Command Level Research Articles

СИСТЕМА ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ ОСВІТИ І ПІДГОТОВКИ У КРАЇНАХ-ЧЛЕНАХ НАТО (ЛИТВА, ЛАТВІЯ, ЕСТОНІЯ)

Introduction. Today is very important to deepen and develop scientific maintenance of military education in Ukraine, generalization, systematization, comprehension and integration of positive experience of military education formation and development, NATO officers’ training within educational process. Purpose. Analyze the experience of military specialists’ education and training within the NATO state-members (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia). Methods. The system of general scientific and special methods of theoretical and empirical research (analysis of scientific literature, systematization and generalization of materials, logic and comparative, content analysis) was used in order to realize the article purpose. Results. The article deals with educational system and training of military specialists in different educational and military command level. A general structure of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia Armed Forces officers training provides. It is show the principles of selection, the educational process content, the training of officers and military specialists in the system of military education in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. Originality. Education and training of military specialists in the Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia Armed Forces is considered as an integral and level-based system, which is compatible with system of NATO officers’ training. Experience of formation and functioning of officers’ training in different military educational establishment of this states, and their theoretical and practical training can be practical for military education system of Ukraine. Conclusion. The transformation of military specialists training system in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia is base on innovative approaches implementation to national secure and defense system, of it armed forces development, new requirements for military specialists training, contemporary models of military specialists training, which in the NATO state-members accepted.

Research on Intelligent Detection of Command Level Stack Pollution for Binary Program Analysis

How to efficiently and reasonably analyze binary programs has always been the primary issue in the field of software security. As for the stack, the current technology has begun to show limitations on various conditions. In this work, we will introduce a technique for intelligently detecting the stack space and operating its readable and writable area (referred to as stack pollution). We innovatively defined the concept of “stack pollution” and raised the level of analysis from byte level to instruction level: Control flow recovery and instruction promotion based on the McSema tool. The “stack pollution” technology is a process of intelligently and intact “polluting” the required research space objects, solving the three stack space constraints by modifying SEM (semantic functions) interpretation of the instructions in the promotion process.

The contribution of the Irish soldier to the British Army during the Peninsula campaign 1808 – 1814

The majority of the historiography concerning the Irish contribution to the British army during their campaign on the Iberian Peninsula (1808 -1814) has focused on the Irish regiments and their service with Wellington in Portugal, Spain and France. While the significance of research into these regiments is undeniable it has unintentionally resulted in an under appreciation of the true extent of the Irish soldier’s contribution. The purpose of this paper is to add to the existing historiography by examining the wider Irish contribution in order to arrive at an empirical based assessment as to the criticality of the Irish soldier to Wellington’s victory during the Peninsula war. The majority of Irish soldiers who served in the Peninsula did so in English and Scottish infantry regiments. Their abilities and crucially their integration into the British army were key success factors for Wellington during the Peninsula campaign. An examination of how this was achieved forms a key part of this paper which finds that the capabilities of the Irish soldier and the British army organisational structure and system mutually supported each other. Furthermore, the Irish officer’s contribution has only been assessed based on individual accounts and narratives in the absence of any in-depth evaluation of their actual numbers. With over 30 per cent of Wellington’s officers being Irish an analysis of their levels of command was undertaken to demonstrate their significance to the overall conduct and operation of the Peninsula army. To fully understand the Irish soldier’s contribution an assessment of their combat effectiveness building on the preceding quantitative findings and utilising modern concepts of combat motivation and behaviours was undertaken. The findings indicate that while the Irish soldier’s contribution was much wider and central to victory in 1814 than is generally appreciated or understood, the British army of the period recognised its importance and, despite popular misperceptions, did not at an institutional level seek to discriminate against the Irish soldier. The paper concludes that Irish soldiers were of critical importance to British victory not only in terms of their numbers but also due to their successful integration into the wider British army outside of Irish regiments, their presence in large numbers at all levels of command and their overall combat effectiveness. Without this contribution it can be argued that British victory would not have been achieved in the Peninsula.

Primena geoinformacionih sistema u oružanim snagama, drugim vojskama i vojnim formacijama u Republici Kazahstan

Introduction/purpose: The purpose of the paper is to present the importance of geoinformation systems (GIS) in the process of geotopographic support to all levels of command as well as the necessity of developing the GIS platform concept based on geoinformation data as a support to decision making. Methods: Besides an analytical approach to some of foreign experiences in developing GIS and a sample analysis, the authors give the content and the architecture of the adopted program named Development of a special GIS platform for the defense and security of the Republic of Results: The paper presents the structures and the level achieved in the development of the single geographic information platform (SGIP) which aims at helping the state to create modern army and efficiently use geoinformation technologies in the support to the armed forces of Kazakhstan. Conclusion: The importance of creating, at the state level, a unique geographic information space based on the integration of geospatial data at all levels of command has been pointed out as well as the importance of eliminating overspending while creating geoinformation data. In addition, efficient usage of geoinformation technologies will contribute to better combat control of troops and armament thus creating a modern and ready military.

АНАЛИЗ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ИММЕРСИВНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В СИСТЕМЕ ПОДГОТОВКИ ОФИЦЕРОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ АРМИИ

Improving the quality of training military specialists at the command level is undoubtedly an urgent problem for law enforcement agencies and the state as a whole. This fact is directly related to the maintenance in a combat-ready state of military units deployed both in the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad. The article analyzes the views of domestic and foreign scientists on the problem of digitalization of education. Its goals, objectives, current state and prospects for further development are revealed. The ways of improving the quality of the organization of the educational process in terms of learning in a distance (digital) format are presented. The current state of integration of immersion technologies in higher education, including military education, is analyzed. A method of giving military education a practical orientation is presented, which consists in the use of immersive technologies. The main provisions of the immersive approach in military education are analyzed. Within the framework of this article, the ways of further development of immersive technologies in the military education system are presented. The parallel development directions of immersion technologies are highlighted: virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). The possibilities of using these technologies in the perspective of the development of military education are revealed. The necessity of re-profiling the role of the teaching staff of military educational institutions of higher education due to the further integration of immersion technologies into the training system of officers of the Russian army is proved.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ПІДГОТОВКИ ОФІЦЕРСЬКИХ КАДРІВ У ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛАХ КАНАДИ

Analysis of the foreign experience of the organisation and reformation of the armed forces in other countries, with the respective systems of military education being an integral part, reveals the specific national aspect of such activities in each country. In the meantime, there are some general methodological approaches used in military pedagogic practice across different countries of the world to be practicably considered and applied. The article examines the experience of officers’ training for the armed forces of the Canada. The article provides information on the existing network of military educational institutions for the officer training of tactical, operational and strategic levels of military command. The terms of officers’ training on tactical, operational and strategic levels have been defined. The analysis of the content of officer training for different armed services of the armed forces and different levels of military administration has been conducted. We used the system of the general scientific methods of theoretical and empirical research, in particular, the theoretical-methodological analysis of the problem and the relevant scholarly resources, systematization and generalization of the scientific information pertaining to the essence and content of the set objectives, monitoring of the existing system of military specialists training in the Armed Forces of the Canada, scientific generalisation, the general scientific methods of logical and comparative analysis, systems approach, peer review, analysis and interpretation of the obtained theoretical and empirical data. An analysis of the concept, structure, goals, content and technologies of officers’ training in the armed forces of the Canada shows that the military education system reflects the current stage of development of the armed forces, as well as the national cultural specificity of the country. Education and training of officers is carried out on the basis of national cultural and military traditions, taking into account the mentality of the Canada people. The main direction of officers’ training is their fundamental military and professional training in both the military and civilian fields. The content of the officers’ training is based on two military education levels. Each level of military education ends with a certain level of qualification. It is possible to distinguish the general tendencies of development of the Canadian military school: improvement of the quality of applicants’ selection, individualization of training of cadets and trainees, stabilization of their number at the present level; further informatization of the educational process, introduction of multimedia learning tools.

СИСТЕМА ПІДГОТОВКИ ОФІЦЕРСЬКИХ КАДРІВ У РЕСПУБЛІЦІ УГОРЩИНА

Analysis of the foreign experience of the organisation and reformation of the armed forces in other countries, with the respective systems of military education being an integral part, reveals the specific national aspect of such activities in each country. In the meantime, there are some general methodological approaches used in military pedagogic practice across different countries of the world to be practicably considered and applied. The article examines the experience of officers’ training for the armed forces of the Republic of Hungary. The article provides information on the existing network of military educational institutions for the officer training of tactical, operational and strategic level of military command. Requirements for admission to military educational institutions for the officer training of different levels of training has been given. The terms of military specialists’ training on tactical, operational and strategic level have been defined. The analysis of the content of officer training for different armed services of the armed forces and different levels of military administration has been conducted. We used the system of the general scientific methods of theoretical and empirical research, in particular, the theoretical-methodological analysis of the problem and the relevant scholarly resources, systematization and generalization of the scientific information pertaining to the essence and content of the set objectives, monitoring of the existing system of military specialists training in the Armed Forces of the republic of Hungary, scientific generalisation, the general scientific methods of logical and comparative analysis, systems approach, peer review, analysis and interpretation of the obtained theoretical and empirical data. The general structure of the National University of Public Administration, the Faculty of Military Sciences and the training of officers is shown, as well as the main tasks that are solved by the institutes and training centers that are part of it are identified. An analysis of the concept, structure, goals, content and technologies of officers’ training in the armed forces of the Republic of Hungary shows that the military education system reflects the current stage of development of the armed forces, as well as the national cultural specificity of the country. Education and training of officers is carried out on the basis of national cultural and military tradition. The main direction of officers’ training is their fundamental military and professional training in both the military and civilian fields. The content of the officers’ training is based on two military education levels. Each level of military education ends with a certain level of qualification. It is possible to distinguish the general tendencies of development of the higher Hungarian military school: improvement of the quality of applicants’ selection, individualization of training of cadets and trainees, stabilization of their number at the present level; further informatization of the educational process, introduction of multimedia learning tools. Certainly, the positive elements of the experience of the Hungarian army can be used in the training of officers in the Ukrainian Armed Forces under the conditions of gradual transition to the recruitment on a contract basis.

Развитие русской речи у детей в условиях дошкольных организаций Республики Дагестан

At present, the preschool education is the first stage of the general education system. An important activity of preschool organizations in the mono-ethnic rural settlements of the Republic of Dagestan is the speech development of children for whom Russian is the second language. In A. A. Thakho-Godi Scientific Research Institute of Pedagogy (Makhachkala, Russia) the language program “We learn to speak Russian” has been developed for preschoolers who do not speak Russian or have a poor command of it. In organizing the process of teaching Russian (non-native language), the program aims at considering the conditions of developing the bilingualism and features of the children’s native language, the creation of the communicative basis for communication at the elementary level within the subjects, areas and situations provided at the preschool education stage. Teaching Russian to children in accordance with this program is recommended at the specially organized classes. For each class the specific tasks should be formulated. As long as teaching Russian to children in the monoethnic environment is carried out in the absence of the Russian language environment and they are not able to comprehend the meaning of Russian by themselves, to realize the need for its study, it is necessary to pay due attention to the creation of motivation for learning the second language. In the content of teaching Russian (non-native language) to preschoolers the material is concretized at all language levels, on the basis of which the bilingual children’s speech activity is formed. The main attention is paid to accounting the typical language difficulties, linguistic regularities of the speech activity and aspects of the methodology of teaching Russian to non- Russian pupils at the elementary stage. The complexity of teaching Russian at this stage of education requires the gradual introduction of the language material grouped around a lesson specific topic, at different levels of the oral speech. Herewith it should be noted that the process of mastering Russian (non-native language) is affected by the level of command of the children’s native language.

Methods and analytical tools for assessing tactical situation in military operations using potential approach and sensor data fusion

The paper presents designed quantitative methods and algorithms implemented in specialized mobile mCOP application for combat decision support. Military operations require sophisticated planning and execution in order to minimize risks and potential losses while fulfilling mission objectives in constrained time. To support such features the decision makers design methods of evaluating threats and tactical scenarios. The outcomes of such calculations provide mission alternatives called variants or Courses of Actions. To determine which possible CoA is matching the scenario and in the end is the most feasible, a set of quantitative methods can be used. The evaluation process considers both tactical and topographical characteristics of the scenario. The location, orientation and composition of forces, combat potentials, performed tasks, as well as terrain and battlespace environment features are the parameters considered in the algorithms, which in result provide threat levels, attrition rates, potential losses, objectives timelines etc. To assess tactical situation we implemented, a set of combat potential evaluation methods, which using doctrinal patterns, can be easily employed in mobile software. The advantage of equipping each decision maker at the tactical level with sophisticated methods provides means of increasing the speed of task execution, provides more accurate decisions but most of all supports instant reporting from combat units. Due to the development of hardware and software platforms, smartphones offer are capable of running complex algorithms for tactical support for individual soldiers and low level commanders support. Since they are capable to utilize tactical data (forces location, composition, tasks) in dynamic mobile military networks, accessible anywhere during mission, and provide provides rich functional support for situation awareness and decision superiority. These two key factors of 21st century military operations influence the efficiency of recognition, identification and targeting during combat missions. Military support tools providing rich tactical and their analytical capabilities, can serve as recon data hubs, but most of all can support and simplify complex analytical tasks for commanders. The tasks mainly include topographical and tactical orientation within the battlespace. Developed software platform mCOP, demonstrates all research findings, providing personalized combat-oriented distributed mobile system, supporting blue force tracking capabilities, reconnaissance data fusion as well as threat level evaluation for functionalities for management of military and crisis management scenarios. Presented research demonstrates and evaluates the proves the usefulness of deploying mobile applications for combat support, situation awareness development, and the delivery of augmented reality based threat level analytical data to extend the capabilities and properties of constructed methods and of software tools applied for supporting military and border protection operations.

Оцінювання оперативно-тактичної важливості пунктів управління угруповання військ

Важливість пунктів управління угруповання військ оцінюється при підготовці операції (бою) з метою визначення необхідності й порядку проведення заходів із забезпечення їх надійного функціонування під час ведення бойових дій.Важливість пунктів управління насамперед визначається завданнями, що повинні виконуватись ними і підлеглими військовими формуваннями. Залежність важливості пунктів управління від багатьох факторів, їх велика кількість в угрупованні військ обумовила застосування для ранжирування пунктів управління методики, яка ґрунтується на використанні методу аналізу ієрархій. За допомогою методики здійснюється розрахунок коефіцієнтів оперативно-тактичної важливості пунктів управління, під якими розуміються відносні кількісні міри значущості їх функціонування у системі управління військ для виконання завдань.Для визначення важливості пункти управління відповідно до рівнів управління та призначення поділяються на групи. Методикою передбачається оцінювання важливості пунктів управління, яку здійснюється у три етапи: на першому етапі — усередині групи; на другому етапі — груп пунктів управління; на третьому етапі — у системі управління угрупування військ.Під час формування ієрархічного зображення проблеми насамперед визначаються: перелік пунктів управління (альтернатив), що порівнюються; властивості, на які впливає функціонування пунктів управління; показники, які характеризують вплив функціонування пунктів управління на визначені властивості. Як властивості, на які впливає функціонування пунктів управління, можна прийняти: управління угрупованням військ (військовими формуваннями); можливості щодо виконання бойових завдань; можливості щодо забезпечення бойових дій.Для визначення важливості пунктів управління усередині груп і важливості цих груп будується чотирирівнева домінантна ієрархія розв’язання задачі. Коефіцієнти оперативно-тактичної важливості пунктів управління у системі управління розраховуються з використанням значень важливості цих груп, що оцінюються на другому етапі методики.У статті наведено приклад оцінювання важливості пунктів управління угрупування військ в оборонній операції. Запропонована методика може використовуватися органами військового управління при підготовці операції (бою).

Improvement of the Risk Management in an Organization Hierarchized in the Context of Sustainability

Purpose: The goal of the research is to identify the critical variables for improvement of the risk management in an hierarchized organization in the context of the implementation of the sustainability concept. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was conducted in 100 organizations organized and represented by the Prison Service in the area of expertise of the District Inspectorate of the Prison Service in Warsaw. The study was attended by officers of different levels of command and decision-making, who were serving or still are serving in prisons and pre-trial detention centers. The methods used are: document research method, diagnostic survey method, observation method, and CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interviews). Findings: As a result of the study it was specified that the main condition for improving risk management is to concentrate the organization on realizing economic, social and environmental goals and striving to increase efficiency in these three areas. Results of the study showed that the maturity level of the researched organizations in the area of risk management is insufficient, however has a growing tendency. It has been noted that the awareness level in the area of risk management and analysis is low even though the researched institutions are endangered by inside and outside threats. Practical Implications: Identified critical variables for improving risk management in the Penitentiary Service in the context of implementing the concept of sustainable development will contribute to improving internal security in penitentiary units. Identification of internal and external threats and the right approach to risk management is a key determinant of improving organization security. Originality/Value: Risk management is still an actual and important trend in research, because it contributes to improvement of effectiveness and realizing goals of the organization, increasing awareness in need of action, identification and proceeding with risk, identification of chances and threats in the organization, fulfilling legal requirements and improvement of voluntary reports. It is especially important to analyze this matter in the Penitentiary Service as an institution endangered by a whole variety of inside and outside threats

Using multi-agency, multi-professional collaboration to reduce serious violence and organized crime

Serious violence and organized crime have been rising both nationally and in Sheffield, contributing significantly to increasing knife and gun crime, which results in threats to community safety and well-being. A multi-agency project with stakeholders across all levels of command and co- located operational staff was established to undertake collaborative activity that would protect the public by pursuing offenders as well as preparing for and preventing serious violence and organized crime: Fortify. Using a 4P approach, Fortify worked across professional and organizational boundaries to disrupt serious violence and organized crime. Relationships between partners have improved substantially through increased communication and understanding of the different roles, perspectives, and levers of each partner. A recent Home Office locality review applauded our partnership. Intelligence sharing has improved, leading to increased disruptive activity, including increased seizure of money, drugs, and firearms, as well as more arrests and safeguarding referrals. The number of mapped Organized Crime Groups (OCGs) operating across the city has reduced from 19 to 12. Processes and procedures have improved, reducing duplication and holding of information in silos. Community groups are more engaged, allowing us to address serious violence and organized crime in partnership. We propose to undertake action research with the involvement of all partners to provide more robust evaluation of our initial findings. We have found that collaboration between Police and Partners increases collective responsibility and facilitates success in tackling serious violence and organized crime.

ПІДГОТОВКА ВІЙСЬКОВИХ ФАХІВЦІВ У ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛАХ ФРАНЦІЇ

Introduction. Today it is very important to deepen and develop scientific maintenance of military education in Ukraine, generalization, systematization, comprehension, and integration of positive experience of formation and development of military education, NATO officers’ training within educational process of higher educational establishments.Purpose. The article is to analyze the experience and define basics and tendencies of military specialists training within the French Armed Forces.Methods. The system of general scientific and special methods of theoretical and empirical research (analysis of scientific literature related to researched problem, systematization and generalization of materials, logic and comparative, systematic approach, and content analysis) was used in order to realize the article purpose.Results. The article deals with training of military specialists of different education and military command levels. It provides a general structure of officers’ training of the French Armed Forces. It is shown: 1) officers of the armed forces are, mainly, recruited from graduates of officers’ schools, as well as reserve officers and warrant officers; 2) junior officers are trained in two phases: in general training schools, as well as in one of practical and specialized schools; 3) senior officers are trained in three phases: in staff army or Air Force school; higher military academy; centre of higher military researches, institute of higher educational researches of national defence. The principles and main tendencies of the French system of military education are considered.Originality. Training of military specialists in the French Armed Forces is considered as an integral and level-based system, which is compatible with systems of NATO officers’ training. Experience of formation and functioning of officers’ training in different military educational establishments of France, and their theoretical and practical training can be practical for military education system of Ukraine.Conclusion. Training of military specialists for the French Armed Forces is level-based. It is worth mentioning a large network of different military educational establishments, training centres on practical training of officers, which have well-developed and modern infrastructure. The prospective studies include gradual scientific integration of experience of officers’ training in France in practice of specialists training within military education of Ukraine.

Russian Orthodox Church and Nuclear Command and Control: A Hypothesis

The Russian Orthodox Church plays an immense role in current Russian national security policy. The intertwining of the church and the strategic community is nowhere more visible than in the nuclear-weapons complex, where the priesthood has penetrated all levels of command, been involved in operational activities, and positioned itself as a provider of meanings for, and guardian of, the state’s nuclear potential. The first work to highlight the phenomenon of the Russian church-nuclear nexus, this article focuses on the ecclesiastical impact on Russian nuclear command and control. The findings suggest that it is not inconceivable that the Russian military clergy—like the Soviet political officers and contrary to chaplains worldwide—might become future participants in decision making on matters of national security, and that de facto there might be two parallel chains of command authority emerging in Russia, with potential tensions between them. The article outlines the causes of this overlooked singularity and its implications for the theory and practice of international security.

Żołnierz na wojnie i po wojnie. Problematyka zachowań ludzkich

Artykuł stanowi wprowadzenie do studium zachowań ludzkich na wojnie i po wojnie. Dotyczy wyłącznie zachowań żołnierzy. Stare żołnierskie porzekadło mówi, że żołnierz na wojnie robi to, czego nauczył się w czasie pokoju. Wojna jest nieubłaganym, surowym weryfikatorem poziomu wyszkolenia dowództw i sztabów oraz wojsk. Autor skupił swą uwagę na problematyce zjawiska kryzysu pierwszego dnia wojny, relacjach międzyludzkich, oswajaniu śmierci, stresie bojowym, roli dowódców, problemach z przystosowaniem żołnierzy do funkcjonowania po powrocie z wojny. Starał się ukazać różnorodność ludzkich zachowań, wskazując na pozytywne i pożądane cechy, piętnując zjawiska negatywne.

ОСНОВИ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ТА ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ ОСВІТИ ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНІЇ: АНАЛІТИЧНИЙ ОГЛЯД

The creative use of international experience in officer personnel training abroad becomes of particular relevance in the context of the implementation of NATO standards in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Therefore, in modern conditions, positive elements of the experience of foreign armed forces should be taken into account when organizing the training of the officers of the Ukrainian Armed Forces. The purpose of the article is to conduct an analysis of the current state of the UK military education system in order to take into account the experience of officer personnel training during the further reform of the national military education system. To solve the research tasks we used the system of general scientific and special methods of theoretical and empirical research, namely, theoretical and methodological analysis of the problem, the analysis of scientific literature on the problem of research, classification and synthesis of scientific information regarding the nature and content of certain tasks, monitoring of the existing system training of military specialists in the British Armed Forces, scientific generalization, general scientific methods of logical and comparative analysis, system approach, expert assessment, analysis and interpretation of the obtained theoretical and empirical data. The dynamic processes that are taking place during the reform of the military education system in the UK indicate that its development strategy implies multistage and continuity in gaining and improving education throughout the military service of an officer. The analysis of military education in the UK shows that it enables officers to improve periodically their professional competence throughout the military service. In this case, it is envisaged to use a wide network of specialized training centers of the branches of the armed forces, centers of practical training, courses for obtaining practical skills and skills for the future official appointment. Practical training of officer personnel has a tendency to be divided into basic military training and special military training. Future officers, while studying at a higher military educational institution, spend a great deal of time in internships, and in the process of refresher training or retraining, officers are involved in various military exercises. After graduation and before appointment, graduates continue their practical training in military academies (schools) or educational centers of the branches of the armed forces. The content of military education is focused on: the optimal ratio of humanitarian, natural sciences and special (professional) components; on narrow special (professional) orientation of military specialists’ training of all levels of command; on the training of military specialists with higher education on the basis of the integration of military educational institutions with the corresponding civil higher educational institutions, taking into account the specifics of the future military-professional activity of the officer. Thus, the experience of organizing and improving the training of officers in the UK can be useful in solving the problems of reforming the domestic military educational system.

Positioning Methods and the Use of Location and Activity Data in Forests.

In this paper, we provide an overview of positioning systems for moving resources in forest and fire management and review the related literature. Emphasis is placed on the accuracy and range of different localization and location-sharing methods, particularly in forested environments and in the absence of conventional cellular or internet connectivity. We then conduct a second review of literature and concepts related to several emerging, broad themes in data science, including the terms location-based services (LBS), geofences, wearable technology, activity recognition, mesh networking, the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data. Our objective in this second review is to inform how these broader concepts, with implications for networking and analytics, may help to advance natural resource management and science in the future. Based on methods, themes, and concepts that arose in our systematic reviews, we then augmented the paper with additional literature from wildlife and fisheries management, as well as concepts from video object detection, relative positioning, and inventory-tracking that are also used as forms of localization. Based on our reviews of positioning technologies and emerging data science themes, we present a hierarchical model for collecting and sharing data in forest and fire management, and more broadly in the field of natural resources. The model reflects tradeoffs in range and bandwidth when recording, processing, and communicating large quantities of data in time and space to support resource management, science, and public safety in remote areas. In the hierarchical approach, wearable devices and other sensors typically transmit data at short distances using Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), or ANT wireless, and smartphones and tablets serve as intermediate data collection and processing hubs for information that can be subsequently transmitted using radio networking systems or satellite communication. Data with greater spatial and temporal complexity is typically processed incrementally at lower tiers, then fused and summarized at higher levels of incident command or resource management. Lastly, we outline several priority areas for future research to advance big data analytics in natural resources.

Evaluating Full-Scale Exercises to Optimize Patient Outcome in an Underground Mine

Introduction:Major incident exercises are expensive to plan and execute, and often difficult to evaluate objectively. There is a need for a generic methodology for reporting results and experiences from major incidents so that data can be used for analysis, to compare results, exchange experiences, and for international collaboration in methodological development. Most protocols use data describing the incident hazards, prehospital and hospital resources available and alerted transport resources, and communication systems. However, the successful management of a rescue response during a major incident also demands a high level of command skills.Aim:The aim of this study was to analyze the command and collaboration skills among the emergency service on-scene commanders and the mine director for safety and security during a full-scale major incident exercise in an underground mine.Methods:The commander functions were observed during a full-scale major incident exercise. Audio and video observations and notes were analyzed using a study-specific scheme developed through a Delphi study, including inter-agency collaborative support and efforts of early life-saving interventions; relevant resources and equipment; and shared and communicated decisions about safety, situation awareness and medical guidelines for response. After the exercise additional interviews were made with those responsible for the command functions.Results:Preliminary results indicate that most decisions were not taken in collaboration. Elaborated results will be presented at the conference.Discussion:Command and collaboration skills can benefit from objective evaluations of full-scale major incident exercises to identify areas that must be improved to optimize patient outcome.

Cross-Cultural Training of Future Foreign Language Teachers in the Context of the Adaptive Approach

The author analyzes the features of cross-cultural training of future foreign language teachers in the context of an adaptive approach. Definition of cross-cultural preparation author formulated as an interrelated activity of the teacher and the students in the process of studying particular subjects or subject areas by means of native and foreign languages. This ensures a high level of command of a foreign language, mastering the content of subject-professional, intercultural and linguistic competences. The author found out that in higher education institutions, cross-cultural training is realized through the intercultural component of foreign language, which helps to form in future teachers of foreign languages ​​the idea of ​​dialogue of cultures as the only possible philosophy of existence in modern multicultural communities, as different socially and differently. and religious tolerance and empathy for other cultures. Conceptual models of intercultural competence developed by foreign scholars are based on concepts such as adaptation, assimilation and adaptation. Pedagogical technology, characterized by an adaptive approach, facilitates, minimizes and streamlines the pedagogical work of the teacher, contributes to mastering future foreign language teachers with the necessary professional competences.

A process account of the uncontrolled manifold structure of joint space variance in pointing movements

In many situations, the human movement system has more degrees of freedom than needed to achieve a given movement task. Martin et al. (Neural Comput 21(5):1371–1414, 2009) accounted for signatures of such redundancy like self-motion and motor equivalence in a process model in which a neural oscillator generated timed end-effector virtual trajectories that a neural dynamics transformed into joint virtual trajectories while decoupling task-relevant and task-irrelevant combinations of joint angles. Neural control of muscle activation and the biomechanical dynamics of the arm were taken into account. The model did not address the main signature of redundancy, however, the UCM structure of variance: Many experimental studies have shown that across repetitions, variance of joint configuration trajectories is structured. Combinations of joint angles that affect task variables (lying in the uncontrolled manifold, UCM) are much more variable than combinations of joint angles that do not. This finding has been robust across movement systems, age, and tasks and is often preserved in clinical populations as well. Here, we provide an account for the UCM structure of variance by adding four types of noise sources to the model of Martin et al. (Neural Comput 21(5):1371–1414, 2009). Comparing the model to human pointing movements and systematically examining the role of each noise source and mechanism, we identify three causes of the UCM effect, all of which, we argue, contribute: (1) the decoupling of motor commands across the task-relevant and task-irrelevant subspaces together with “neural” noise at the level of these motor commands; (2) “muscle noise” combined with imperfect control of the limb; (3) back-coupling of sensed joint configurations into the motor commands which then yield to the sensed joint configuration within the UCM.