Level Of Economic Development Research Articles

Climate legislation and green agricultural production: impacts, transmission mechanisms and heterogeneities

PurposeThis study examines the impact of climate legislation on green agricultural production and tests the heterogeneous impact of different types of climate legislation on agricultural green production.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the super-slacks-based measure (super-SBM) model is used to calculate agricultural green total factor productivity (AGTFP). The impact of climate legislation (including legislative acts and executive orders) on AGTFP is examined through regression analysis. The transmission mechanism of climate legislation affecting agricultural green production is further investigated.FindingsThis study shows that climate legislation has a positive long-term effect on AGTFP. It stimulates innovation in agricultural green technology but has a negative impact on resource allocation efficiency. Executive orders have a more significant effect on AGTFP than climate legislative acts. The effectiveness of climate legislation is more significant in countries with stronger legislation. Moreover, climate legislation reduces AGTFP in low-income countries while enhancing AGTFP in high-income countries. This effect is most prominent in upper-middle-income countries.Originality/valueThis study examines the different effects of various types of climate legislation, considering the level of economic development and the strength of the legal system on AGTFP. The findings can offer a global perspective and insights for China’s policymaking.

Assessing the Spatial Distribution of Carbon Emissions and Influencing Factors in the Yellow River Basin

The spatial distribution and trend of carbon emissions in the Yellow River Basin—an important ecological barrier and economic belt in China—directly affect the stability of the ecosystem and the sustainable development of the regional economy. Based on the data for carbon emissions in China’s counties from 1997 to 2017, this paper utilizes standard deviation ellipses, Theil index nested decomposition, and geographic detector models to make a comprehensive description of the spatial and temporal distribution and dynamic evolution characteristics of carbon emissions in the Yellow River Basin. Factors influencing carbon emissions are also analyzed from multiple dimensions. According to the findings, (1) carbon emissions at the county level show a clear upward trend without reaching a peak, exhibiting a spatial distribution of higher emissions in the east and lower in the west and higher in the south and lower in the north, with the mid-lower reaches being the center. The junction of the Shandong, Shaanxi, and Gansu provinces further exhibits a significant expansion, forming two core areas of carbon emissions. (2) Carbon emissions at the county level in the Yellow River Basin are influenced by both economic and geographic factors, exhibiting a significant high carbon spillover effect and a low carbon lock-in effect. The gravity center of the distribution has shifted towards the mid-lower reaches, with the upper reaches displaying dispersion tendencies. (3) Intra-regional disparities are the main source of the overall spatial differences in carbon emissions, with the largest disparities being observed in the upper reaches, followed by the middle reaches, and the smallest disparities being observed in the lower reaches. Further analysis shows that the level of economic development is the primary factor influencing the spatial variation of carbon emissions, and the combined effects of population size and industrial agglomeration are the key drivers of the annual growth in carbon emissions.

Empirical Study on the Impact of New-Quality Productivity on Regional Economic Development in China

New-quality productivity (NQP) reflects the modernization of productivity, characterized by higher technological levels, better quality, and greater efficiency and sustainability. Against the backdrop of technological innovation, NQP plays an increasingly significant role in economic development. Sustained growth of NQP is key to maintaining stable and rapid economic progress. This paper adopts the new-quality productivity index developed by scholar Lu Jiang, Guo Ziang and Wang Yuping, which comprises three dimensions, including innovation capacity, technological research and development, and production efficiency. By using this index, an OLS regression analysis is conducted on the economic development levels of various regions. Through regression analysis, the paper examines the impact of these indicators on regional economic development and provides relevant policy recommendations. The results show with a higher new-quality productivity index tend to have a higher level of economic development. Theoretically, this result further illustrates that new-quality productivity enhances production efficiency through technological innovation and resource optimization, thereby driving economic growth. New-quality productivity not only transcends the traditional factor-driven growth model but also injects stronger innovative momentum and potential for sustainable development into regional economies. On a practical level, improving the level of new-quality productivity can effectively promote the rational allocation of resources, accelerate industrial structure upgrades, and significantly enhance the affluence and vitality of regional economies.

The allocation and fairness of hospital pharmacist human resources in China: a time-series study

BackgroundTo address the rational use of medicines in healthcare institutions, the Chinese government enacted legislation for pharmacists in 2021, emphasizing the importance of pharmacists in medical services. The allocation and equity of pharmacist human resources in healthcare institutions directly affect people’s accessibility to pharmaceutical services. The study aims to analyze the supply and demand of pharmacist human resources in Chinese healthcare institutions and evaluate the equity of their distribution to provide a reference for the rational management of pharmacist resources.MethodsThis was a time-series study that was conducted using data obtained from Health and Health Statistical Yearbook that is performed every year by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. The study included 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions and 34,354 medical institutions in mainland China, which were classified into different economic regions based on their level of economic development. The study collected healthcare technicians and pharmacist data from national healthcare institutions between 2016 and 2020. The study evaluated the level of pharmacist human resource allocation using the health resource density index. The study explored the equity of pharmacist human resource allocation from two aspects: population and geographic area, using the Gini coefficient and Theil index.ResultsThe average annual growth rates of healthcare technical staff and pharmacists in Chinese medical institutions from 2016 to 2020 were 5.67% and 3.03%, respectively. The Gini coefficients of healthcare personnel resources based on population distribution were all below 0.119, while those based on geographical area were all above 0.655. The total Theil indexes of pharmacist human resources based on population distribution were all below 0.010, while those based on geographical area were all above 0.511. In addition, the contribution rates of the within-group Theil indexes of pharmacist human resources based on population and geographical area distributions to the total Theil index were all greater than or equal to 50%.ConclusionsThe allocation level of pharmacist human resources in China continues to improve, but there are differences in different economic development areas. Currently, allocation based on population shows equity, but allocation based on geographic area shows inequity. In the future, more attention should be paid to the geographic accessibility of pharmacist human resources, and resource allocation should consider both the population served and geographic area.

Land rights, resource allocation and urban settlement choices of migrant workers in Yunnan, Western China

Using the cross-sectional data from the 2015 and 2021 Yunnan Migrant Workers Urban Integration Survey, this study assesses the different effects of the three types of land rights that migrant workers possess in their rural hometowns on their urban settlement choices in Yunnan, western China. Specifically, it examined the existence of migrant workers moving between urban and rural areas in response to the importance of land rights for rural migrant workers, in western China, a region with the lower level of economic development and fastest growing number of migrant workers in China. After controlling for the impact of other variables, the multinomial Probit model was used to estimate the impact of the migrant workers' land rights in their rural hometowns on their settlement choices in urban areas. We found that rural land rights significantly increased migrant workers' willingness to return to their hometowns. This indicates that land right security is a key factor affecting Yunnan migrant workers' urban settlement intentions, although it is conditional in terms of age groups and places of origin. Importantly, we found that migrant workers in western China are more inclined to keep their dual identities as both urban migrant workers and rural residents. They, hence, are more inclined to rationally allocate their resources between urban and rural areas to maximize their economic outputs. Particularly, they prefer to only working - rather than settling - in urban areas, while retaining their rural land as assets and income sources. Instead of settling in either urban or rural areas, the older migrant workers who migrate to smaller and economically underdeveloped cities are more inclined to drift between urban and rural areas without permanent settlement. This confirms the argument of livelihood resource maximization and migratory bird-type migration as important mechanisms via which land right ownership affects migrant workers’ urban settlement intentions. This study suggests that policymakers should consider the land rights of rural migrant workers when making urban settlement policies, especially for small and medium-sized cities, where migrant settlement intention is weaker. Policymakers should also promote the flexibility of rural land use rights transfer and explore reforms concerning the separation of the three types of land rights to achieve a balance between urbanization and land use efficiency, particularly in small and medium-sized cities.

An analysis of the effects of aging society on global stock markets

PurposeThe primary purpose of this study is to explore the effects of demographic transition toward aging populations on the performance of stock market indices across various economic developments. The research aims to provide valuable insights into the life-cycle hypothesis on savings patterns, investment behavior and the potential reverberations on global financial markets.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopts a comprehensive global perspective, scrutinizing the effects of aging populations on stock market indices across developed, developing and transitional economies through the panel data analysis. Using annual data spanning the period from 1991 to 2020, encompassing a sample of 10 countries from each economic development level, the study employs the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model with fixed effect estimation.FindingsThe findings unveil a statistically significant positive impact of the elderly population proportion on global stock market indices. However, the magnitude and contours of this impact exhibit considerable heterogeneity across different country groups. Specifically, the study finds that while the aging population significantly influences stock market performance in developed nations, its effect is overshadowed by other economic factors, such as consumer price indices and interest rates, in developing countries and economies in transition.Originality/valueThe originality and value of this study lie in its comprehensive global perspective, which encompasses a diverse array of economies at varying developmental stages. The research contributes to an understanding of the effects of demographic transitions on stock market performance on a global scale. The insights derived from this study hold significant implications for policymakers, financial institutions and investors seeking to navigate the challenges and opportunities posed by aging societies in an increasingly interconnected global economy. Additionally, the findings highlight the need for specific strategies and policies that account for the unique economic characteristics and developmental stages of different nations.

Governance of rural solid waste under a multi-subject governance model

Rural solid waste (RSW) exhibits distinct characteristics compared to municipal solid waste (MSW), such as dispersed distribution, long governance chains, and low recycling value, making it unsuitable to apply the same management measures as MSW. Government-led RSW management results in excessive administrative costs, and the inherent characteristics of RSW reduce market enthusiasm for its management. To address these issues, this paper integrates the “ multi-subject governance “ model with RSW management and establishes a systematic evaluation index system for RSW governance. Utilizing the Best-Worst Method (BWM), key factors were identified. Utilizing the VIKOR method, representative provinces in China were used as case studies to validate the scientific nature of the evaluation indices. The research findings indicate that the multi-subject governance model is an effective approach for RSW management. Key factors influencing RSW management effectiveness include various governmental measures, waste sorting, and a long-term multi-subject governance mechanism. Case analysis reveals a strong correlation between the level of economic development and the effectiveness of RSW management. However, constructing a government-led, multi-subject collaborative urban-rural interconnected RSW management model can effectively address RSW management issues in economically underdeveloped areas. This research provides innovative solutions for RSW management, contributing to high-quality and sustainable development in rural areas.

Research on the Coupling and Coordination Relationship between Digital Economy and Green Development in Guangdong Province

Green development enabled by the digital economy is an important engine for economic growth. The article empirically investigates the spatial and temporal evolution of the coupling and coordination between the digital economy and green development by constructing an index system of the digital economy and green development, and by selecting the panel data of 21 prefectural cities in Guangdong Province in the period of 2012-2022. The study finds that, in terms of external spatial distribution, there is a large gap between the level of digital economy and green development in each city, and the development is not balanced; the gap between the two major coupling levels in each city is more obvious, presenting an uneven pattern of “center-edge”. In terms of intra-city development, the level of coupling and coordination between the digital economy and green development of each city from 2012 to 2022 shows an upward trend, reaching the level of primary coordination to good coordination, but the overall level is still not high, and there is still a certain gap from realizing high-quality coordination. Accordingly, in order to promote the interconnection of digital economy and green development, the article puts forward a series of policy recommendations to promote the deep integration of industrial digitization and greening among cities, adhering to the innovation-driven, and facilitating the coordinated development based on the differentiated resources of cities.

Influencing factors and prospects of Chinese agricultural outward foreign direct investment

Against the backdrop of global economic and trade internationalization, China's outward foreign direct investment has exhibited consistent growth over the years. Notably, China has engaged in agricultural cooperation with over 100 countries, becoming the global leading donor of foreign direct investment in agriculture and the world's fifth-largest importer of agricultural products. This paper reveals the structure of Chinese agricultural outward foreign direct investment to summarize their developmental stages and influencing factors. The study utilizes relevant data on China's foreign direct investment from 2014 to 2023 to assess the investment stage and analyze the future development trends in China's agricultural trade. The research results indicate that currently, despite some decline in 2021 and 2022, China's agricultural foreign direct investment is in a stage of rapid development. It can be concluded that the levels of agricultural economic development, national policy support for agriculture, and agricultural technology have all improved. However, the structure is significantly influenced by global external factors, although the overall trend remains favorable, with significant potential for advancement. The results could also have important practical significance for further promoting the growth of the scale of agricultural foreign investment and enhancing the international competitiveness of China's agriculture.

Regional Disparities, Economic Development, and Neonatal Mortality and Hospital Delivery in China

A negative association between neonatal mortality and hospital delivery has been found in some low- and lower-middle-income countries but not in rural settings characterized by poor quality of maternal and child health care. To examine the association between neonatal mortality and hospital delivery in China across urban and rural regions, regional disparities, and varying levels of economic development. This retrospective cohort study used county-level data from 2008 to 2020 from the National Maternal & Child Health Statistics across mainland China. Statistical analysis was conducted from March to December 2023. Since 2008, China has strategically leveraged hospital deliveries with national subsidies to diminish neonatal mortality, particularly in rural areas. Neonatal mortality and hospital delivery rates were calculated, and their association was estimated using multivariable fixed-effects linear models of county-level cohort data to adjust for time-invariant differences across counties and controls for gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, women's years of education, hospital beds, and health workers. The analysis included data from 2930 counties, with 198.7 million live births across 36 255 county-year records between 2008 and 2020. The mean (SD) neonatal mortality rate per 1000 live births decreased in rural areas from 12.3 (7.5) in 2008 to 3.9 (2.7) in 2020 and decreased in urban areas from 5.0 (3.1) in 2008 to 2.0 (1.3) in 2020. Hospital delivery rates increased in rural areas from a mean (SD) of 93.4% (11.8%) in 2008 to 99.9% (0.6%) in 2020 and increased in urban areas from 97.7% (6.1%) in 2008 to 100.0% (0.1%) in 2020. In rural areas, an increase of 10 percentage points in hospital deliveries was associated with a neonatal mortality rate of -1.4 (95% CI, -1.9 to -1.0; P < .001) per 1000 live births, whereas this negative association was not observed in urban areas. When the analysis was stratified by regions and incomes, the negative association became considerably stronger in the western and central regions of China, as well as in counties with lower GDP per capita. This cohort study of more than 2900 counties in China suggests that an increase in hospital deliveries was associated with reduced neonatal mortality in rural and economically underdeveloped areas in China. To further reduce neonatal mortality and improve newborn health, it is imperative to increase the accessibility of hospital delivery services.

Regional efficiency analysis of fresh food cold chain logistics in China based on three-stage DEA model

PurposeAssessing the efficiency of fresh food cold chain logistics as accurately as possible is essential for industry development planning. This study was designed to analyze the efficiency of fresh food cold chain logistics in China.Design/methodology/approachA three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was used to analyze the efficiency of fresh food cold chain logistics in 30 provinces of China from 2013 to 2019. The stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) model in the second stage was used to eliminate the influence of external environmental factors and random disturbances on efficiency analysis results.Findings(1) The overall actual efficiency of fresh food cold chain logistics in China is unsatisfactory, with an average technical efficiency of 0.382 over the 7-year period. (2) The national average technical efficiency and average scale efficiency were overestimated by 29.9% and 40.0%, respectively, compared with the actual values. (3) The efficiency of fresh food cold chain logistics does not align with the level of regional economic development. (4) Distinct regional variations exist in the efficiency of fresh food cold chain logistics in China, with higher efficiencies observed in Northwest China and the Central Yangtze River regions, and the lowest efficiencies in the northeast regions.Originality/valueThis study applies a three-stage DEA model to assess the development and regional differences of fresh food cold chain logistics in China, enriching the application of models and empirical analysis in this field. By analyzing the situation in China, it provides ideas and references for other developing countries to develop cold chain logistics.

Are natural resource volatility curses or blessings for economic performance? Stories of resource-rich regions

This paper analyses the time-varying and non-linear effects of natural resource volatility on economic growth in 10 countries using the smooth transition regression (STR) model and further examines the long-run and short-run relationships using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration approach. The conclusions exhibit that natural resource rents are linearly and non-linearly associated with economic growth in countries with different levels of economic development, and display long-term cointegration and short-term equilibrium state. This study provides guides for policymakers in considering differences in national development to implement management strategies that combine the long and short term.

Can Transportation Networks Contribute to the Sustainable Development of Urban Agglomeration Spatial Structures?

The advancements in global urbanisation have significantly elevated the configuration of transportation networks for the sustainable development of urban agglomeration spatial structures (UASS). Using a comprehensive panel dataset covering 140 counties and districts in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle from 2014 to 2023, this study empirically examines the impact of transportation networks on the sustainability of UASS. It elucidates the underlying mechanisms using spatial Durbin, spatial spillover and multiple mediation effect models. The findings reveal that transportation networks considerably enhance the sustainability of UASS and generate substantial positive spatial spillover effects. The decay boundary of the spatial spillover effects exhibits a transition from positive to negative, eventually approaching ineffectiveness. The heterogeneity analysis indicates significant variations in terms of transportation network expansion and regional functional division on the sustainability of UASS across regions with various levels of economic development. This outcome suggests that regional development policies should carefully consider regional economic development disparities. The mechanism analysis further reveals that transportation networks enable the sustainability of UASS by accelerating regional hierarchical systems and regional connectivity.

Does the income elasticity of energy demand vary with the stages of economic development?

This paper revisits the empirical evidence on the income elasticity of energy demand by investigating whether it varies with the level of economic development. We estimate the elasticity using mean-group type estimators for a sample of 111 countries spanning three decades. Our analysis reveals that the elasticity is not constant and tends to decline as countries become wealthier. As economies become more developed, their energy intensity falls, eventually reaching zero elasticity, indicating a decoupling between economic growth and energy demand. This finding underscores the importance of considering countries’ stages of economic development when making energy outlook projections.

The impact of ICT development on ESG performance: International evidence

Research background: Advances in information and communications technology (ICT) have been a key factor in the transformation of economies and societies around the world. However, the impact of ICT on national ESG (environmental, social, and governance) performance has not been fully explored. Purpose of the article: This study intends to examine the relationship between ICT development and national ESG performance. In addition, this study will investigate the mechanism through which ICT development affect national ESG performance. Methods: This paper uses the panel fixed effects models with panel data from 149 countries between 2003 and 2020. The dynamic panel model is used in the robustness test. Findings &amp; value added: The findings reveal that ICT development promotes national ESG performance through enhancing green innovation and improve human capital. Moreover, the effect of ICT development on national ESG performance is more evident in countries with higher levels of economic development, better government quality, and stronger financial development. The findings in this paper provide useful evidence and insights for countries to formulate policies to improve national ESG performance from the ICT sector.

The Development of Digital Finance and the Crime Rate of Theft

This study explores the impact of China's digital finance development on theft and crime rates, and analyzes the mediating role of unemployment rate in this relationship. Based on panel data from 285 prefecture level cities and 4 municipalities directly under the central government in China from 2015 to 2022, empirical results show that the development of digital finance significantly reduces theft and crime rates, and this effect is partially achieved by reducing unemployment rates. The study also found that in regions with higher levels of economic development, digital finance has a more significant inhibitory effect on theft crimes.

Policy, innovation, market or behavior driven effects: energy green transition and environmental management in Chinese heterogeneous cities

Energy green transition (EGT) is currently one of the main measures for countries around the world to address the contradiction between economic growth and increasingly deteriorating environmental and climate issues. Cities are the center of energy consumption. The key to EGT lies in urban energy green transition. Therefore, the focus of this study is on the driving mechanism of urban EGT. Firstly, the spatial-temporal characteristic of EGT in Chinese heterogeneous cities is analyzed by using methods such as gravity model. Secondly, the possible paths includes policy driven, innovation driven, market driven, and behavior driven for urban EGT are discussed through theoretical analysis. Finally, combined with panel data of 236 Chinese cities in 2007-2022, this study empirically analyzes the complex driving mechanism of urban EGT. Results show that: (1) The EGT in Chinese cities is continuing. From the perspective of urban heterogeneous, EGT in 1-tier and 2-tier cities is significantly faster than that in 3-, 4-, and 5-tier cities. The EGT speed in eastern cities is the fastest, while that in northeastern cities is the slowest. The difficulty of EGT in energy resource-based cities is actually the greatest. From the perspective of spatial features, the spatial center of EGT in Chinese cities generally shows a changing trend from northwest to southeast. (2) Policy driven, innovation driven, market driven, and behavior driven constitute the complex driving mechanism of urban EGT, and policy driven is the primary driving force for this round of EGT. (3) Positive effect of economic development level and education level improvement on EGT in Chinese cities is significant while resource endowment and population agglomeration level exhibit significant inhibitory effects. (4) There are significant differences in the core driving force for EGT in heterogeneous cities. Both policy driven effect and market driven effect have the highest impact in 1- and 2-tier cities. Innovation driven effect, market driven effect, and behavior driven effect are only significant in eastern and central cities. In energy resource-based cities, innovation driven effect of green innovation is not significant. This study can assist government departments better in formulating relevant policies to support energy transition, promote technological innovation, design market mechanisms, and guide energy consumption behavior.

The Impact of Trade Liberalization on China-ASEAN Trade Relations along the Belt and Road: An Augmented Gravity Model Analysis

While trade liberalization has become increasingly important in global economic integration, little is known about its specific impact on China-ASEAN bilateral trade relations within the Belt and Road Initiative framework, particularly regarding cultural factors. This study addresses this gap by examining how trade liberalization affects bilateral trade dynamics between China and ASEAN nations, with special attention to linguistic and religious proximity as potential moderators. Using an augmented gravity model and panel data from 2012-2022, we find that increased trade liberalization significantly enhances bilateral trade volumes, with stronger effects in export trade compared to imports. Moreover, shared linguistic foundations and religious beliefs amplify these positive effects, particularly in ASEAN countries with lower economic development levels. These findings provide crucial insights for policymakers seeking to strengthen regional economic integration and optimize trade cooperation strategies along the Belt and Road.

A multi-index comprehensive evaluation method for assessing the water use balance between economic society and ecology considering efficiency-development-health-harmony.

Quantitative assessment of the water use balance between economic society and ecology (EEWB) is the basis for coordinating the competitive relationship of water use between human activity and ecological requirements and. It is of great significance for optimizing the water resources carrying capacity and achieving a healthy regional water balance. Based on the concept of harmonious balance, this paper puts forward the definition and connotation of EEWB regarding the competition in water use between economic society and ecology. And, a novel framework for assessing the EEWB is proposed. It has four aspects relating to water resources, economic society, ecology, and human-water relationship. Linked to these aspects the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique, Water Ecological Footprint (WEF) model, InVEST model and indicators system of human-water relationship are used to establish a water resources efficiency index (IEEWB-W), economic society high-quality development index (IEEWB-ES), ecology health index (IEEWB-E), harmony index of human-water relationship (IEEWB-H). The four indices were then integrated into the water use balance between economic society and ecology index (IEEWB) with Euclidean distance, thus forming the EEWB quantification method system. Finally, the temporal and spatial characteristics of EEWB during 2010-2022 was diagnosed in Henan Province and cities of China. Results reveal that: (1) The water resources utilization efficiency exhibit a changing trend of initial decrease followed by subsequent increase; (2) Southern cities in Henan Province have a higher economic society development level compared to northern cities; (3) IEEWB-E in Henan Province is below 0.60, indicating that the regional ecology health remains consistently vulnerable; (4) IEEWB-H in Henan Province shows an increasing trend, indicating that a gradual improvement and overall upward development in the human-water relationship; (5) IEEWB multi-year average was within [0.53, 0.65] in Henan Province, indicating a state of Proximity imbalance. The low level of ecological health is the primary influencing factor. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the water use balance between economic society and ecology and provide scientific reference for achieving a healthy regional water balance.

In Search of Energy Security: Nuclear Energy Development in the Visegrad Group Countries

The Visegrad Group, comprising Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, has several common features, including their geographical proximity, membership in the EU and NATO, and similar levels of economic development. However, they also have significant differences. The Russian invasion of Ukraine has exposed new disagreements among them, particularly regarding how to ensure energy security amid a changing geopolitical landscape and the issue of sanctions on Russian energy supplies. Despite these differences, the Visegrad Group countries have shown unity in their approach to nuclear power. Although their use of nuclear technology varies, they have recently aligned their nuclear energy policies. Czechia and Slovakia have a long history with nuclear technology, dating back to the 1970s, while Hungary began its nuclear program in the 1980s. Poland, which had paused its nuclear program after the Chernobyl disaster, has recently resumed its nuclear energy efforts. All four countries aim to expand their nuclear energy capacity to either maintain or increase its share in their electricity mix. This paper provides a comparative analysis of their nuclear energy policies, focusing on the political initiatives driving advancements in this field. It argues that these nations see nuclear energy as crucial for creating a resilient, crisis-resistant, and secure energy sector.