Family Income Level Research Articles

The Relationship between School Socioeconomic Composition and Academic Achievement in Turkiye

The socioeconomic distribution of students influences school contexts and learning processes. In this manner, a school’s socioeconomic composition has the remarkable potential to shape school climate. This study examines the relationship socioeconomic status (SES) at both the student and school levels has with academic achievement for the first time in Turkiye with regard to academic and vocational tracks. High-stake assessment data of more than 1.4 million students over the last 10 years have been analyzed using two-level hierarchical linear modelling (HLM). The results show parents’ education level to be a significant predictor for both academic and vocational tracks, while family income significantly predicts academic achievement just in regard to vocational track. The results highlight both students’ and peers’ SES to be significantly related to their academic achievement. Additionally, parents’ education level is a stronger predictor of achievement than family income level. The results also emphasize the importance the recent improvements and academic support programs from the Ministry of National Education (MoNE) have had in alleviating achievement gaps among schools.

Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Persiapan Persalinan pada Ibu Hamil di Kelurahan Anduring

The unpreparedness of the mother in facing childbirth is one of the factors causing the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR). For this reason, efforts to reduce MMR are carried out, preparation for childbirth is an important thing that must be improved. Preparation for childbirth can be done with various preparations ranging from increasing maternal knowledge, preparing costs, blood donation, choosing a place of delivery and birth attendants as well as preparing companions. In addition, through classes for pregnant women, preparation for childbirth can also be carried out, where with Antenatal Care visits according to standards, pregnant women can get information about the structure of pregnancy care, childbirth, postpartum, and newborn care. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between age, education level, family income, family support and prenatal care with preparation for delivery of pregnant women in Anduring Village. This type of research is analytic with a cross sectional study design. The study was carried out in the Anduring village of Padang city in July-November 2021. Sampling was carried out using the Total Sampling technique, where the total sample was all pregnant women who met the inclusion criteria. The sample of this study was pregnant women in the second-third trimester in Anduring village, amounting to 32 people. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by univariate and bivariate with chi-square test. There is a significant relationship between the level of education, family income, prenatal care and family support with preparation for delivery in pregnant women and there is no significant relationship between the age and occupation of the mother with labor preparation. It is hoped that midwives will optimize the use of the MCH handbook during Antenatal Care visits as a form of information and support for pregnant women, activate classes for pregnant women and involve their husbands in the activities of the pregnant classes, and provide counseling for preparation for delivery to pregnant women.

Partisipasi Anggota Kelompok Wanita Tani (Kwt) dalam Mewujudkan Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga di Kecamatan Colomadu Kabupaten Karanganyar

Food security is one of the national development programs because the availability of food ingredients (energy sources, protein, fat) decreases. Colomadu Subdistrict is one of the sub-districts that supports household food security programs through the use of yard land carried out by the Farmer Women's Group (KWT). The success of this activity can be seen from the participation of KWT members. This research aims to analyze the level of participation of KWT members, factors affecting participation, and the influence of factors affecting participation on the participation of KWT members in realizing household food security. Quantitative methods with survey techniques are the basis of this research method. The determination of the location used as the location of the research was chosen deliberately in the Colomadu subdistrict area.. Proportional random sampling techniques are selected for sample determination. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the data of this research. The results showed that the participation rate in the planning, implementation, and enjoying results stages was in the very high category, while participation in the evaluation stage was in the high category. Age, level of formal education, level of availability of free time, level of family income, level of family support, and the role of agricultural extension workers simultaneously affect the participation of KWT members in realizing household food security. The level of availability of free time and the level of family support partially have a significant effect on the participation of KWT members in realizing household food security.

Partisipasi Anggota Kelompok Wanita Tani (Kwt) dalam Mewujudkan Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga di Kecamatan Colomadu Kabupaten Karanganyar

Food security is one of the national development programs because the availability of food ingredients (energy sources, protein, fat) decreases. Colomadu Subdistrict is one of the sub-districts that supports household food security programs through the use of yard land carried out by the Farmer Women's Group (KWT). The success of this activity can be seen from the participation of KWT members. This research aims to analyze the level of participation of KWT members, factors affecting participation, and the influence of factors affecting participation on the participation of KWT members in realizing household food security. Quantitative methods with survey techniques are the basis of this research method. The determination of the location used as the location of the research was chosen deliberately in the Colomadu subdistrict area.. Proportional random sampling techniques are selected for sample determination. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the data of this research. The results showed that the participation rate in the planning, implementation, and enjoying results stages was in the very high category, while participation in the evaluation stage was in the high category. Age, level of formal education, level of availability of free time, level of family income, level of family support, and the role of agricultural extension workers simultaneously affect the participation of KWT members in realizing household food security. The level of availability of free time and the level of family support partially have a significant effect on the participation of KWT members in realizing household food security.

Influence of China’s Population Aging on Household Consumption – Based on the Data from China Family Panel Studies

Based on the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS2016) data, this study empirically tests the impact of population aging on household consumption. The results show that population aging promotes the basic living consumption expenditure of most households and inhibits the enjoyment or development consumption expenditure of most households. At the same time, low-level consumer families are more affected by population aging and income than high-level consumer families. Moreover, the impact of population aging on developmental consumption varies among families with different income levels, especially in medical and health expenditures. The higher the family income level, the smaller the impact. Finally, this study puts forward suggestions such as improving the social security mechanism, improving the level of education, releasing the consumption potential of the elderly, improving the consumption level, and promoting consumption upgrading.

Supporting local economic development as a motive for purchasing organic food

The aim of this paper is to assess the significance of organic food purchases by consumers in Poland – motivated by supporting the local economy – against the background of other factors shaping consumer behaviour. The empirical material consists of the results of a survey among 850 consumers of organic food in Poland. The empirical material was analysed using Pearson’s chi-squared test of independence and the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test. The study shows that for a large group of organic food consumers, supporting the local economy appears to be an important motive for its purchase. The only factor significantly differentiating the two groups of consumers (motivated or not motivated by supporting the local economy) was the level of family income. The study allowed us to conclude that among consumers motivated by supporting the local economy, attitudes described as reflexive localism (the motive of supporting the local economy associated with concern for the natural environment) predominate.

Nutritional characteristics of patients with functional constipation aged 4 years and older.

Dietary modifications may have role in prevention and treatment of functional constipation. Macronutrient, extrafluid, and fiber intake have been evaluated and the results are conflicting. The aim of our study was to define the nutritional features associated with functional constipation aged 4 years and older. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. Forty-one patients with functional constipation and 55 age-gender matched controls between 4-18 years old were enrolled. Demographic data, duration of breast-feeding, defecation pattern in the first year of life, physical activity, socioeconomic parameters, and anthropometric measurements were noted. Mean daily macronutrient and micronutrient consumption from the 5-day dietary records were calculated by Nutrition Information System - BEBIS 7.2 version. There were no differences between two groups in energy, water, protein, and fiber consumption. However, in 4-7 years old constipated female and male group, the percentage of carbohydrate was higher (P=0.010, P=0.049, respectively) but fat was lower (P=0.011, P=0.032, respectively). All patients except 4-7 years old boys of both groups got less energy than the reference values. The mean daily protein intake was higher than required in the 4-7 years old constipated and control groups. There was no significant difference in fiber consumption between 2 groups. Breastfeeding >18 months was more common in controls (P=0.039). The constipated group used the squatting toilet more frequently (P=0.002). Lower family income (P<0.001) and parental education levels (P<0.001) were associated with FC. Dietary habits may be a risk factor for functional constipation, especially, in rapid growth period.

Изучение комплексного влияния биосоциальных факторов на показатели морфофизиологической адаптации современной молодежи в условиях городского стресса

Materials and methods. The materials of complex anthropological surveys of the Department of Anthropology of Moscow State University 2020–2021 were used. The anthropometric characteristics, components of the physique, physiological indicators, psychological characteristics and data of a sociological survey of 245 respondents (176 girls and 69 boys) – students of different universities in Moscow aged 18 to 23 years were studied. To assess adaptive capabilities, an integrative indicator is calculated – the level of physical condition of the body (PCL). Results. Reliable correlations with PCL were obtained mainly in the group of girls: statistically significant relationships were revealed for a cluster of morphological features, blocks of body composition, functional indicators and physical activity, for the values of phase angle, specific metabolism and the indicator of orientation to appearance. In the group of boys, there were significantly fewer reliable correlations: as in girls, a block of functional indicators and specific metabolism, as well as the level of total thyroxine in the blood and satisfaction with body parameters were significantly associated with PCL. The structure of relationships between groups of traits is as follows: socio-cultural characteristics are associated with levels of anxiety, aggressiveness and depression; the component composition of the body – with physique and functional indicators, which also correlate with social characteristics (education of parents, number of children in the family, level of family income). Conclusion. The closeness of the connections between the PCL and the blocks of the body's component composition and functional indicators is due to the commonality of their biological nature and the unity of subsystems in the structure of the general human constitution. A small but statistically reliable association with the PCL of the level of physical activity confirms the positive effect of daily physical activity on the adaptive capabilities of the body. The reliable connection with the PCL of individual socio-cultural features reflects the degree of importance of the perception of the features of one's own physique in the life of modern boys and girls and indicates the influence of self-esteem of appearance not only on the psychological state and quality of life, but also on the physical condition of the body and adaptive capabilities. The results obtained are consistent with the concept of intersystem integration of the organism and confirm the influence of socio-economic and socio-cultural factors on the processes of morphophysiological and psychosocial adaptation of modern youth to the conditions of the superurbanized environment of the XXI century.

Study on the Impact of Income Gap on Health Level of Rural Residents in China.

With the rapid development of the social economy, health has increasingly become the focus of attention. Therefore, based on the balanced panel data of the China Household Tracking Survey (CFPS) from 2010 to 2018, the Probit model was used to investigate the impact of the income gap in rural areas on residents’ health level, and the relevant influencing mechanism was discussed in this paper. Results: (1) The income gap has a significant negative effect on the health level of rural residents, and the expansion of the income gap will have a more significant impact on the health level of rural residents. (2) The income gap will restrain the health level of rural residents by affecting the family income level and mobility constraints. (3) The restraining effect of the income gap on health formation mainly affects the families of young rural residents, rural male residents, residents with no rental income, and residents with low social capital. This paper analyzes and discusses, from the perspective of income gap, the impact of the income gap on the health status of rural residents in China. Based on the above conclusions, this paper puts forward some feasible suggestions to improve the health level of rural residents.

Assessment of quality of life and its determinants in type-2 diabetes patients using the WHOQOL-BREF instrument in Bangladesh

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) is rising at a rapid rate worldwide. As a chronic, incurable metabolic disease, diabetes affects a person’s life in all ways. Studies thus far have focused on the impact of diabetes on the physical and mental health of persons affected by the quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to explore the whole range of QoL deficits using the World Health Organization Quality of Life brief version (WHOQOL-BREF) in type-2 diabetic patients.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was carried out among individuals aged at or above 15 years with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Patients with prior mental health illness and unwillingness to give consent were excluded. A pretested structured questionnaire including the 26-item WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used for face-to-face interviews. Appropriate ethical measures were ensured. All statistical analyses were carried out using the statistical software STATA (Version 16.1). Graphs were created using R (Version 4.0.0).ResultsA total of 500 T2 DM patients with a mean age of 55.8 ± 13.2 years (± SD) and a female proportion of 50.8% were included. Overall, 22.2% of participants rated their QoL as poor, and 25% were dissatisfied with their health (as assessed by questions 1 and 2 of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire). More than half (54% and 51.2%, respectively) had an average evaluation of their QoL and health. The QoL scores were below average, with mean scores (± SD) for the physical health, psychological, social relationship, and environmental domains of 37.2 ± 20.5, 44.2 ± 21.0, 39.6 ± 23.2, and 41.6 ± 19.5, respectively. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the patient’s level of education and monthly family income were significant positive modifiers and that complications (nephropathy, retinopathy, and peripheral artery disease) were significant negative determinants of the QoL score in different domains.ConclusionThis study found the overall quality of life among T2DM patients below average. Health authorities and clinicians should take these findings into account and incorporate necessary measures to ameliorate negative modifiers of the quality of life of sufferers.

The Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Reading Comprehension

This study aimed to determine the relationship between environmental factors and elementary-school fourth-grade students' reading comprehension levels. In the research, the relational scanning model, one of the quantitative research methods, was applied. The research was conducted in Ankara in the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 academic years. The research group consisted of 365 fourth-grade students, 365 parents, and 11 classroom teachers who taught these students. The Reading Comprehension Scale, the Family Effectiveness Scale for Creating a Reading Culture, and the Teacher Effectiveness Scale for Reading were used for data collection. ANOVA, t-test, frequency, and percentage values were applied for analysis. As a result of the findings, it was seen that there was a significant relationship between family income level and reading comprehension, and that the reading comprehension scores of the students in the upper-income group differed significantly from those in the middle and lower groups. It was determined that the average comprehension of the students whose parents had an undergraduate or higher education level was significantly higher. Gender was significantly correlated in favor of the female students. It was observed that the type of school the students attended made a significant difference in favor of the students attending a private school. It was determined that the activities performed by the teachers with regard to reading comprehension did not make a significant difference to their reading comprehension average scores. As a result, the data will shed new light on future studies that will contribute to research regarding reading comprehension.

HIV-associated painful neuropathy: where are we?

After the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ceased to be a devastating disease, but sensory neuropathy resulting from the permanence of the virus and the side effects of treatment have worsened the morbidities of these patients. To investigate the quality of life of 64 HIV-positive patients: 24 with painful neuropathy (case group) and 40 without painful neuropathy (control group). The impact of other factors on quality of life was also assessed. To assess painful neuropathy, the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) scale, Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) questions and Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS) were used. The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) scale was used to assess quality of life. Factors related or unrelated to HIV were obtained through the medical history and analysis on medical records. The quality of life of patients with neuropathic pain was worse in six of the eight domains of the SF-36 scale. The number of clinical manifestations related to HIV, length of time with detectable viral load since diagnosis, length of time since the diagnosis of HIV infection and length of time of HAART use had a negative impact on quality of life. Higher levels of CD4, education and family income had a positive impact. Painful neuropathy related to HIV is a factor that worsens the quality of life of patients infected with this virus and should be included in the clinical evaluation.

학생부종합전형 쟁점 분석: 학종 입학생들의 소득 수준 분석

The purpose of this study is to examine whether the 'Comprehensive Admission by School Performance Records' works as an admission system for extending the educational opportunities of students from low-income families or not, and to analyze how well the ‘College Scholastic Ability Test(CSAT)’ estimates students' own efforts and abilities. For this, we compared the levels of family income of the students entered through the 'Comprehensive Admission by School Performance Records', except for those entered through the admission process for the lower-class opportunity expansion', and the students entered through the 'CSAT-centered Admission System'. We also reexamined several factors affecting the CSAT and the CSAT-centered Admission System. Findings showed the following two points; First, the 'Comprehensive Admission by School Performance Records' was not more favorable to the students from low-income families in getting college admission, compared with those from high-income families. Especially, at major three universities located in Seoul city, no difference between the students entered through the 'Comprehensive Admission by School Performance Records' and those entered through the 'CSAT-centered Admission System' was found in their family-income levels. Second, when the variable of parents' education level affecting students' academic achievement is included, the influence of family incomes over students' CSAT scores disappeared. Moreover, the hours that students spent for private-tutoring hardly affected their CSAT scores. Instead of it, students' personal study time more affected their CSAT scores. Therefore, we found that the 'CSAT-centered Admission System', rather than the 'Comprehensive Admission by School Performance Records', could be the selection criterion where students' own efforts and abilities could be more accurately evaluated.

The Association of Sleep Duration with Breakfast Patterns and Snack Behaviors among Chinese Children Aged 6 to 17 Years: Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010-2012.

A significant increase in the prevalence of short sleep among children has been observed. Short sleep may be associated with unhealthy breakfast and snacking behaviors. The purpose of the current study was to explore the associations of short sleep with breakfast and snacking behaviors among children. Data were obtained from the 2010–2012 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNNHS). A total of 5254 children aged 6 to 17 years were included. Sleep duration was classified into three categories: moderate sleep, slightly short sleep, and severely short sleep. Breakfast behaviors included skipping breakfast, food diversity, intake of energy and macronutrients, and their proportion of daily total intake. Snack behaviors included snack consumption rate/frequency, types, intake of energy and macronutrients, and proportion of daily total intake. Multiple linear regression and multivariate logistic regression were used for analysis, with models adjusted for the potential effects of gender, age, region, and family income level. The bootstrapping method was used to calculate the 95% confidence intervals of the model statistics. Results showed that slightly short sleep (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.00, 1.33)) and severely short sleep (OR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.04, 1.77) was related to higher rates of skipping breakfast compared to moderate sleep. Severely short sleep was associated with higher energy (β = 28.44, 95%CI: 31.97, 44.70), carbohydrate (β = 6.62, 95%CI: 8.29, 8.84) and protein (β = 1.17, 95%CI: 1.44, 1.70) intake at breakfast and breakfast accounted for a higher proportion of total daily energy (β = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.48, 2.52), protein (β = 2.26, 95%CI: 3.16, 5.84) and carbohydrate (β = 0.83, 95%CI: 0.07, 3.41). Severely short sleep was associated with higher energy (β = 27.4, 95%CI: 18.64, 69.41), protein (β = 0.8, 95%CI: 0.48, 2.40), and fat (β = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.21, 3.16) intake at snacks and snacks accounted for a higher proportion of total daily protein intake (β = 1.23, 95%CI: 0.71, 3.58) and fat intake (β = 2.74, 95%CI: 3.13, 6.09). Slightly short sleep was associated with higher energy (β = 7.28, 95%CI: 0.15, 28.13) and carbohydrate (β = 1.67, 95%CI: 0.86, 5.73) intake at snacks and snacks accounted for a higher proportion of total daily carbohydrate intake. Children with severely short sleep were more likely to choose sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) as snacks (16.5%) and intake them more frequently, at a daily consumption of 204.7 g and 26.7 g per night. Overall, short sleep was associated with unhealthy breakfast patterns and snack behaviors among children. Children with short sleep had higher intake of energy and macronutrients at breakfast and snacks compared with those with moderate sleep. Promoting adequate sleep among children may have a positive effect on developing healthy eating behaviors.

A Study on Digital Game Addictions of Adolescents in the Covid-19 Pandemic

The concept of digital game addiction has become an important issue that needs to be studied, depending on the increase in the time spent on the internet today, where technology and internet usage times are increasing rapidly. In this context, this study aimed to understand the antecedents of high school students’ online game addiction risks. The survey method was used in the study. Within the scope of the research, 559 high school students randomly selected from this population formed the sample of the study. The “Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents,” adapted into Turkish by Ilgaz (2015), was used as a data collection tool in the study. The results showed that digital game addictions of high school students were formed at the highest level in the dimensions of mood modifications, tolerance, and salience, respectively. The lowest averages were in the withdrawal and conflict dimensions. These findings show that high school students experience many emotional states in the game at a high level. Besides, while digital game addiction of male students was higher, it was determined that games played via computer caused more digital addiction. While digital game addictions of high school students do not change according to their grade level and academic achievement, their digital game addictions change according to family income level, playing time, and parental education level.

The relationship between income per capita and access to meningococcal serogroup B vaccination in Spain: an ecological correlation study

Background: Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) remains a public health concern because of its serious consequences, which mainly affect infants and young children. In Spain, Neisseria meningitidis serotype B accounts for &gt;40% of IMD cases. The multicomponent meningococcal serogroup B vaccine (4CMenB) is available privately in the absence of national public funding in Spain. This study evaluates whether potential inequities in access to 4CMenB exist among families because of financial disparities. Methods: An ecological correlation study was carried out using aggregate birth data, average income per capita and average number of 4CMenB vaccine units dispensed at province and municipal levels, including municipalities with &gt;50,000 inhabitants. The base-case scenario used birth data from 2018, 4CMenB uptake from March 2018 to February 2019 and income per capita from 2017. The Spearman correlation test was used to compute bivariate correlation coefficients (rs) between the ratio of 4CMenB uptake per birth and income per capita. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to study the impact of observational period, territorial assignment and target population on base-case results. Results: At province level, no correlation between mean income per capita and 4CMenB units was observed. At municipality level, a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between 4CMenB uptake per birth and average income per capita (rs = 0.22; p = 0.007). The results were robust under sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Despite the low level of granularity, these results suggest that access to the 4CMenB vaccine in Spain is associated with the income level of families at municipal level, producing inequities in the context of no national public funding. Keywords: Ecological correlation study, Meningococcal serogroup B vaccine, Vaccine uptake in Spain, Inequities in vaccine access, Financial impact.

Determinants of the Coexistence Dual Form of Malnutrition in Pairs of Mother and Child Aged 6 – 59 Months in Bogor District 2019

The dual form of malnutrition (DFM) is defined as multiple nutritional problems in the same household and time. This study aimed to determine the related factor to DFM incidence in pairs of mothers and children aged 6–59 months in Bogor District in 2019. This cross-sectional study used secondary data on the Nutrition and Health of Babakan Madang Subdistrict Toddlers in 2019 and Nutrition Intake and Stunting of Children Under-Five in Bogor District, West Java Province, involving a total sample of 274 households. The dependent variable in this study was DFM, while the independent variables were maternal age during pregnancy, maternal height, maternal breastfeeding history, parity, family income, mother's and father's education level. Bivariate analysis involving the Chi-square test and multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression tests was used in this study. The results revealed that DFM incidence in the Babakan Madang Subdistrict in 2019 was 42%. The determinants of DFM that were significantly related were maternal height (p-value = 0.000), maternal breastfeeding history (p-value = 0.027), and parity (p-value = 0.049). The analysis results showed that the dominant factor in the prevalence of DFM was the maternal height (OR = 2.704; 95% CI = 1.615-4.528). It is recommended to improving nutrition in adolescence, especially in the case of girls in their role as future mothers.

A quantitative study on the water-related energy use in the urban water system of Shenzhen

A comprehensive understanding of the nexus between urban water and energy is vital for economic development and human survival. Although extensive studies have been conducted on urban water–energy nexus, the nexus is site-specific and governed by many factors. Here, we analyzed water-related energy intensity for residential purpose based on statistical data and family surveys in Shenzhen, which is one of the world's fastest urbanizing megacities facing water and energy scarcity. Then household water and energy use and their main influencing factors were explored. Water-related energy intensity was calculated in kWh/m3 as follows: source water transfer (0.344), tap water production (0.217), tap water delivery (0.464), residential water use (7.43), wastewater treatment (0.20), and wastewater reuse (0.083). Results show that there's a strong nexus between water and energy in the urban water system. Household water use is mainly affected by family income (r = 0.202, p = 0.002), whereas household electricity use is mainly affected by education level (r = 0.191, p = 0.004). With the projected increases in family size, family income and education level, water and energy supply in Shenzhen are going to face severe challenges.

Group Heterogeneity of Rural Households’ Satisfaction with Good Life from the Perspective of Rural Revitalization—A Case Study from Zhejiang Province of China

In the context of rural revitalization, this article explores the group heterogeneity and influencing factors of the satisfaction of rural households’ good life in five dimensions, including industry and economy, living environment, rural culture, rural governance, and material life, and provides micro evidence and policy suggestions for the specific strategies of deepening rural revitalization and improving the satisfaction level of rural households’ good life. Based on the field survey data in rural areas of Zhejiang Province, this article analyzes the group heterogeneity of rural households’ satisfaction with a good life through latent profile analysis and further reveals the influencing factors through multinomial logistic regression. The results indicate that most dimensions of rural households’ satisfaction with good life, except rural culture in Zhejiang, are higher than average. The rural households’ satisfaction with good life presents obvious group differences, which are aggregated into three latent classes: very-satisfied class, medium-satisfied class, and low-satisfied class. The results of multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that subjective psychological evaluation, such as communication, self-confidence, and village status evaluation, had significant positive effects on the group category of good life satisfaction. The proportion of non-agricultural income and the level of per-capita family income have a significant negative influence on the group category of good life satisfaction, and the condition of public service at the village level has a significant positive influence on the group category of good life satisfaction. The satisfaction of rural households on sanitary toilet environment, New Year celebration, cultural activities in the countryside, work of village committee, fair treatment of village affairs, and soliciting opinions of village affairs were not high. Lack of self-confidence in communication and other subjective psychological factors and poor public service conditions at the village level are the important reasons for this. Therefore, measures should be taken to deepen the construction of rural civilization, build a multi-path and long-term mechanism to increase farmers’ income, and make up for the shortage of rural infrastructure and public services.

Higher Education and the Marriage Market: Educational Attainment, Educational Homogamy, and Inequality

The purpose of this article is to examine if educational homogamy patterns are associated intergenerationally, the extent to which today’s couples are homogamous, and how this translates into levels of family income and financial and overall well-being. To examine these relationships, 28 years of longitudinal data from the British Columbia Paths on Life’s Way project are employed. First, changes in marital status, educational completion, and homogamy are examined with the goal of defining these constructs more precisely. Through descriptive statistics, the relationship between educational attainment and related homogamy levels of Paths respondents and their parents is established. Then, the technique of correspondence analysis is used to determine the relationship between assortative mating and the nature and extent of inequality experienced by Paths respondents. Findings reveal that educational homogamy and its intergenerational associations exist and the extent to which it exacerbates inequality in terms of family income levels, contributions to registered investment plans, and physical, mental, and financial well-being in the sample. The findings of this article highlight the value of a post-secondary education in relation to marriage strategies, and the reproduction of inequalities.