consistently observed across age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Poverty mediated the association between the low educational status of household heads and their offspring's obesity. Our findings highlight the importance of reducing obesity risk among the low-income population to minimize the burden of intergenerational health disparities due to socioeconomic status. Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences (22K17392).

Testing of Medico-Sociological Toolkit for Evaluation of Quality of Organization and Affordability of Dental Orthopedic Care

INTRODUCTION: The issues of accessibility, quality of organization and satisfaction of Russian citizens with dental orthopedic care (DOC) are insufficiently studied and covered in the literature, which increases the relevance of the topic of our study Scientific Substantiation of Criteria and Pa-rameters of Accessibility and Quality of Organization of Dental Orthopedic Care. For this study, a medico-sociological toolkit is tested, which presents a questionnaire of 36 questions developed by the authors for evaluation of the quality of organization of DOC and of its affordability for the population.&#x0D; AIM: To test the medico-sociological toolkit by evaluating the filling out of the questionnaire by patients.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: The questionnaire was developed on the basis of ethical and de-ontological principles with taking into account the quality management standards (ISO 9001:2015). In a comparative analysis and evaluation of affordability of DOC, the level of family income of patients was expressed in relative parameters minimum living wages. The pilot study was conducted on the basis of an enlarged dental clinic with surveying 41 patients who received DOC.&#x0D; RESULTS: Filling out of the questionnaire by patients of a dental clinic was evaluated in part of the study of affordability and the study of satisfaction with the quality of DOC organization 7 and 12 questions, respectively. Positive results of testing of the medico-sociological toolkit are presented.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: In the course of the pilot study, the Questionnaire was tested, no primary cor-rections were required. The algorithm of processing and analysis of the primary materials of the planned medico-sociological study was determined.

Socioeconomic status, cultural values, and elderly care: An examination of elderly care preference in OECD countries

BackgroundWith the rapid growing of the older population around the world, care for older adults is becoming a pressing public health issue. To find the optimum and sustainable balance of informal and formal involvement in senior care is urgently important. However, it is still unclear how older adults’ preferences for senior care are shaped by a range of factors at individual and country levels. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the roles of socioeconomic status (SES) and culture values in old adults’ attitude toward senior care. MethodsThe data from the International Social Survey Program 2012: Changing Family and Gender Roles were used to construct multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression models, in which the associations between individual-level and country-level factors and their interactions on senior care preference were estimated. ResultsSES indictors, family income and education level, were positively and inversely associated with older adults’ preference for family senior care, respectively. Moreover, there was an interactive effect of the individual-level factors and secular-rational values on senior care preference. ConclusionsFamily care is less likely to be preferred by older adults from societies that stress individual independence than those that highly value tight-knit family relationships. However, the cultural gap in the family care preference shrinks at a faster speed as older adults’ family income increase.

Indirect Determinants Analysis of the Protein Intake Status of Stunted Under-Five Children at the Kedundung Health Service, Mojokerto City, Indonesia

The highest prevalence of stunted in the Kedundung Health Center working area in Mojokerto City exceeds the Stunting Prevalence Threshold. Stunted is influenced by the adequacy status of nutritional intake consumed by children, especially the level of protein nutrition intake. Both indirect and direct factors influence protein intake status. This research aims to identify indirect factors using quantitative cross-sectional method. This research used secondary data on stunted under-five children at the Kedundung Health Center, with more than 48 under-five children. The sampling technique used is nonprobability-purposive sampling, which then eliminates missing data through technical data analysis using the Chi-square correlation test. The results obtained for the five independent variables studied, the variable family income level, the father’s education and the mother’s education, have a significant relationship. The father’s employment status variable can not be concluded. The father’s employment status in the literature is related to protein intake through the father’s role in regulating the low protein intake of under-five children. The mother’s employment status variable has no significant relationship with the intake status of under-five children. Mothers do not have sufficient knowledge and skills to regulate under-five children’s intake patterns, including prioritizing food spending and controlling the adequacy of protein intake. The implications of this study show that the family’s economic conditions and the parent’s knowledge affect the protein intake status of under-five children; also, regional financial stability impacts the family economy.

Comparison of stigmatizing views towards COVID-19 and mental disorders among adolescent and young adult students in China.

Infectious diseases including COVID-19 and mental disorders are two of the most common health conditions associated with stigma. However, the comparative stigma of these two conditions has received less attention in research. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of stigmatizing views toward people with COVID-19 and mental disorders and the factors associated with these views, among a large sample of adolescent and young adult students in China. A total of 9,749 adolescents and young adults aged 15-24 years completed a survey on stigmatizing attitudes toward COVID-19 and mental disorders, as well as mental health-related factors, including general mental health status and symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with stigmatizing views. The prevalence of COVID-19 and mental disorders-related stigma was 17.2% and 40.7%, respectively. COVID-19-related stigma scores were significantly higher among male students (β = 0.025, p < 0.05), those without quarantine experience (β = 0.035, p < 0.001), those with lower educational level (p < 0.001), those with lower family income (p < 0.01), and those with higher PTSD symptoms (β = 0.045, p < 0.05). Mental disorder-related stigma scores were significantly higher among individuals with average and lower-than-average levels of family income (p < 0.01), depression symptoms (β = 0.056, p < 0.001), anxiety symptoms (β = 0.051, p < 0.001), and mental health problems (β = 0.027, p < 0.05). The stigma of mental disorders is higher in the youth population than the stigma of COVID-19. Factors associated with stigmatizing attitudes toward people with COVID-19 and mental disorders varied across the youth. Stigma-reduction interventions among the youth should be targeted specifically to COVID-19 or mental disorders conditions.

Finances of the Nation: Is the CWB Enhancement Achieving Its Dual Objective of Supporting Income and Incentivizing Work? The Effects for Couples in Ontario and Quebec

In this article, Luc Godbout and Suzie St-Cerny focus on the effects of enhancing the Canada workers benefit (CWB) in 2021. More specifically, they seek to determine whether, for couples in Ontario and Quebec, the enhancement served to render work more rewarding (by lowering effective marginal tax rates) and to provide better income support for low-income workers (by increasing disposable income). The authors show that, while the objective of income support was achieved, the results for the objective of work incentivization were mixed, depending largely on a couple's family income level and working income split. The authors suggest how the CWB might be reformed to better fulfill its role in incentivizing work.

Parents' Knowledge and Perception of Child Abuse and Neglect in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

Child maltreatment is a crucial issue worldwide that has negative consequences for children and their families. Inability to distinguish between traditional corporal punishment and abuse is part of the problem. To assess parents' knowledge and perception of child maltreatment and investigate the factors that influence their awareness. This cross-sectional study recruited parents with at least one child aged <18 years. Data were collected using a self-administrated online questionnaire. Participants were categorized into two groups based on the median knowledge score. A total of 447 participants completed the questionnaire, of which 62% were female and the average age was 37 years. Almost two-thirds of the respondents (60.6%) consider child abuse and neglect (CAN) to be a common problem in Saudi Arabia. Only 53% had good knowledge of CAN, and more than one-third were unaware of the hotline number available to report any CAN. Almost half of the participants did not consider refusing childhood immunization or smoking in front of children to be a form of CAN. Logistic regression showed that higher education and family income levels were significantly associated with good knowledge (P = 0.013 and 0.003, respectively). While most parents consider CAN to be a common problem in Saudi Arabia, they do not have adequate knowledge of what constitutes emotional abuse and neglect. These findings highlight the need for community-based education programs to increase parents and caregivers' awareness of child rights.

Utilization of Postnatal Care Services and Associated Socio-Demographic Factors among Mothers in Sheikhupura

The general state of a population's health system can be seen in the maternal morbidity and mortality rates. Despite the obvious benefits of postnatal healthcare services literature reveal that these services are frequently underused, especially in underdeveloped countries such as Pakistan. Objective: To identify the family traits that were thought to be the biggest factor of using the available postnatal health care services. Methods: According to the nature of the study quantitative research method was used. 323 females who were not currently pregnant but had given birth to one or more children selected in the sample of the present study. Final sample was chosen using a multistage sampling technique. Binomial logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between family traits and the use of postnatal healthcare services. Results: Results showed that 76.5% of respondents had their postpartum hemorrhage evaluated. The majority of participants (83.6%) and those who took contraceptives after giving birth (83.1%) got breastfeeding support. Results of the current study showed that the number of postnatal care visits was significantly correlated with the husband's age, education, and family's monthly income. Postnatal care was also connected to the husband's age, education, and family income levels. Conclusions: According to the study's conclusions, education should be targeted towards enhancing the significance of postnatal care services. To address the issue of health care service utilization, policy level actions are required to maximize the ratio of the utilization of postnatal care services.