Level Of Expertise Research Articles

Some common flaws encountered in mineral resource estimation and how to avoid them

ABSTRACT Preparation of a mineral resource estimate (MRE) is an essential component in the mining cycle, as errors that occur in an MRE will affect all following steps that rely upon its accuracy. Over the course of many decades, SLR Consulting (Canada) Ltd. and predecessor Roscoe Postle Associates have observed a number of common errors that occur at all stages of the workflow. The purpose of this paper is to share some of SLR’s experiences relating to the errors encountered during the preparation of MREs and to present some solutions for avoiding these errors. SLR observes that the source of many of the flaws is the result of the level of knowledge, experience, judgment, or expertise by the practitioner of the fundamental principles of mineral resource estimation and with the software package used in preparing the MRE. Attention to detail and adherence to high quality standards throughout the estimation process is the first step in avoiding many of the errors. A critical item for all practitioners to bear in mind is that they are accountable and bear the ultimate responsibility for all aspects of their work.

Identifying Levels of Competency in Aesthetic Medicine: A Questionnaire-based Study.

In 2022, the US experienced a significant increase in demand for minimally invasive aesthetic procedures, underscoring its rising acceptance amid an unregulated educational environment for practitioners. The absence of standardized educational pathways and quality control in aesthetic medicine, primarily provided by nonacademic institutions, highlights a critical need for establishing educational standards to ensure practitioner competence and patient safety. The aim of this study was to identify levels of competency for the aesthetic practitioner and necessary achievement milestones during the educational path from novice to expert injector. A total of n = 386 international study participants responded to an online questionnaire regarding their experience in aesthetic medicine practice. The questionnaire comprised 58 questions focusing on professional data, the perceived difficulty of injection, and risk for the occurrence of adverse events for specific facial regions in soft tissue filler and toxin injections. Regardless of medical specialty and experience level, averages of 3.85 (1.8) years, 786.4 (2628) filler injections and 549.9 (1543) toxin injections were estimated to progress from novice to advanced injector, while averages of 6.10 (3.7) years, 1842.2 (4793) filler injections, and 1308.5 (3363) toxin injections were estimated to advance from advanced to expert injector. The nose and the perioral region have been ranked as the facial regions where it is most difficult to achieve a perfect aesthetic outcome and with the greatest risk for the occurrence of adverse events for filler and toxin injections, respectively. In this study we establish an educational framework in aesthetic medicine by defining the progression from novice to competent and expert injector levels, suggesting 4 years of practice and over 790 filler and 550 neuromodulator injections for competence, and at least 6 years with 1840 filler and 1310 neuromodulator injections for expertise. We also identify critical facial regions for targeted treatments by different expertise levels.

Deep learning-based optimization of field geometry for total marrow irradiation delivered with volumetric modulated arc therapy.

Total marrow (lymphoid) irradiation (TMI/TMLI) is a radiotherapy treatment used to selectively target the bone marrow and lymph nodes in conditioning regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. A complex field geometry is needed to cover the large planning target volume (PTV) of TMI/TMLI with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Five isocenters and ten overlapping fields are needed for the upper body, while, for patients with large anatomical conformation, two specific isocenters are placed on the arms. The creation of a field geometry is clinically challenging and is performed by a medical physicist (MP) specialized in TMI/TMLI. To develop convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for automatically generating the field geometry of TMI/TMLI. The dataset comprised 117 patients treated with TMI/TMLI between 2011 and 2023 at our Institute. The CNN input image consisted of three channels, obtained by projecting along the sagittal plane: (1) average CT pixel intensity within the PTV; (2) PTV mask; (3) brain, lungs, liver, bowel, and bladder masks. This "averaged" frontal view combined the information analyzed by the MP when setting the field geometry in the treatment planning system (TPS). Two CNNs were trained to predict the isocenters coordinates and jaws apertures for patients with (CNN-1) and without (CNN-2) isocenters on the arms. Local optimization methods were used to refine the models output based on the anatomy of the patient. Model evaluation was performed on a test set of 15 patients in two ways: (1) by computing the root mean squared error (RMSE) between the CNN output and ground truth; (2) with a qualitative assessment of manual and generated field geometries-scale: 1=not adequate, 4=adequate-carried out in blind mode by three MPs with different expertise in TMI/TMLI. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to evaluate the independence of the given scores between manual and generated configurations (p<0.05 significant). The average and standard deviation values of RMSE for CNN-1 and CNN-2 before/after local optimization were 15±2/13±3mm and 16±2/18±4mm, respectively. The CNNs were integrated into a planning automation software for TMI/TMLI such that the MPs could analyze in detail the proposed field geometries directly in the TPS. The selection of the CNN model to create the field geometry was based on the PTV width to approximate the decision process of an experienced MP and provide a single option of field configuration. We found no significant differences between the manual and generated field geometries for any MP, with median values of 4versus 4 (p=0.92), 3versus 3 (p=0.78), 4versus 3 (p=0.48), respectively. Starting from October 2023, the generated field geometry has been introduced in our clinical practice for prospective patients. The generated field geometries were clinically acceptable and adequate, even for an MP with high level of expertise in TMI/TMLI. Incorporating the knowledge of the MPs into the development cycle was crucial for optimizing the models, especially in this scenario with limited data.

The Impact of Imperfect XAI on Human-AI Decision-Making

Explainability techniques are rapidly being developed to improve human-AI decision-making across various cooperative work settings. Consequently, previous research has evaluated how decision-makers collaborate with imperfect AI by investigating appropriate reliance and task performance with the aim of designing more human-centered computer-supported collaborative tools. Several human-centered explainable AI (XAI) techniques have been proposed in hopes of improving decision-makers' collaboration with AI; however, these techniques are grounded in findings from previous studies that primarily focus on the impact of incorrect AI advice. Few studies acknowledge the possibility of the explanations being incorrect even if the AI advice is correct. Thus, it is crucial to understand how imperfect XAI affects human-AI decision-making. In this work, we contribute a robust, mixed-methods user study with 136 participants to evaluate how incorrect explanations influence humans' decision-making behavior in a bird species identification task, taking into account their level of expertise and an explanation's level of assertiveness. Our findings reveal the influence of imperfect XAI and humans' level of expertise on their reliance on AI and human-AI team performance. We also discuss how explanations can deceive decision-makers during human-AI collaboration. Hence, we shed light on the impacts of imperfect XAI in the field of computer-supported cooperative work and provide guidelines for designers of human-AI collaboration systems.

Exploring raw data transformations on inertial sensor data to model user expertise when learning psychomotor skills

This paper introduces a novel approach for leveraging inertial data to discern expertise levels in motor skill execution, specifically distinguishing between experts and beginners. By implementing inertial data transformation and fusion techniques, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of motor behaviour. Our approach goes beyond conventional assessments, providing nuanced insights into the underlying patterns of movement. Additionally, we explore the potential for utilising this data-driven methodology to aid novice practitioners in enhancing their performance. The findings showcase the efficacy of this approach in accurately identifying proficiency levels and lay the groundwork for personalised interventions to support skill refinement and mastery. This research contributes to the field of motor skill assessment and intervention strategies, with broad implications for sports training, physical rehabilitation, and performance optimisation across various domains.

Recruitment Strategies in the Integration of Mobile Health Into Sickle Cell Disease Care to Increase Hydroxyurea Utilization Study (meSH): Multicenter Survey Study.

Hydroxyurea is an evidence-based disease-modifying therapy for sickle cell disease (SCD) but is underutilized. The Integration of Mobile Health into Sickle Cell Disease Care to Increase Hydroxyurea Utilization (meSH) multicenter study leveraged mHealth to deliver targeted interventions to patients and providers. SCD studies often underenroll; and recruitment strategies in the SCD population are not widely studied. Unanticipated events can negatively impact enrollment, making it important to study strategies that ensure adequate study accrual. The goal of this study was to evaluate enrollment barriers and the impact of modified recruitment strategies among patients and providers in the meSH study in response to a global emergency. Recruitment was anticipated to last 2 months for providers and 6 months for patients. The recruitment strategies used with patients and providers, new recruitment strategies, and recruitment rates were captured and compared. To document recruitment adaptations and their reasons, study staff responsible for recruitment completed an open-ended 9-item questionnaire eliciting challenges to recruitment and strategies used. Themes were extrapolated using thematic content analysis. Total enrollment across the 7 sites included 89 providers and 293 patients. The study acceptance rate was 85.5% (382/447) for both patients and providers. The reasons patients declined participation were most frequently a lack of time and interest in research, while providers mostly declined because of self-perceived high levels of SCD expertise, believing they did not need the intervention. Initially, recruitment involved an in-person invitation to participate during clinic visits (patients), staff meetings (providers), or within the office (providers). We identified several important recruitment challenges, including (1) lack of interest in research, (2) lack of human resources, (3) unavailable physical space for recruitment activities, and (4) lack of documentation to verify eligibility. Adaptive strategies were crucial to alleviate enrollment disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These included remote approaching and consenting (eg, telehealth, email, and telephone) for patients and providers. Additionally, for patients, recruitment was enriched by simplification of enrollment procedures (eg, directly approaching patients without a referral from the provider) and a multitouch method (ie, warm introductions with flyers, texts, and patient portal messages). We found that patient recruitment rates were similar between in-person and adapted (virtual with multitouch) approaches (167/200, 83.5% and 126/143, 88.1%, respectively; P=.23). However, for providers, recruitment was significantly higher for in-person vs remote recruitment (48/50, 96% and 41/54, 76%, respectively, P<.001). We found that timely adaptation in recruitment strategies secured high recruitment rates using an assortment of enriched remote recruitment strategies. Flexibility in approach and reducing the burden of enrollment procedures for participants aided enrollment. It is important to continue identifying effective recruitment strategies in studies involving patients with SCD and their providers and the impact and navigation of recruitment challenges. ClinicalTrials.Gov NCT03380351; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03380351. RR2-10.2196/16319.

Forensic Psychiatry Education in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (CAP) Fellowship: Results from a Multi-site Survey.

This study examined the current state of forensic education among child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) fellowship programs, regarding specific forensic topics, teaching resources, methods, and experiences. The authors aimed to gather and analyze this data to assess the need for additional standardization of forensic psychiatry education in CAP fellowship, such as broader access to resources, and/or inform the development of a standardized curriculum, including milestones, in child and adolescent forensic psychiatry. The authors collaboratively developed a survey instrument on child and adolescent forensic psychiatry education, which was then sent to 135 accredited CAP fellowship programs. The items included in the survey instrument were designed based on literature review, expert consensus, and a 1992 American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training survey on teaching ethics and forensic psychiatry. Completed response data was returned by 25 of the 135 programs surveyed. Complete responses came primarily from academic institutions (52% public, 36% private) with small- or medium-sized programs (1-12 total fellows, 88%; 11-29 faculty members, 56%). Programs reported on CAP forensic rotation sites, faculty members' level of expertise and involvement in forensic CAP, common forensic topics and experiences offered, and programs' attitudes towards specific topics and experiences. Child and adolescent psychiatrists must gain a clear understanding of the essential components of CAP forensic psychiatry during CAP fellowship, to mitigate discomfort when interacting with the legal system and meet the rising need for forensic CAP expertise across systems and structures impacting youth populations.

Facilitating collaboration between Japanese high schools and universities: a qualitative exploration of the role of education outreach coordinators

IntroductionIn recent years, universities have been expected to participate in Japanese high school education, especially in the “period for inquiry-based cross-disciplinary study.” Despite various university faculties engaging in diverse educational practices, there is insufficient research on human resource development and the creation of mechanisms to ensure continuous development.MethodsThis study conducted semi-structured interviews from July to November 2023, with 15 educators from universities and high schools, among others, to explore the current state of educational collaborations between these institutions and identify potential solutions.ResultsA reflective thematic analysis of the interview identified two key themes: the significance of university involvement in high school education and conflict areas generated from this collaboration. The findings suggest that the success of these initiatives relies on the involvement of coordinators who possess a high level of expertise and competencies.DiscussionThese coordinators, who work in the “third space” in universities, are crucial for realizing the ideal outcomes of educational collaborations between universities and high schools in Japan’s new educational environment.

An expertise reversal effect of imagination in learning from basketball tactics.

The imagination effect occurs when participants learn better from imagining procedures or concepts rather than from studying them. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of imagination and level of expertise on memorization of a tactical basketball system. Thirty-six expert and thirty-six novice learners were asked to imagine the functioning of a tactical scene in basketball (imagination condition) or simply study the scene (study condition). Results showed that novice learners benefited more from the study condition as they achieved better recall and recognition performances, invested less cognitive load (i.e., mental effort and perceived difficulty) and had higher levels of motivational aspects (i.e., self-efficacy and perceived competence). However, this effect was totally reversed for expert learners who, benefited more from the imagination condition, indicating therefore an expertise reversal effect. The results suggest that the effectiveness of the imagination technique depends on level of expertise of the learners.

Coaching adaptive skill and expertise in Premier League football academies-paving a way forward for research and practice.

Within the domain of coach education researchers have long called for a paradigm shift, whereby the quality of coaching practice is no longer measured against a checklist of prescribed competencies. This desire to evolve coach education and development, has been aligned to the need to better identify, understand and utilise what adaptive skill and expertise looks, sounds and feels like across specific sport coaching contexts. This paper outlines a broader research plan for the Premier League to drive the progress of research informed practice, in turn shaping a coach development agenda focused on developing adaptive and skilful coaches within Academies. In turn, this is a core feature of the Premier Leagues institutional aim of developing the most skilful coaches in the world. However, in order to begin the process of initiating such a shift in the way things work, there is a need to seek first to understand, before being understood. Therefore, to demonstrate an evidence informed basis to this shift within coach education and development, we ask three questions; (1) Do we understand what the coaches with the highest level of expertise can do? (2) How should we identify coaches with expertise across different contexts? (3) What does coaching expertise research need to do? In answer to these questions, we present the lack of empirical investigation previously conducted in the sports coaching discipline to explore coaching expertise and draw on wider domains to offer possible capacities of skilful coaches who possess expertise. To identify coaches with expertise, coherent with the broader expertise literature, we suggest that this is best conducted via means of social validation. Finally, we offer a road map of investigation designed to explore expertise, formed of a mix of evidence informed methodologies which have not yet been utilised in sport coaching research.

External post-mortem examination in virtual reality—scalability of a monocentric application

Conducting external post-mortem examinations is an essential skill required of physicians in various countries, regardless of their specialization. However, the quality of these examinations has been a subject of continuous debates, and notable errors were reviled. In response to these shortcomings, a virtual reality (VR) application was developed at Halle's medical department in Germany, focusing on the scene of discovery and the completion of death certificates. The initial trial of this VR application in 2020 involved 39 students and 15 early-career professionals. Based on the feedback, the application underwent improvements and was subsequently introduced to the medical department in Dresden, Germany, in 2022. Its primary objective was to showcase the VR training's adaptability and scalability across various educational structures and levels of medical expertise. Out of 73 students who participated, 63 completed the evaluation process. 93.1% (n = 58) of the evaluators reported increased confidence in conducting external post-mortem examinations, and 96.8% (n = 61) felt more assured in filling out death certificates, crediting this progress to the VR training. Additionally, 98.4% (n = 62) believed that repeating forensic medical aspects in their coursework was crucial, and 96.8% (n = 61) viewed the VR examination as a valuable addition to their academic program. Despite these positive responses, 91.6% (n = 55) of participants maintained that training with real corpses remains irreplaceable due to the insufficiency of haptic feedback in VR. Nevertheless, the potential for enhancing the VR content and expanding the training to additional locations or related disciplines warrants further exploration.

Billing for Electronic Patient-Physician Communications: An Ethical Analysis.

This review paper analyzes the ethical implications of billing patients for electronic communication with physicians through electronic health records, a practice already adopted by medical institutions such as the Cleveland Clinic. The analysis assesses how billing aligns with pillars of medical ethics which include beneficence, respect for persons, and justice. Although billing may enhance communication, improve patient care, and alleviate physician burnout, concerns arise over potential consequences on patient autonomy, trust, and health care disparities. The review delves into the intricate balance of these ethical principles by first considering the potential benefits of incentivizing concise questions and improving physician workload management through billing. By reducing messages, this approach can potentially mitigate burnout and enhance care. It also acknowledges potential drawbacks such as deterring patients because of financial constraints and eroding trust in physicians and the medical team. It emphasizes the necessity of thoroughly examining all aspects of this intricate ethical dilemma to formulate a nuanced solution that protects patient well-being while respecting physicians. We propose a middle-ground approach involving nominal and transparent billing on the basis of the question's complexity, urgency, and level of expertise required in the response. Transparent billing policies, up-front communication of costs, and potential fee waivers on the basis of socioeconomic status can address equity concerns and maintain patient trust. Striking a balance between the potential benefits and drawbacks of billing for patient questions is crucial in maintaining ethical patient-physician interactions and equitable health care provision. The analysis underscores the importance of aligning online patient-physician communication with ethical principles within the evolving digital health care landscape.

Inter-limb differences in upper quarter mobility/stability are not associated with performance in competitive swimmers.

The Y Balance Test-Upper Quarter (YBT-UQ) is a cost-effective, well-established, closed kinetic chain test to assess inter-limb asymmetries in the upper quarter that could negatively affect swimming performance. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine YBT-UQ performances and inter-limb differences as well as its association with swimming performance in athletes with diverging levels of expertise. Forty female and male competitive swimmers (age range: 10-22 years) with different expertise levels (A-squad: n = 9, B-squad: n = 12, C-squad: n = 19) were tested (reach distances for the YBT-UQ) and swimming performance was calculated using the ratio of individual to world best time. YBT-UQ performances (i.e., inferolateral reach direction for the dominant arm: p = .027, ηp2 = .12 and the non-dominant arm: p = .031, ηp2 = .17) but not YBT-UQ inter-limb differences significantly differed between groups and were largest in swimmers with the lowest expertise level (i.e., C-squad). Further, YBT-UQ performances (i.e., inferolateral reach direction [r = -.68 to -.70, both p < .05] and composite score [r = -.65 to -.67, both p < .05] for both arms and medial reach direction for the non-dominant arm [r = -.64, p < .05]) but not inter-limb differences were significantly and negatively correlated with swimming performance among B-squad swimmers. Our results suggest that inter-limb differences in upper quarter mobility/stability are not influenced by the level of expertise and have no significant associations with swimming performance. However, greater reach distances were correlated with lower swimming performance for the B-squad swimmers indicating that a training-related increase in upper quarter mobility/stability could worsen swimming performance in those athletes.

Level of digital competencies in students of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) at an Ecuadorian university

The present research consists of an exploratory study on student digital competencies. The objective is to analyze the level in its five areas: information, communication, content creation, security and problem solving, in students of the subject 'Computer Projects' of the ninth cycle of the systems engineering career of the Technical University "Luis Vargas Torres" of Esmeraldas. The research had a quantitative approach, with a non-experimental design and two intact groups. As an instrument, a test called "Ikanos", for testing digital competencies of universal character and validated in university students in Europe and Latin America. The results showed that the two groups are not equivalent and have an Intermediate level. This indicated that, despite being students of the ICT career, they could not be placed mostly in Advanced and Expert level. It is concluded about the need to include the development of digital competence as a fundamental element throughout the academic curriculum, from the beginning of the career of Information and Communication Technologies of UTLVTE, implementing strategies, from the first academic cycle, in the career.

ANALYSIS OF THE ACTUALIZATION OF KI HAJAR DEWANTARA'S TEACHINGS TO FOSTER STUDENTS' WRITING SKILLS IN THE SCHOOL LITERACY MOVEMENT PROGRAM

Abstract Indonesia's literacy level is still low based on the results of the 2018 PISA survey, prompting the government to create a School Literacy Movement program. Understanding the values of Ki Hajar Dewantara's teachings is also not yet fully understood. This research aims to describe and provide meaning behind the phenomena seen in the implementation of Ki Hajar Dewantara's teachings in the GLS program in elementary schools. This research uses qualitative research, this research systematically describes the facts found in the field. The data collection techniques used in this research are interview and observation techniques. Ki Hajar Dewantara's noble values played an important role in the implementation of the GLS program. Ki Hajar Dewantara's views on the trilogy of education centers and the leadership trilogy for implementing the GLS program. The existence of the GLS program for children was developed to be independent in their work and improve children's ability to think critically about things. This is in accordance with the concept of literacy, namely growing children to develop reading, writing, speaking, calculating and problem solving skills at a certain level of expertise in everyday life.Keywords: Literacy, Teachings of Ki Hajar Dewantara, GLS

FIREMAP: Cloud-based software to automate the estimation of wildfire-induced ecological impacts and recovery processes using remote sensing techniques

The formulation and planning of integrated fire management strategies must be strengthened by decision support systems about fire-induced ecological impacts and ecosystem recovery processes, particularly in the context of extreme wildfire events that challenge land management initiatives. Wildfire data collection and analysis through remote sensing earth observations is of utmost importance for this purpose. However, the needs of land managers are not always met because the exploitation of the full potential of remote sensing techniques requires a high level of technical expertise. In addition, data acquisition and storage, database management, networking, and computing requirements may present technical difficulties. Here, we present FIREMAP software, which leverages the potential of Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud-based platform, an intuitive graphical user interface (GUI), and the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) wildfire database for wildfire analyses through remote sensing techniques and data collections. FIREMAP software allows automatic computing of (i) machine learning-based burned area (BA) detection algorithms to facilitate the mapping of (historical) fire perimeters, (ii) fire severity spectral indices, and (iii) post-fire recovery trajectories through the inversion of physically-based radiative transfer models. We introduce (i) the FIREMAP platform architecture and the GUI, (ii) the implementation of well-established algorithms for wildfire science and management in GEE, (iii) the validation of the algorithm implementation in fifteen case-study wildfires across the western Mediterranean Basin, and (iv) the near-future and long-term planned expansion of FIREMAP features.

Resolving the Centipede’s Dilemma: external focus distance and expertise in applied, continuous skills

Research has reliably demonstrated that an external focus of attention during skill production enhances performance, retention, and transfer relative to an internal focus on movement mechanics. The optimisation of external focus points, across a range of contexts and performers, is important for effective skill production. Two studies were conducted evaluating the impact of external focus distance in an applied, continuous sports skill (kayak sprinting) with participants of two different expertise levels. In Study 1, using a within-participants design, recreational kayakers (n = 20) were timed sprinting 75 m in a surf ski under proximal external focus, distal external focus, and control conditions. The distal focus (on the finish) (29.75 s) was significantly faster than both other trials (ps < 0.001). The control condition (30.95 s) was significantly faster than the proximal focus (on the boat) (32.37 s) (p = 0.003). The effect size was large (ηp2 = 0.55). In Study 2, specifically trained racers in sprint kayaks (K1s) (n = 16) were timed in a 100 m K1 sprint under the same three conditions as in Study 1. The control condition (28.96 s) was significantly faster than the proximal focus trial (29.83 s) (p = 0.02). The effect size was large (ηp2 = 0.23). There was no significant difference between the distal focus trial (29.03 s) and the other conditions. These findings suggest that focus distance can play a pivotal role in continuous skills. Whilst recreational performers may benefit immediately from a distal focus, this might not be the case for specifically trained athletes. Further, a proximal focus on fitted, passive equipment may be detrimental to performance.

Differences in perceived sources of uncertainty in natural hazards science advice: lessons for cross-disciplinary communication

IntroductionWe conducted mental model interviews in Aotearoa NZ to understand perspectives of uncertainty associated with natural hazards science. Such science contains many layers of interacting uncertainties, and varied understandings about what these are and where they come from creates communication challenges, impacting the trust in, and use of, science. To improve effective communication, it is thus crucial to understand the many diverse perspectives of scientific uncertainty.MethodsParticipants included hazard scientists (n = 11, e.g., geophysical, social, and other sciences), professionals with some scientific training (n = 10, e.g., planners, policy analysts, emergency managers), and lay public participants with no advanced training in science (n = 10, e.g., journalism, history, administration, art, or other domains). We present a comparative analysis of the mental model maps produced by participants, considering individuals’ levels of training and expertise in, and experience of, science.ResultsA qualitative comparison identified increasing map organization with science literacy, suggesting greater science training in, experience with, or expertise in, science results in a more organized and structured mental model of uncertainty. There were also language differences, with lay public participants focused more on perceptions of control and safety, while scientists focused on formal models of risk and likelihood.DiscussionThese findings are presented to enhance hazard, risk, and science communication. It is important to also identify ways to understand the tacit knowledge individuals already hold which may influence their interpretation of a message. The interview methodology we present here could also be adapted to understand different perspectives in participatory and co-development research.

Deep Learning–Based Automated Imaging Classification of ADPKD

IntroductionThe Mayo imaging classification model (MICM) requires a pre-step qualitative assessment to determine whether a patient is in class 1 (typical) or class 2 (atypical), where patients assigned to class 2 are excluded from the MICM application. MethodsWe developed a deep learning-based method to automatically classify class 1 and 2 from MR images and provide classification confidence utilizing abdominal T2-weighted magnetic resonance images from 486 subjects, where the transfer learning was applied. In addition, the explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) method is illustrated to enhance the explainability of the automated classification results. For performance evaluations, the confusion matrices were generated and receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn to measure the area under the curve. ResultsThe proposed method showed excellent performance for the classification of class 1 (97.7%) and 2 (100%), where the combined test accuracy of 98.01%. The precision and recall for predicting the class 1 were 1.00 and 0.98, respectively, with the F1-score of 0.99, while those for predicting the class 2 were 0.87 and 1.00, respectively, with the F1-score of 0.93. The weighted averages of precision and recall were 0.98 and 0.98, respectively, showing the classification confidence scores while the XAI method well highlighted contributing regions for the classification. ConclusionsThe proposed automated method can classify the class 1 and 2 cases as accurately as the level of a human expert, which may be a useful tool to facilitate clinical trials investigating different types of kidney morphology and clinical management of patients with ADPKD.

Compare Eileen Chang's Theories on Chinese Life and Fashion and Her Self-translated Work Geng Yi Ji Based on Functions

Zhang Ailing is a famous modern Chinese female writer. Due to the influence of her family atmosphere and her own educational experience, she has a high level of expertise in both traditional Chinese studies and English. Her profound literary background in both English and Chinese has enabled her to create many excellent literary works and literary translations. Her articles published in the English monthly magazine of the 20th Century have made her stand out in the literary world, Therefore, Chinese Life and Fashions, as their first English prose published in this journal, has great research value. This article is based on Eugene Nida's principle of functional equivalence, the differences between Chinese and English languages, and some translation strategies to compare and analyze the two texts. These translation strategies include addition, deletion, domestication, etc. The employment of various translation procedures is based on the target language readers' diverse cultural backgrounds, as well as the target language readers chosen by Zhang Ailing. And the use of these strategies also reflects Eugene. Nida's theory of functional equivalence.