Level Of Cobalt Research Articles

APPLICATION OF BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE REMEDIATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN THE AREA OF ZENICA

The paper presents a study of the effects of soil bioremediation of contaminated soils by sowing Corn (Zea mays L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) at three locations in the area of Zenica(Gradisce, Stranjani, and Ã… erici) in the spring of 2018. From March to September, soil samples were gathered to determine the concentration of the following heavy metalsiron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co). The initial soil analysis shows that the soils average concentrations of manganese, nickel, vanadium, cadmium, and molybdenum exceed the permitted limit value. The values of average phytoaccumulation coefficients indicate that alfalfa removes heavy metals in the soil more successfully for iron (0.0346 mg/kg), nickel (0.0732 mg/kg), lead (0.0892 mg/kg), vanadium (0.1152 mg/kg), molybdenum (0.072 mg/kg) and chromium (0.2182 mg/kg). The highest averagetransfer coefficient valueswere achieved for zinc (3.4157 mg/kg) and copper (4.1129 mg/kg) when corn was used. Both plants reached the same levelof cobalt accumulation (2.5 mg/kg).

Improved multiferroic properties of lanthanum ferrites through cobalt doping

LaFeO3 is a type II multiferroic material which exhibits improper ferroelectricity induced by magnetic order (antiferromagnetism). However, the antiferromagnetic order limits its applications. This study demonstrates the induction of ferromagnetism in LaFeO3 by doping with cobalt, varying the level of cobalt from 0 to 0.5 mol. Moreover, the effects of cobalt on the crystal structure, magnetic and dielectric properties are described. The XRD results show that at doping concentrations lower than 0.3 mol, LaFeO3 maintains its orthorhombic structure (Pnma), while at higher cobalt concentrations the rhombohedral (R-3c) LaCoO3 phase emerges. In addition, cobalt doping induces ferromagnetism because cobalt occupies iron positions until the solubility limit is reached (0.3 mol). All samples present high relative permittivity values, which increase with increasing cobalt content and temperature. Furthermore, the presence of cobalt results in a decrease in the dielectric dissipation factor for cobalt contents lower than 0.3 mol, due to the inhibition in the formation of vacancies. However, the presence of LaCoO3 at high cobalt contents increases the dielectric losses due to the presence of a mixtures of phases. Moreover, the electric polarization curves exhibited weak ferroelectric behavior for ferrites with cobalt contents lower than 0.3 mol, and lossy improper ferroelectric type behavior for samples with higher contents.

Determine the levels of heavy metal residues in different parts of chicken in the Tikrit and Beji cities of Iraq

The aim of this study was to determine the level of heavy metal residues in different parts of local chicken meat (thigh, bone, liver, and breast) obtaining from different houses in the Iraqi cities of Tikrit and Beji. Heavy metal contamination in poultry products is a major concern due to its potential health effects on consumers. Samples were collected from local markets and analyzed for the presence of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), and lead (Pb) using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results indicated that chicken parts all sampled contained detectable level of heavy metals, with concentrations varying between parts. The high level of heavy metals cadmium (Cd) in the liver part in Tikrit was (0.422), also addition the high level of heavy metals copper (Cu) in L the liver part in Beji was (1.923), also the high level of heavy metals cobalt (Co) in the bone part in Tikrit was (1.403) and the high level of heavy metals lead (Pb) in the bone part in Tikrit was (1.045), indicating regional differences in contamination. These results emphasize the importance of monitoring heavy metal levels in different parts of chicken to ensure food safety and public health

Potential Toxic Metal Concentration and Risk Assessment in Agricultural Soil and Lentil Crop (Lens culinaris Medik) in Dawunt Woreda, Northwest Wollo, Ethiopia.

Health implications for the population due to consuming contaminated crops have been a great concern worldwide. This study aimed to measure the levels of potential toxic elements in lentils and their growing soil in Dawunt Woreda, Ethiopia. Accordingly, 15 soil samples along with the lentil samples were collected to measure the level of potential toxic elements, including chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and cobalt (Co), by using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer and for assessing the potential ecological and human health risk. The wet digestion method using aqua regia (HCl/HNO3 3 : 1) was employed for soil and lentil sample preparation. The mean concentrations of Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Cr in the lentil sample were 60.4, 9.68, 0.75, 5.7, 0.25, 0.9, and 1.15 mg/kg, respectively. In soil, the mean concentrations of Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Cr were 649, 19.9, 3.32, 40.0, 15.2, 1.83, and 69.1 mg/kg, respectively. All of the potential toxic metals in agricultural soil and lentil samples were found to be below the reference level set by the World Health Organization, except Cd, in the soil samples. Five single metal and three cumulative pollution index parameters were employed for the data and results showed that Fe, Cu, and Cr moderately pollute the soil and are highly contaminated by Cd. The cumulative pollution indices also confirmed that the extent of soil pollution varied from highly contaminated to moderate contamination. The possible health risks at various exposure routes have also been estimated. The single-metal and cumulative-metals health risks (cancer and noncancer) of adults and children due to chronic exposure to soil and consumption of lentils were estimated using the health quotient and health index values as per the United States Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. Thus, the results revealed no significant adverse health risks (cancer and noncancer) for adults and children. Therefore, the inhabitants in the study area have no significant health impacts due to either the consumption of lentil crops or exposure to agricultural soil particles.

Eco-Friendly Remediation: Tea Leaves and Fibres as Adsorbents for High Cobalt Concentrations; Thermodynamics, Isotherms and Kinetic Studies

Increasing industrialization has produced huge amounts of liquid effluents, which are a key source of ecological unrest in diverse ecosystems. The high toxicity level of cobalt in surface water has drawn a lot ofattention; hence,a low-cost adsorbent made from leaves and fibres of Camellia sinensis has been developed to remove cobalt from wastewater. The kinetics of the pseudo-first and second-order sorption interaction, as well as the physicochemical parameters of the precursor adsorbent, was investigated. There was a linear relationship between Cobalt uptake and biosorbent dosage under ideal conditions; the optimum dosage was 4 g. Between 10 to 40 minutes of contact time, clearance of cobalt was greater than 90 per cent. The Gibb’s free energy (∆Go) at various temperatures ranges from -9980 to -1020, indicating a spontaneous system, viable for both parts of the precursor adsorbent. The entropy change (∆So) was found to be +31.05 and +35.12 for tea leaves and fibre respectively, implying a highly disordered biosorption interface. The enthalpy (∆Ho) was found to be-8.58 and -10.03 for tea leaves and fibres hence, an exothermic system was suggested by the enthalpy with a second order kinetics. Therefore, Camellia sinensis is a suitable adsorbent for the effective removal of high cobalt concentrations in wastewater.

Charge transfer interfaces across black phosphorus/Co, N Co-doped carbon heterojunction for enhanced electrocatalytic water splitting

The practicality of electrochemical water-splitting technology relies on the development of novel and efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts capable of facilitating both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Black phosphorus (BP) holds tremendous promise for HER and OER electrocatalysis owing to its fully exposed atoms and high carrier mobility. However, the electrocatalytic performance of BP is still much lower than the expected theoretical limit, presenting an exciting challenge for further advancements. Herein, we embed electrochemically exfoliated few-layer BP nanosheets in higher Fermi level (EF) of cobalt, nitrogen co-doped carbons to form a new heterojunction (CoNC-BP), as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts toward HER and OER for the advancement overall water splitting applications. A directed interfacial electron transfer is realized from CoNC to BP, facilitated by the lowering Fermi level (EF). This interfacial electron transfer plays a crucial role in optimizing the adsorption and desorption of active intermediates, while also introducing an abundance of hypervalent Co sites. These factors collectively contribute to the remarkable electrocatalytic activities of HER and OER performance, leading to the efficient performance of the developed CoNC-BP heterojunction in water-splitting applications. This work demonstrates a promising breakthrough that can inspire the design of high-efficiency catalysts.

Comparing Mineral Concentrations of the Middle Chalcolithic Period Ceramics with Soil of Shahrekord District for Verifying their Origin

Objective: The present research was designed on soil of Shahrekord district to find and compare its mineral concentration with the Middle Chalcolithic period ceramics which found in the same area to determine their similarities in order to verify the origin of potteries.
 Procedure: Eighty composite soil and eight particles of Middle Chalcolithic Pottery were collected from Shahrekord district and the concentration of phosphorus, copper, molybdenum, lead and cobalt were measured by using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), respectively.
 Statistical Analysis: For comparing the mineral concentration of soil and ceramics One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test were used at the significant level of p<0.05.
 Results: The average level of phosphorus, copper, molybdenum, lead and cobalt in the soil of Shahrekord district were 11.31, 12.04, 0.06, 0.79 and 0.126 mg/kg and their average in Middle Chalcolithic Potteries were 2058, 54.11, 0.92, 9.5 and 21.25 ppm, respectively. The statistical analysis showed an obvious and significant difference between soil minerals and ceramics (p<0.01).
 Discussion: This finding indicates that it is not possible to find out the origin of ancient ceramics by using the concentration of soil elements at present time. These significant differences may attribute to the burial place and the type of pottery used in the ancient kitchen.

New insights into the photocatalytic and magnetic activity of Co-doped BiFeO3 nanoparticles via competing structures

Cobalt was chosen as the doping element for BiFeO3 (BFO), and pure BFO and a series of BiFe1−x Co x O3 (x = 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.09) nanoparticles, correspondingly labeled as nBFCO (n = 3, 5, 7, 9), were successfully prepared and investigated based on the sol-gel method in this paper. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by x-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer−Emmett−Teller surface area, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible light absorption. With the increase in the doping level of cobalt in BFO, a competing structure wandering between rhombohedral and orthorhombic structures was observed in the experiment. For instance, the microstructure characterization clearly indicates coexistence of the rhombohedral and orthorhombic structures in 7BFCO. Meanwhile, the bandgap of BFO was significantly reduced from 2.04 eV to 1.78 eV. The photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B of samples in an aqueous solution was investigated under different wavelengths of light. We found that 7BFCO was the optimal proportion for acquiring the photocatalytic and magnetic activity in this work, e.g. the photocatalytic efficiency can reach 98.2%. The underlying physics based on the lattice structure, size effects and energy gap is also discussed.

METAL ION RELEASE ACCORDING TO LEG LENGTH DISCREPANCY IN CERAMIC-ON-METAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY.

The ceramic-on-metal (CoM) bearing has the theoretical advantages over ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) and metal-on-metal bearings. This study aimed to analyze factors affecting the metal ion release of CoM bearings and compare clinical performance with CoC bearings. The 147 patients were divided into 96 patients in group 1 (CoM group) and 51 patients in group 2 (CoC group). Additionally, within group1, 48 patients and 30 patients were sub-categorized into group 1-A with leg length discrepancy (LLD) less than 1cm and group 1-B greater than 1 cm. The level of serum metal ions, functional scores and plain radiographs were obtained for the analysis. The level of cobalt (Co) 2-years after surgery and chromium (Cr) 1-year after surgery showed significantly higher in the group1 than the group2. LLD indicated statistically significant positive correlation between serum metal ion levels among CoM bearing THAs. In comparison of the average metal ions level changes, group 1-B showed higher level of metal ion than group 1-A. In patients underwent THA with CoM bearings, large LLD have a higher risk of complications associated to metal ions. Therefore, it is critical to reduce the LLD to 1 cm or less in using CoM bearing. Level of Evidence III; Case Control Study.

Comparisons of Different Bearing Surfaces in Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Analysis

BackgroundWe aimed to make comparisons of different bearing surfaces in patients after cementless total hip arthroplasty. MethodsThe network meta-analysis was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guideline. The primary outcomes were implant survival and Harris hip score (HHS). Secondary outcomes included linear wear rates and serum level of metal ions. Subgroup analyses were performed by: (1) classifying head sizes as small and large; (2) femoral heads as ceramic and metal; and (3) liners as metal, ceramic, polyethylene, highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXP), or vitamin E-infused highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXPE). A total of 64 eligible RCTs with different bearings were assessed. Overall inconsistency and heterogeneity were acceptable. ResultsIn the 10 years follow-up, metal-on-polythene and ceramic-on-polythene bearings with small heads showed higher risk for revisions compared with metal-on-HXP and ceramic-on-HXP bearings with small heads. Similarly, only metal or ceramic-on-polythene bearings with small heads showed inferiority in HHS compared with other bearings. Conventional polyethylene liners showed higher linear wear rates compared with HXP, HXPE, and ceramic liners at 5 and 10 years after surgery, while metal-on-metal and ceramic-on-metal bearings showed higher serum level of cobalt and chromium. ConclusionBearings containing HXP, HXPE, and ceramic liners showed comparable survivorship and hip function at follow-up of 5 and 10 years. Hard-on-hard bearings containing metal had higher serum level of metal ions than others. Bearings containing conventional polyethylene had worse performance in terms of implant survival, hip function, and wear rates. Level of EvidenceLevel I.

Association between trace metals exposure and hearing loss.

BackgroundTrace metals have side-effect on human health. The association between trace metals exposure and hearing loss remains unclear.MethodsA total of 8,128 participants were exacted for analysis of association between trace metals and hearing loss from the database of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2013–2018). Multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were used to examine the association between trace metals and hearing loss.ResultsParticipants with hearing loss had a higher level of lead, cadmium, molybdenum, tin, thallium, and tungsten (all p < 0.05). After adjusting for confounders, compared with the reference of the lowest quartile, the ORs with 95%CIs for hearing loss across quartiles were 1.14 (0.86, 1.51), 1.49 (1.12, 1.98), 1.32 (0.97, 1.80) for cobalt, and 1.35 (0.98, 1.87), 1.58 (1.15, 2.16), 1.75 (1.28, 2.40) for tin. Individuals with the level of cobalt at third quartile had 49% higher risks of hearing loss than those at lowest quartile. And participants with highest quartile of tin had 1.75-folds risks of hearing loss than those with lowest quartile of tin. There were increasing trends in risks of hearing loss with a raised level of thallium (p for trend <0.05). Restricted cubic spline regression analysis indicated that there was a nonlinear association between hearing loss and the levels of tin (p for nonlinearity = 0.021). Subgroup analysis showed that individuals of female, without hypertension and diabetes, and with a higher level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol had modified effects on the associations between hearing loss and exposure to tin.ConclusionsOur study indicated that exposure to cobalt and tin were significantly associated with hearing loss.

Quantitative Assessment of Pollution Status of Heavy Metals in the Water from Mairua Dam, Faskari LGA, Katsina State, Northwestern Nigeria

Pollution of surface water by toxic metals has received considerable attention due to its risk to human health and ecology. Consequently, the present study focused on the assessment of the heavy metal concentrations in the water from Mairua dam. This research reveals the concentrations of the selected toxic metals (Pb, Cd, Co, Cr and Ni) in water samples. The following trend was observed across the sampling points; Co&gt; Cr&gt; Cd&gt; Ni&gt; Pb. The concentrations of Pb across the sampling points were within the WHO (2011) permissible limits. However the Cd concentrations across the sampling points were within the WHO limits of 0.003 mg/kg with exemption of W1, W2, W3, W4, W5, W8 and W10 respectively. Similarly the concentrations of Co in the analyzed water samples were all above WHO (2011) tolerable limits of 0.01 mg/kg. The elevated level of cobalt in the water may be attributed to leachates from farmlands and domestic waste. The concentrations of Cr across the sampling points were within the WHO (2011) permissible limits of 0.005 mg/kg with exemption of samples W2, W3, W4, W7, W8, W10 and W11 respectively. However, the concentrations of Ni across the sampling points were higher than WHO (2011) permissible limits of 0.01 mg/kg. Nickel is introduced into the environment from both natural and man-made sources. The results obtained for Contamination Factors reveals low contamination (Cf&lt;1) with an exemption of Cd in points W1 and W2. PLI denotes no pollution and Hazard quotient values also showed that the analyzed water has no potential health effects with exemption to Cd. The results also shows that there was no significant difference in the analyzed samples at p&lt;0.005 across the sampling sites. Pollution of the water by Cd may be as a result of anthropogenic activities that are released into the dam. It is recommended to periodically monitor the water.

Effects of dietary trace element supplementation on performance of laying hens and mineral content of egg yolk

In this experiment, 320 laying hens of Hy-Line W-36 strain were used in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design (eight treatments and eight birds in each pen). The treatments were 0 and 400 mg/kg iron salt, 0 and 450 mg/kg iodide, and 0 and 0.1 mg/kg vitamin B12. There were five replicates of each treatment combination and the birds were from 26 to 39 weeks old. The interaction of iron salt and iodide, the use of 450 mg/kg iodide and 0 levels of iron salt increased the iodide content of yolks. In the treatments with 400 mg/kg of iron salt combined with iodide and with 400 mg/kg of iron salt with 0 levels of iodine salt this caused a sharp decrease in the iodide content of the yolk. In the interaction of treatments containing iron salt and vitamin B12, the lowest amount of cobalt and the highest level of Iodide were observed at the 0 levels of both supplements, whereas the combined use of iron salt and vitamin B12 increased the level of cobalt and decreased the yolk iodine content. In the three-way effects between these salts, yolk iron and cobalt content increased, and the highest amount of Iodine was observed in the third treatment (without vitamin B12 and iron). Overall the use of iron salt, iodine, and vitamin B12 could improve the performance of hens and the composition of egg yolk.

Effect of changes in some beneficial elements and dangerous heavy metals in cow and sheep manure on human and animal health and the environment

Cow and sheep manure contains beneficial nutrients nitrogen (N) carbohydrates (CHO) and Organic matter (OM), and is therefore used as an organic fertilizer. However, the excessive use of manure can cause environmental problems and negatively affect human and animal health because these materials also contain large amounts of heavy metals, especially selenium (Se), nickel(Ni), cobalt(Co), tin(Sn), lead(Pb), and cadmium(Cd) To assess the potential risks due to increased concentrations of heavy metals in sheep and cow manure.The compost was collected from three different regions in Kirkuk, Diyala and Sulaymaniyah governorates in Iraq and Kurdistan Region where the results showed The content of cow and sheep manure of organic matter (OM), carbohydrates (CHO) and nitrogen (N) levels were normal, which are beneficial nutrients for soil and plants and used as organic fertilizer. The level of selenium, nickel and cobalt was higher in cow manure compared to sheep manure in all governorates. The level of lead and cadmiumwas higher in sheep manure in Diyala governorates compared to cow manure.

Study of cobalt doping control via various routes in thoroughbred horses.

Cobalt is a substance that has been abused for athletic performance enhancement and has thus been prohibited by human and animal sports doping control authorities. However, because cobalt is present in humans and animals as a trace element, a certain level of cobalt is naturally present in their excretions. In the racing industry, cobalt is a controlled substance with a threshold concentration specified by the International Agreement on Breeding, Racing and Wagering (IABRW) for international harmonization. Due to environmental and feed consumption differences among countries, regional cobalt concentration trends should be evaluated before cobalt testing is introduced. In this study, we conducted a preliminary evaluation of the urinary concentration of cobalt among a population of racehorses in Korea using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis, followed by analysis of the urinary release of cobalt after the administration of cobalt chloride in various situations. The normal distribution for the Korea-based racehorses was used to determine a urine concentration limit (96.5ng/ml, risk factor of 1 in 10,000). After the intravenous (IV) administration of CoCl2 , the initial elimination of cobalt was rapid. A high concentration (over 2,000 ng/ml) and a slow excretion pattern were observed during the final 2 weeks of the 3-week observation period. When CoCl2 was administered orally, maximum concentration (Cmax , 92-992 ng/ml) was observed at 6-8h.

Assessment of hair aluminium, cobalt, and mercury in a specimen of autistic Iraqi patients: Environmental risk factors of heavy metals in autism

Autism is a severe developmental disease characterized by social disengagement, communication impairments, and repetitive/stereotypic behaviour. Although the pathophysiological etiologies of autism remain obscure and contentious in many cases, genetic and environmental variables (and their interactions) have been identified. While autism is recognized to have multiple causative reasons, ecological variables have gained considerable attention. The Global debate has centred on neurotoxins such as Mercury, Cobalt, and Aluminium, with some claiming that these and other toxic metals contribute to the disorder's development. The study is performed in Al-Anbar province (Iraq) between march to December 2020. Seventy-five autistic patients suffered from ASD characterized by DSM-V compared with twenty-five control. Heavy metals and trace element Mercury, aluminum, and cobalt in hair specimens are measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer are shown as higher in Aluminium concentration in patients versus healthy Control, and Global Value, more than Aluminium contributed as environmental risk-factor for ASD, While the level of Cobalt is described high in children with autistic and slightly in healthy Control compare with Global Value. These results come from environmental contaminated in Iraq's. Additively, Mercury concentration is significantly higher in autistic patients than in Control. Still, the concentration of both autism and Control typical compared with Global Value and Mercury consider no-environmental risk-factor for Iraqi community’s.

Trace Elements Levels in Serum of Patients with Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis.

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a chronic airway disease characterized by unpredictable recurrences and relapses. Our study aimed to identify the role of trace elements, a proven risk factor for various malignancies, in the development of papilloma and to correlate their serum levels with various disease parameters. 32 RRP patients with 20 age-matched controls were recruited in the study. Analysis of serum trace elements was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in whole blood samples from cases and controls. The serum levels of trace elements were correlated with age of onset, history of previous surgeries, tracheostomy status, Derkay's score, and presence of dysplasia. Among the 32 cases there were 18 males and 14 females with a mean age of 20.85years (range: 3-60years). The mean serum levels of Thallium, Zinc, and Gallium were higher among cases compared to their controls whereas the levels of Arsenic, Copper, Cobalt, Selenium, Cadmium, and Lead were higher in control subjects compared to RRP patients. There was a statistically significant correlation of serum level of Cobalt with more than 3 surgeries per year (p = 0.02), Gallium and Thallium with Derkay's score of more than 20 (p = 0.04 and 0.05) and Lead, Arsenic and Gallium with presence tissue dysplasia (p = 0.05, 0.04 and 0.04). Our study had shown a variable association of trace elements in RRP patients. The usefulness of these values need to be completely elucidated and our study calls for future investigations to identify the casual association of various trace elements in the pathogenesis of RRP.

Spectrochemical Analysis of Bottled and Tap Water from Selected Counties of Middle Tennessee, USA

A total of 37 elements were determined in tap and bottled water samples from six counties of Middle Tennessee (USA) by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The overarching goal of the study is to dispel the myth that bottled water is better than tap water or vice versa. Other parameters analyzed were pH, conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The results were compared with the Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL) reported by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). The concentrations of phosphorus, silicon, fluoride, and chloride conformed to the established values by US-EPA maximum contaminant level corresponding value. The level of Aluminum (Al), Boron (B), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Lithium (Li), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V), and Zinc (Zn) conformed to the established values by governmental agencies (USEPA). Heavy metals such as Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), and Silver (Ag) were detected in the tap water of the urban (Davidson) and urbanizing (Rutherford and Williamson) counties; suggesting that rural counties had a less heavy metal concentration in their drinking water sources than urban counties (P < 0.05). However, the values were below the Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs).

Влияние препарата «Полисоли микроэлементов» на обмен минеральных веществ у лактирующих коров в условиях интенсификации производства

Soils in the Vladimir region are poorly represented by mobile forms of cobalt and zinc, below average they are provided with boron and manganese. Accordingly, there is a need for the administration of preparations containing trace elements to replenish deficient feed rations. The use of the preparation «Polysalts of microelements» leads to an increase in the level of copper, zinc, cobalt and manganese in the blood serum of cattle, restoring the physiological norm. The optimal dose of the preparation «Polysalts of microelements» has been selected. It is 300 mg daily for 20–30 days in infertile animals, or daily at a dose of 270–300 mg in the last third of pregnancy before the expected calving When using «Polysalt of microelements» for 30 days at a dose of 300 mg, 100% of the cows came to hunt. The period from calving to full libido averaged 30,9±2,39 days; the service period was 79,5±2,47 days, and the insemination index was 1,6±0,14.

Relationship between Vitamin B12 and Cobalt Metabolism in Domestic Ruminant: An Update.

Simple SummaryWe review the role of cobalt and vitamin B12 in animals, especially in ruminants. Vitamin B12 is an essential part of the enzyme systems involved in multiple metabolic reactions and mainly in the formation of energy from ruminal fermentation. Signs of deficiency, as well as cobalt toxicity, in animals are described. The level of cobalt in ruminants can be assessed by measuring the blood or tissue concentrations of cobalt or vitamin B12, as well as the level of some metabolites such as malonate, homocysteine or transobolamine in blood or methylmalonic acid in urine. The requirement for cobalt (Co) is around 0.11 ppm (mg/kg) dry matter (DM) in the diet, although current recommendations advise supplementing the diet up to 0.20 mg Co/kg DM, which seems to increase animal production, especially in dairy cattle.Cobalt, as a trace element, is essential for rumen microorganisms for the formation of vitamin B12. In the metabolism of mammals, vitamin B12 is an essential part of two enzymatic systems involved in multiple metabolic reactions, such as in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, some amino acids and DNA. Adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin are coenzymes of methylmalonyl coenzyme A (CoA) mutase and methionine synthetase and are essential for obtaining energy through ruminal metabolism. Signs of cobalt deficiency range from hyporexia, reduced growth and weight loss to liver steatosis, anemia, impaired immune function, impaired reproductive function and even death. Cobalt status in ruminant animals can be assessed by direct measurement of blood or tissue concentrations of cobalt or vitamin B12, as well as the level of methylmalonic acid, homocysteine or transcobalamin in blood; methylmalonic acid in urine; some variables hematological; food consumption or growth of animals. In general, it is assumed that the requirement for cobalt (Co) is expressed around 0.11 ppm (mg/kg) in the dry matter (DM) diet; current recommendations seem to advise increasing Co supplementation and placing it around 0.20 mg Co/kg DM. Although there is no unanimous criterion about milk production, fattening or reproductive rates in response to increased supplementation with Co, in some investigations, when the total Co of the diet was approximately 1 to 1.3 ppm (mg/kg), maximum responses were observed in the milk production.