Comprehensive Level Research Articles

Exploring Meta-Learning: Unveiling Progress and Obstacles - A Comprehensive Examination

Educational international organizations have forecasted a radical transformation in how students learn, the content they learn, and the requisite skills in the near future. The advent of smart technologies is poised to revolutionize learning conditions, ushering in opportunities for transformative learning experiences and fostering more conscious, self-directed, and self-motivated learning endeavors. Meta-learning encompasses a suite of cognitive meta-processes through which learners consciously construct and manage personal learning models. It involves a progression of meta-skills that evolve hierarchically, facilitating the attainment of advanced levels of comprehension termed meta-comprehension. This article delves into the concept of meta-learning and delineates the meta-levels of learning through the lens of metacognition. Additionally, it explores the potential of smart technologies to serve as fertile ground for implementing meta-learning training strategies. The findings of this study contribute to a novel theoretical framework for meta-learning, bolstered by smart devices capable of supporting future meta-learners, or more aptly, meta-thinkers, in transcending conventional realms of knowledge and ascending to higher meta-levels of human intelligence.

Evaluation and forecasting of water cycle health in the yangtze river economic belt using composite weight and extensible cloud model

The regional water cycle reflects the dual processes of nature and society. A healthy and benign water cycle is a fundamental guarantee for achieving regional sustainable development.The Yangtze River Economic Belt, as a densely populated urban cluster with abundant water resources in China, plays a crucial role in promoting the sustainable development of Chinese urban clusters. It is of significant importance to optimize the water cycle health of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and explore its primary obstacles.This study integrates the natural-social attributes of the water cycle and selects 25 evaluation indicators from six dimensions: Drivers (D), Pressures (P), States (S), Impacts (I), Responses (R), and Management (M), to construct the water cycle evaluation system for the Yangtze River Economic Belt.Combining Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), and the Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) method, the comprehensive weights of subjective and objective factors are obtained based on the principle of minimum relative entropy.Based on this, an Extended Cloud Model is constructed to evaluate the water cycle health status of the region from 2012 to 2022.Furthermore, the Obstacle Degree Model is introduced to identify the primary obstacles affecting the water cycle health in the region. Finally, the ARIMA model is applied to forecast the water cycle health status in the region from 2023 to 2030.The results indicate that the comprehensive water cycle health level in the region improved gradually from initially sub-pathological to sub-healthy status from 2012 to 2022.Per capita GDP, industrial water consumption per ten thousand yuan of industrial value added, per capita water consumption, forest coverage rate, sediment transport module, proportion of environmental protection investment to GDP, and proportion of water resources management investment to GDP are the primary obstacles affecting the improvement of health in this region.The forecast indicates that the overall water cycle health status in the region will remain at a sub-healthy level from 2023 to 2030.The research results can provide a scientific reference for further promoting the high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, better supporting and serving China's modernization, and providing scientific reference basis.

Differences in tourism economic development and its influencing factors among three major city clusters along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.

An in-depth study of the mechanisms governing the generation, evolution, and regulation of differences in tourism economics holds significant value for the rational utilization of tourism resources and the promotion of synergistic tourism economic development. This study utilizes mathematical statistical analysis and GIS spatial analysis to construct a single indicator measure and a comprehensive indicator measure to analyze tourism-related data in the research area from 2004 to 2019. The main factors influencing the spatial and temporal differences in the tourism economy are analyzed using two methods, namely, multiple linear regression and geodetector. The temporal evolution, overall differences and differences within each city group fluctuate downwards, while the differences between groups fluctuate upwards. Domestic tourism economic differences contribute to over 90% of the overall tourism economic differences. Spatial divergence, the proportion of the tourism economy accounted for by spatial differences is obvious, the comprehensive level of the tourism economy can be divided into five levels. The dominant factors in the formation of the pattern of spatial and temporal differences in the tourism economy are the conditions of tourism resources based on class-A tourist attractions and the level of tourism industry and services based on star hotels and travel agencies. This study addresses the regional imbalance of tourism economic development in city clusters and with the intent of promoting balanced and high-quality development of regional tourism economies.

Examining Accessibility of Freestanding Abortion Clinics for People With Disabilities [ID 2683401

INTRODUCTION: People with disabilities face numerous barriers to equitable health care but have a fundamental right to safe abortion care. This study reviews the accessibility of freestanding abortion clinics in the United States for those with disabilities. METHODS: A quantitative data analysis was performed. All freestanding abortion clinics registered with the Abortion Care Network were included except those directly affiliated with a university or general gynecology clinic and those exclusively operating online. Two independent reviewers analyzed clinic websites after an interrater reliability test. Independent variables analyzed included Flesch Reading Ease score, presence of a statement affirming dignity for all persons, online appointment scheduling, transparent pricing, and financial assistance information. RESULTS: Seventy-two clinics were included. No clinic explicitly stated that their facilities were accessible to individuals with disabilities. Fifty-four percent had a statement affirming dignity for all persons, most of which were in the Northeast or West Coast. 6% had an accessibility widget, and 63% had online appointment scheduling. Mean Flesch Reading Ease score was 55.37 correlating to a 10th- to 12th-grade reading level. 33% had transparent pricing information, and 71% offered information on financial assistance. CONCLUSION: Several accessibility barriers were identified on these websites. Freestanding abortion clinics should focus on enhancing accessibility by explicitly affirming dignity for all patients, providing clear information on facility accessibility, and implementing an accessibility widget, online scheduling, and transparent pricing. Furthermore, these websites should be written at an easily comprehensible reading level. These simple changes would make these clinics more accessible for those with disabilities.

Can Generative Artificial Intelligence Enhance Health Literacy About Lateral Epicondylitis?

Health literacy is a critical determinant of a patient's overall health status, and studies have demonstrated a consistent link between poor health literacy and negative health outcomes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) advise that patient educational materials (PEMs) should be written at an eighth-grade reading level or lower, matching the average reading level of adult Americans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of generative artificial intelligence (AI) to edit PEMs from orthopaedic institutions to meet the CDC and NIH guidelines. PEMs about lateral epicondylitis (LE) from the top 25 ranked orthopaedic institutions from the 2022 U.S. News & World Report Best Hospitals Specialty Ranking were gathered. ChatGPT Plus (version 4.0) was then instructed to rewrite PEMs on LE from these institutions to comply with CDC and NIH-recommended guidelines. Readability scores were calculated for the original and rewritten PEMs, and paired t-tests were used to determine statistical significance. Analysis of the original and edited PEMs about LE revealed significant reductions in reading grade level and word count of 3.70 ± 1.84 (p<0.001) and 346.72 ± 364.63 (p<0.001), respectively. Our study demonstrated generative AI's ability to rewrite PEM about LE at a reading comprehension level that conforms to the CDC and NIH guidelines. Hospital administrators and orthopaedic surgeons should consider the findings of this studyand the potential utility of artificial intelligence when crafting PEMs of their own.

Towards more sustainable and trustworthy reporting in machine learning

With machine learning (ML) becoming a popular tool across all domains, practitioners are in dire need of comprehensive reporting on the state-of-the-art. Benchmarks and open databases provide helpful insights for many tasks, however suffer from several phenomena: Firstly, they overly focus on prediction quality, which is problematic considering the demand for more sustainability in ML. Depending on the use case at hand, interested users might also face tight resource constraints and thus should be allowed to interact with reporting frameworks, in order to prioritize certain reported characteristics. Furthermore, as some practitioners might not yet be well-skilled in ML, it is important to convey information on a more abstract, comprehensible level. Usability and extendability are key for moving with the state-of-the-art and in order to be trustworthy, frameworks should explicitly address reproducibility. In this work, we analyze established reporting systems under consideration of the aforementioned issues. Afterwards, we propose STREP, our novel framework that aims at overcoming these shortcomings and paves the way towards more sustainable and trustworthy reporting. We use STREP’s (publicly available) implementation to investigate various existing report databases. Our experimental results unveil the need for making reporting more resource-aware and demonstrate our framework’s capabilities of overcoming current reporting limitations. With our work, we want to initiate a paradigm shift in reporting and help with making ML advances more considerate of sustainability and trustworthiness.

Students' skills in mathematical word problems and their reading comprehension level: Basis for intervention program (June 2023)

This study aims to investigate the relationship between reading comprehension and solving mathematical word problems. Mathematics can be enjoyable yet challenging for many students. Solving word problems is a common struggle. To solve these problems, students must have strong reading comprehension skills to fully understand the mathematical information presented in text form. The researchers were motivated to conduct the study to ascertain the level of the students' reading comprehension and its impact on their performance in problem-solving. The researchers used a quantitative method in the study. The respondents were Grade 11 Senior High School students in Don Manuel Rivera Memorial Integrated National School, Pila, Laguna. The researchers calculated the sample size using Slovin's Formula which has a 5% margin of error. As a result, the researchers obtained a sample size of 118 Grade 11 students from HUMSS and STEM strand. The researchers used an adapted test questionnaire from the Project Reach Program of DepEd to measure the reading comprehension level of the respondents. On the other hand, the researchers created test questions to measure the skills of the students in solving mathematical word problems. After the data was collected, tallied, and analyzed, results revealed a significant correlation between students' reading comprehension and problem-solving skills at Don Manuel Rivera Memorial Integrated National High School. The majority of the respondents were categorized as "instructional" and "beginner," with a mean of 18.88 and 10.48. Pearson r correlation analysis revealed that pupils’ reading comprehension level is significantly correlated with their problem-solving skills. It means that students who belong to the independent level tend to have higher proficiency in solving mathematical word problems. The researchers created an intervention program in order to improve students' reading comprehension level and problem-solving skills. The researchers came up with the "CompreMath" intervention program. The "CompreMath" intervention program provides a rationale for integrating reading comprehension strategies into mathematics instruction, enabling students to develop a deeper understanding of mathematical concepts, enhance their problem-solving abilities, and make meaningful connections between mathematics and the real world.

PREDICTING THE LEARNING PATH TO LEARNER’S OPTIMUM COMPREHENSION

The essence of learning is for the learner to attain a significant level of comprehension after the learning process is completed. The quest to achieve this singular purpose has led to the introduction of several learning techniques in the conventional learning environment, such as asking questions and conducting test after class, just to mention a few. Additionally, technology has been introduced in learning. Even with technological advancements, the learning experience still faces the challenge of learners not attaining the optimum comprehension state after the learning process. This is due to the present systems' inability to model the learner to determine the best methods for achieving maximum comprehension. Hence, this research paper focuses on deriving an improved mathematical model for predicting the learning path to a learner’s optimum comprehension. The paper presented three learning instructional media (learning paths); textual, audio and a hybrid of audio and video, which this research uses in modelling the learner. This is to enable the improved system predict the best learning path to optimum comprehension for learners. This research paper adopted Reinforcement Learning and the Markov decision process, specifically the Markov Chain approach, in developing an improved model for prediction. The evaluation of this research involved brainstorming on the Bellman’s equation with the aid of the Markov Chain transition state framework, resulting in an improved mean value function of 71.7. This indicates an enhanced comprehension state for the learning students compared to the existing mean value function of 46.0. The results obtained from this research clearly demonstrate that the improved model was able to predict and assign the best learning path to achieve optimum comprehension state for learners.

A comparative study on the effects of e-picture books and printed books on story comprehension and reading motivation among Chinese preschoolers

With the development of multimedia technology, the electronic reading method has greatly increased the enthusiasm for reading among initially less motivated children. This form of reading exhibits considerable potential, underscoring the necessity of determining the impact of employing such novel software on the emergent reading of young children in China. The aim of this research investigation is to contrast the influences of electronic books and printed book reading on story comprehension and reading motivation in Chinese five-year-olds. Preschoolers participating in this study were randomly selected from three different classrooms in a public kindergarten in Chongqing, China. These participants were again assigned to electronic and printed book reading groups according to their pretest scores. During the four-week reading intervention period, each preschooler read a picture book once a week, for a total of two books. The results indicate that the incorporation of screen-based reading for preschoolers holds promise in reducing reading fatigue and fostering interest in reading. In addition, there was a notable disparity in story comprehension levels, even though varying reading mediums were used in the two groups.

Surveyor and dasawisma training in housing database collection in Bukit Duri Village

Nestled within Tebet District, South Jakarta, Kelurahan Bukit Duri stands as a densely populated area, encompassing 108 hectares and home to 28,151 residents. This community empowerment initiative sought to empower university students as surveyors and community women (dasawisma) as survey assistants by equipping them with the necessary knowledge and skills. Through comprehensive training sessions, participants delved into the intricacies of building reliability assessment, the effective utilization of survey platforms, and communication strategies for conducting surveys. The program's impact was evident in the remarkable improvement in the empowerment and understanding of both surveyors and dasawisma. Prior to the training, their comprehension level stood at 30%, but upon completion, it surged to an impressive 90%. This program is poised to minimize errors during structural assessments, ensuring the safety and well-being of Bukit Duri's residents.

Construction of Algorithm for English Learners to Read Foreign Literature Based on Machine Translation Technology

This study focuses on the development of an algorithm aimed at assisting English learners in comprehending foreign literature through the utilization of machine translation technology. With the growing importance of multilingual proficiency in a globalized world, the ability to read and understand literature in foreign languages is increasingly valued. However, language barriers often hinder learners' comprehension and appreciation of such texts. To address this challenge, our research endeavors to construct an algorithm that leverages machine translation techniques to facilitate the reading process for English learners. By integrating advanced translation algorithms and natural language processing methods, the proposed system aims to provide accurate and contextually relevant translations of foreign literature into English. Additionally, the algorithm will incorporate features tailored to the needs of English learners, such as vocabulary assistance, grammatical explanations, and cultural context annotations, to enhance their reading experience and comprehension levels. Through rigorous experimentation and evaluation, the effectiveness and usability of the algorithm will be assessed, with the ultimate goal of empowering English learners to engage more deeply with foreign literature and broaden their linguistic and cultural horizons.

Students' Reading Comprehension in Relation to Learning Style: A Case Study at SMA Insan Cendekia

This research aims to find out whether or not the use of the six thinking hats strategy improves the students’ writing ability. The research was conducted to determine students' reading comprehension levels based on each learning style. This research is a qualitative descriptive method. The subject of this research were students of in second year student at SMA Insan Cendekia. The instruments used in this research were reading comprehension test, The VARK 8.0 questionnaire, and interview. The results of the reading comprehension test, the researcher used two level in reading comprehension. They are literal comprehension level and inferential comprehension level. The results showed that students with Visual learning style has a problem on inferential level, auditory learning style with inferential and literal level, read/write face a problem with inferential and literal, and kinesthetic learning style experiences problem both with literal and inferential level.

A survey of skin failure perceptions amongst pressure injury management staff in China: A cross-sectional study.

This study sought to evaluate the perceptions of pressure injury (PI) management staff regarding skin failure (SF). Additionally, an analysis of influencing factors based on the collected data was conducted to establish a foundation for targeted SF training. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was undertaken in October-November 2023, utilising a convenience sampling method involving selected management staff of PI from 16 provinces in China. A total of 501 nursing participants were included, exhibiting an overall perception level that was moderately low. Although the majority were aware of the possibility of SF (n = 417, 83.23%), only 60% reported an understanding of the fundamentals of SF, with the lowest level of comprehension observed in differentiating between SF and PI (n = 212, 42.31%). Overall attitudes were generally positive. Regarding behaviour, active learning was more prevalent (n = 340, 67.86%), but training is less (n = 287, 57.29%). Family education (n = 401, 80.04%) and nursing record monitoring (n = 426, 85.03%) demonstrated better behaviour. Further analysis revealed that training (t = 13.937, p < 0.001) and professional title (F = 4.681, p = 0.010) had a significant effect on participants' perceptions. These findings underscore that there remains a substantial lack of perception about SF amongst participants. Overall, participants exhibited a positive attitude towards SF, highlighting the need for future improvements in SF training.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the SQ3R Method in Enhancing Students' Reading Proficiency

Background: Reading proficiency plays a pivotal role in language acquisition, influencing comprehension levels. However, while the SQ3R method has been identified as a tool for enhancing reading skills, its practical application and effectiveness in high school English settings are insufficiently studied, revealing a significant research gap. Methodology: This research employs a mixed-methods approach utilizing the Quan-qual model to address this gap comprehensively. Quantitative methods entail a true experimental design involving control and experimental groups, with 54 class X students purposively sampled. Additionally, qualitative data were collected through interviews with four representative students. Findings: The findings reveal the effectiveness of the SQ3R method in improving reading achievement, supported by significant score enhancements in reading tests. Interviews with students also indicate positive attitudes toward SQ3R, boosting their motivation for reading. These results emphasize SQ3R's potential to elevate high school students' reading skills and enhance engagement in English language learning. Conclusion: This study underscores the effectiveness of the SQ3R method in enhancing reading achievement among high school students. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, it reveals substantial score enhancements in reading tests and positive student perceptions, indicating increased motivation for reading. These findings highlight SQ3R's potential to elevate reading proficiency and engagement in English language learning, offering valuable insights for educators and curriculum development. Originality: The research identifies a gap in the exploration of the SQ3R method's application in high school English language learning, particularly regarding its effectiveness and students' perceptions. Further investigation is necessary to delve into qualitative aspects and involve diverse samples for a comprehensive understanding of English language learning in high school contexts.

Perbedaan Tingkat Pemahaman Akuntansi Di Antara Mahasiswa Berdasarkan Kelulusan Pada Mahasiswa Semester II Tahun Angkatan 2017 Di Program Studi Akuntansi Universitas Muara Bungo

This study aims to investigate whether disparities exist in the comprehension of accounting concepts among students with diverse educational backgrounds. The research is conducted at the Faculty of Economics, Muara Bungo University, focusing on students majoring in Accounting. The study population comprises 62 second-semester students at Muara Bungo University (UMB). Quantitative descriptive data analysis, presented in the form of frequency tables, is employed for this research. The Likert scale is utilized as the scoring technique to evaluate respondents' answers to the questionnaire. According to the American Accounting Association, accounting is defined as the process of identifying, measuring, and reporting economic information to facilitate informed decision-making for stakeholders. The findings indicate significant discrepancies in the comprehension levels of assets among students from vocational schools specializing in accounting, high schools with a focus on social studies, and general Madrasah Aliyah. Similarly, there are noteworthy variations in the understanding levels of liabilities and equity among students from different educational backgrounds.

First comprehensive higher level phylogeny of Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) including estimated ages of the major lineages and a review of known zygaenid fossils

AbstractZygaenidae, also known as burnet, forester, smoky, or leaf skeletonizer moths, are a family of mainly diurnal moths well known for their aposematic colouration and the ability to release hydrogen cyanide as a defence mechanism. So far, few attempts have been made to understand the evolutionary history of the global zygaenid fauna. Here, we inferred the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny for Zygaenidae to date and estimated the lineage timing‐of‐divergence with a Bayesian approach. Building on earlier work, we significantly increased the taxon and gene sampling for the family, which here included data from 30 gene fragments, recovered from public databases or newly sequenced, for almost 30% of the species representing 92 genera (49%) and all five subfamilies. We recovered strong support for the monophyly of Zygaenidae, Chalcosiinae, and Zygaeninae. Procridinae were recovered as monophyletic with low support, whereas the monophyly of Callizygaeninae remains untested as we sampled only one of the two genera. In the core dataset, we recovered Procridinae as sister to Callizygaeninae + Chalcosiinae. This large clade is the sister lineage to Zygaeninae. The position of Inouelinae could not be resolved. The lineage leading to the extant Zygaenidae appears to have diverged in Late Cretaceous (ca. 86 Ma), while the divergence among the subfamilies occurred several million years before the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction event (ca. 66 Ma). Additionally, we provide a review of known fossil Zygaenidae as Appendix S1. Our results form a strong basis for future studies of zygaenid biosystematics, including their ecology, evolution, and behaviour.

Integrating 5E Model with Planned-Incidental Grammar Teaching Approach to enhance grammar competency of eighth-grade Odia medium school students, in a time-sensitive manner

Prompted by the challenges faced by teachers in balancing grammar and content in English classes, coupled with the poor English proficiency of rural Odia medium school students, the study aimed to devise an intervention that could balance content and grammar, thereby enhancing the grammar competency and content comprehension of eighth-grade students. Based on quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest nonequivalent group design, two groups were assigned treatment conditions: the 5E Model with Planned-Incidental Grammar Teaching Approach (experimental group) and the traditional Grammar Translation Method (control group) during class instructions. Data were collected from 100 school students, with 52 in the experimental group and 48 in the control group, using pretest and posttest assessments. The mixed ANOVA test results revealed significantly higher posttest scores in the experimental group compared to the control group, highlighting the positive impact of the intervention on students’ grammar proficiency. The t-test for the comprehension test suggested comparable levels of comprehension in both groups, indicating the efficiency of the new pedagogical strategy in seamlessly integrating grammar instruction into regular classroom teaching, optimizing instructional time and ensuring balance between content and grammar, making it particularly valuable for educators facing time constraints. This study underscores the need for professional development opportunities to enhance teachers’ pedagogical skills and knowledge. Further research is warranted to explore the intervention’s impact on various language skills and assess its applicability in diverse contexts, contributing to a broader understanding of its implications.

Project-based learning to develop reading comprehension in English in teacher trainees of “Nuestra Señora de Chota” Higher Pedagogical Institute

One of the biggest problems presented by the teacher trainees in the professional career of Languages, Specialty of English of Nuestra Señora de Chota Higher Pedagogical Institute was the low levels of reading comprehension in English. For this reason, the general objective of this research was to create a didactic proposal based on project-based learning to develop reading comprehension in English at the literal and inferential levels in the teacher trainees of Nuestra Señora de Chota Higher Pedagogical Institute, located in the province of Chota. This study adopted a quantitative approach with a descriptive – propositional design, using the pedagogical test as a technique and the objective test as a data collection instrument; The study sample was made up of 18 teacher trainees of the fourth year of the professional career of Languages, specialty of English of the same institution. As a result of the study, it was revealed that after applying the objective test, a vast majority of teacher trainees (77.78%) were at the start level; However, a very low proportion (16.6%) were at the in-progress level, a minimum proportion (5.56%) were at the accomplished level and there were no students (0%) at the outstanding level regarding the development of reading comprehension in English in its literal and inferential dimensions at an intermediate level (B1); In conclusion, given these alarming results, a didactic proposal was created based on project-based learning to develop reading comprehension in English, which was validated through expert judgment.

Enterprise Credit Risk Decision: Application Based on Improved AHP

The credit risk of Shouguang vegetable enterprises in China is the biggest obstacle to corporate loans. Building a credit risk assessment model for Shouguang vegetable enterprises and accurately rating the risk of loan enterprises is the key to successful loans. This article aims to construct an AHP evaluation model for the credit risk of Shouguang vegetable enterprises. The data is sourced from managers, bank credit personnel, university researchers, and enterprise related customers who are familiar with the enterprise, while considering four risk levels: impact degree(I), occurrence probability(P), risk manageability(M), and government support(S). This article uses AHP and risk index scores to evaluate the credit risk of Shouguang vegetable enterprises. This model calculates the risk index score based on survey data from 41 corporate credit risk professionals, constructs a pairwise comparison judgment matrix, and conducts consistency testing. It calculates the risk level membership vectors of impact degree, occurrence probability, risk manageability, and government support level at four risk levels, and then calculates the comprehensive evaluation membership vector of credit risk for Shouguang vegetable enterprise. The calculation results show that the comprehensive credit risk assessment level of Shouguang vegetable enterprise belongs to the general risk level, with a membership value of 0.5836. The results still show that the credit rating of Shouguang vegetable enterprises in the four risk levels of impact degree, occurrence probability, risk manageability, and government support are all average risk levels, but there are differences in membership values. The maximum membership value under the impact degree level is 0.6163, and the minimum membership value under the risk manageability level is 0.5572. This study provides a feasible and practical model for enterprise credit risk assessment and conducts a detailed evaluation of the credit risk of Shouguang vegetable enterprise, providing valuable reference for enterprise managers, bank credit personnel, and related researchers.

Quantum cosmology in teleparallel gravity with a boundary term

We quantize a homogeneous and isotropic universe for two models of modified teleparallel gravity: one wherein an arbitrary function of the boundary term, namely B, is present in the action, and in the other model, a scalar field that is non-minimally coupled to both the torsion and boundary term. In this regard, we study exact solutions of both the classical and quantum frameworks by utilizing the corresponding Wheeler–DeWitt (WDW) equations of the models. To correspond to the comprehensive classical and quantum levels, in the second model, we propose an appropriate initial condition for the wave packets and observe that they closely adhere to the classical trajectories and reach their peak. We quantify this correspondence using the de Broglie–Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics. According to this proposal, the classical and Bohmian trajectories coincide when the quantum potential vanishes along the Bohmian paths. Furthermore, we apply the de-parameterization technique to our model in the realm of the problem of time in quantum cosmological models based on the WDW equation, utilizing the global internal time denoted as χ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\chi $$\\end{document}, which represents a scalar field.