Level Of Awareness Research Articles

대학생의 인구통계학적 특성과 ESG 인지 및 교육 유무에 따른 ESG 인식수준과 중요도 간의 차이연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in ESG awareness and importance among uni-versity students based on their demographic characteristics, as well as awareness and education regarding ESG. Methods The subjects of this study include 301 undergraduate students enrolled at a four-year university. Using SPSS 23.0, the characteristics of the study population were analyzed in terms of frequency (%), and the reliability coefficient, trend, and normality of the research variables were examined. Differences between groups were ana-lyzed by t-test and ANOVA, followed by Scheffé's post hoc test. Results The main research findings are as follows. First, there were no statistically significant differences in the levels of awareness and importance of ESG factors among groups of university students based on gender, age, and major. In terms of grade, the awareness levels for overall ESG perception, as well as for the E and G perception factors, were higher in the second year compared to the fourth year. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the perception level of S. Grade level showed statistically significant differences in both the im-portance of ESG and its subfactors, with juniors and seniors perceiving ESG as more important than freshmen. Second, the analysis of differences in ESG awareness levels and importance, based on whether university stu-dents are aware of ESG, revealed that across all factors, students who are aware of ESG showed higher levels compared to those who did not. Third, the analysis of differences in ESG awareness levels and importance based on whether university students received ESG education revealed that, across all factors, students who underwent ESG education showed higher levels compared to those who did not. Conclusions This study confirms the importance of ESG and education as perceived by university students. This article aims to propose approaches that focus on implementing ESG in universities.

Analysis of the relationship between fear of coronavirus and hand hygiene beliefs and practices of surgical nurses: A descriptive and cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to analyse the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and hand hygiene beliefs and practices of surgical nurses. This article is a descriptive correlational study. It was conducted between February and May 2021 with 306 surgical nurses working at public and private hospitals in Northern Cyprus. A personal information form, Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Hand Hygiene Belief Scale and Hand Hygiene Practices Inventory were used for data collection. Of the participants in the study, 25.41% were 29 years old or younger and 85.15% were female. The mean scores obtained from the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Hand Hygiene Belief Scale and the Hand Hygiene Practices Inventory were 23.12 ± 8.03, 81.33 ± 7.67 and 69.15 ± 1.94, respectively. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale scores were negatively correlated with the Hand Hygiene Belief Scale scores and positively correlated with the Hand Hygiene Practices Inventory scores. Hand hygiene practices were better for nurses with higher level of COVID-19 fear. Therefore, a high level of seriousness and awareness of nurses about hand hygiene, which was achieved during the COVID-19 pandemic, should be sustained to maintain proper hand hygiene practices.

Barriers and misconceptions hindering reduction of intestinal schistosomiasis in Mbita Sub-County, Western Kenya

BackgroundCommunity and individual participation are crucial for the success of schistosomiasis control. The World Health Organization (WHO) has highlighted the importance of enhanced sanitation, health education, and Mass Drug Administration (MDA) in the fight against schistosomiasis. These approaches rely on the knowledge and practices of the community to be successful; however, where the community knowledge is low and inappropriate, it hinders intervention efforts. Hence, it is essential to identify barriers and misconceptions related to awareness of schistosomiasis, sources of infection, mode of transmission, symptoms, and control measures.MethodsThis was a mixed-method cross-sectional study involving 1200 pre-school children randomly selected and examined for Schistosoma mansoni infection using the Kato-Katz technique. All parents/guardians of selected children were enrolled for a pre-tested questionnaire survey, while 42 were engaged in focus group discussions (FGDs). The level of knowledge and awareness among parents/guardians about schistosomiasis was evaluated in relation to the infection status of their pre-school children.ResultsAmong pre-school children, the prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis was 45.1% (95% CI 41.7–48.5). A majority of parents/guardians (85.5%) had heard about schistosomiasis, and this awareness was associated with the participant’s level of education (OR = 0.16, 95% CI 0.08, 0.34). In addition, a positive association was observed between higher educational attainment and knowledge of the causative agent (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.49, 0.96). Low education level was significantly associated with limited knowledge of transmission through lake water contact (OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.52, 0.97) and infection from the lake (OR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.19, 0.57). Notably, parents/guardians who have heard of schistosomiasis could not recognize symptoms of S. mansoni infection, such as abdominal pain (91.8%, 815/888) and blood in the stool (85.1%, 756/888). Surprisingly, 49.8% (442/888) incorrectly identified hematuria (blood in urine), a key sign of S. haematobium, but not S. mansoni, in an endemic area for S. mansoni infection. The majority (82.6%, 734/888) of parents/guardians were unaware that dams are potential infection sites, despite 53.9% (479/888) of their pre-school-aged children testing positive for schistosome infection.ConclusionsDespite the high level of awareness of intestinal schistosomiasis in the study area, we identified a low level of knowledge regarding its causes, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms and potential sites of transmission within the community. This study emphasizes the need for targeted educational interventions to address the misconceptions and knowledge gaps surrounding intestinal schistosomiasis through tailored community-based programs.

Differences in colorectal cancer awareness between screening eligible vs. ineligible Palestinians: a national cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to compare colorectal cancer (CRC) awareness between screening-eligible and ineligible individuals in Palestine. Convenience sampling was utilized to recruit Palestinian adults from diverse settings, including hospitals, primary healthcare centers and public spaces across 11 governorates. The evaluation of CRC awareness in terms of signs/symptoms, risk factors and causation myths was conducted using Arabic-translated, modified versions of the validated instruments, the Bowel Cancer Awareness Measure and the Cancer Awareness Measure-Mythical Causes Scale. The final analysis included 2698 participants, with 2158 (80.9%) eligible for CRC screening and 540 (19.1%) ineligible for it. The most recognized CRC sign/symptom was 'lump in the abdomen' in both screening-eligible (n = 386, 71.5%) and ineligible (n = 1582, 73.3%) groups. 'Lack of physical activity' was the most recognized risk factor in both groups (eligible: n = 451, 83.5%; ineligible: n = 1766, 81.8%). The most reported causation myth in both groups was 'having a physical trauma' (eligible: n = 340, 63.0%; ineligible: n = 1353, 62.7%). In the screening-eligible group, only 210 participants (38.9%) demonstrated high awareness of CRC signs/symptoms, 213 participants (39.4%) showed high awareness of CRC risk factors and only 46 participants (8.5%) displayed high awareness of CRC causation myths. There were no significant associations between being eligible for screening colonoscopy and the awareness levels of CRC signs/symptoms, risk factors and causation myths. Overall, awareness levels of CRC signs/symptoms, risk factors and causation myths were notably low among screening-eligible participants. There were no differences in awareness levels between individuals eligible for colonoscopy and those who were not.

Are retail investors willing to buy green bonds? A case for Japan

ABSTRACT With the growing importance of the financial sector in mitigating environmental pressure, many financial institutions have begun issuing green bonds. This study investigated retail investors’ willingness to pay for green bonds using the double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method. The findings from the survey performed on Japanese respondents reveal that, on average, respondents are willing to invest in green bonds when offered an annual interest rate of around 1.1%. The results also indicate that respondents with higher altruism and environmental awareness levels, information about green bonds, and frequent investors have a higher preference for investing in green bonds. The results suggest financial institutions’ importance in providing information on how green bonds can help reduce environmental pressure and raise investors’ awareness of green bonds.

Effectiveness of Gerontechnology Empowerment Program on Awareness and Use of Mobile Apps Among Older Adults for Instrumental Activities of Daily Living: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

Instrumental activities of daily living (iADLs) are crucial for older adults to live independently. Health care and technological advancements will increase the older adult population and life expectancy globally. Difficulties with iADLs impact older adults' quality of life. Mobile apps can assist older adults, but many require help due to limited awareness. Lack of awareness is a barrier to app use. Existing literature mainly covers health care and app design, needing more focus on iADL apps for older adults. The study objectives encompass 2 main aspects: first, to evaluate the awareness, use, and factors influencing the use of apps among older adults for iADLs; and second, to create and assess the effectiveness of a gerontechnology empowerment program (GEP) for older adults on the awareness and use of apps for iADLs. This research uses a quantitative approach divided into 2 distinct phases. In phase 1, we conduct a descriptive survey to assess the level of awareness and use of mobile apps for iADLs and identify the factors that influence the use of such apps among older adults. To ensure clarity and comprehension among participants, we provide them with a subject information sheet in both Kannada and English. The data collected during this phase enable us to gain insights into awareness levels, use patterns, and factors that shape older adults' use of apps for iADLs. The results serve as the foundation for designing the GEP. In phase 2, a cluster randomization method will be used to select older adults aged 60 to 75 years in Udupi district, Karnataka, India, who are active smartphone users. These participants will be divided into 2 groups: the experimental and the control groups. The experimental group will join the GEP. The sample size for phase 1 is 554, and phase 2 is 50. To assess the effectiveness of this program, we will measure the outcomes before and after its implementation using the same assessment tools used in phase 1. This study is funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research (Adhoc/193/2022/SBHSR on November 18, 2022). Phase 1 data collection is expected to be completed by November 2023, and phase 2 is scheduled to commence in the upcoming months. Phase 1 and 2 findings will be analyzed and discussed in the main paper, which we intend to submit to a high-quality peer-reviewed journal for publication. The research protocol, informed consent forms, and associated documentation received approval from institutional ethics committees (214/2020). Upon the successful testing of the GEP, it can be recommended that welfare departments encourage older adults to use mobile apps for iADLs and establish training programs to provide support to older adults in using these apps. Clinical Trials Registry - India CTRI/2020/09/027977; https://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?EncHid=NDUxMzM=&Enc=&userName=027977. DERR1-10.2196/53587.

Dementia Risk Awareness, Health Behaviors and Motivation for Dementia Prevention in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Türkiye.

This study aimed to investigate factors influencing motivation for dementia preventive behaviors in a population aged 40 and over. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study between December 2022 and May 2023, involving 483 participants in an online survey. We collected data on dementia risk awareness, healthy lifestyle choices, and motivation for dementia risk reduction. The majority of respondents, comprising 41.6%, demonstrated a moderate level of risk awareness, with 50.5% believing that prevention is beyond anyone's control. Motivations for lifestyle change were significantly higher in women (p < .001) and `participants with university degree education (p < .05). Regression analysis identified gender (female), education level (higher education), and dementia risk awareness, emerged as significant predictors of motivation to change lifestyle (beta: .138, beta: .136, beta: .114, p < .001, respectively). This study underscores the importance of risk awareness in motivating dementia prevention, suggesting avenues for future research to explore specific determinants of motivation to reduce dementia risks.

Industry sector’s influence on the narratives in environmental disclosures in the opinion of reports preparers. Evidence from Poland

The narrative phenomenon in accounting concerns, i.e., the disclosure of environmental information and the impression management of stakeholders. The study examines and assesses the dependence between the company’s industry of activity and the narration perception adopted by the preparers of environmental reports, in particular, the impression management techniques used. To achieve the purpose of the article, an in-depth survey was conducted covering a non-random sample of the employees of Polish enterprises involved in the preparation and reporting of environmental information. Contingency tables and association measures for categorical variables were used in the statistical analysis of the survey data. The analysis results of the collected empirical data confirmed that the company’s industry of activity impacts the way report preparers evaluate the scope and apply narrative strategies, especially impression management techniques. The research expands knowledge on the perception of the importance of environmental disclosures and the issue of environmental narrative practices from an enterprise perspective. The results of the analysis indicated a level of pro-environmental awareness and confirmed the knowledge of narrative strategies and techniques. This study contributes to the discussion on the effects of environmental narrative in accounting, offering yet another element of the current practice diagnosis in this area in Poland.

Expectations of emergency patients regarding triage system knowledge upon arrival: an interpretive study.

One of the most important aspects of healthcare knowledge is having a thorough understanding of the triage system which is used in emergency departments. This study aims to assess the level of awareness of Jordanian patients who visit the ED about the triage procedure. A descriptive, cross-sectional design was utilized in the emergency department at the biggest public hospital in Jordan. A convenience sample of a self-administrated questionnaire utilizing a Discounted Cash Flow Interview (DCF) survey was filled out. A total of 726 participants were recruited with a response rate of 90.8%. The mean age of the participants was M = 38.1 (SD = 12.9), and the age of the participants varied from 18 to 89years. More than half of the participants were male (n = 383, 52.8%) and married (n = 425, 58.5%). A significant relationship between the overall perception of knowing what a teaching hospital is and patients' educational level (X2 = 11.9, P < 0.003), current job (X2 = 25.2, P < 0.001), nationality (X2 = 7.20, P < 0.007), and family income (X2 = 15.9, P < 0.001). More investigation is required to determine the causes of the low knowledge of the triage system. The study suggests increasing staffing levels, giving nursing staff ongoing education and training, and integrating technology and automation to reduce the load of patient care.

Exploring Awareness and Understanding of Breast Cancer Risk Factors, Screening, and Treatment among Females in Pakistan

Purpose: Breast cancer is a pressing concern in Pakistan, ranking as the second leading cause of death among women. Despite its increasing incidence, it often lacks adequate attention from policymakers and healthcare professionals. This oversight could have severe consequences. To effectively tackle this health crisis, a thorough understanding of breast cancer's prevalence, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in Pakistan is crucial. Methodology: To assess the level of awareness and understanding of breast cancer among women, this study was conducted. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the outpatient department of Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi, involving 350 female patients. Data were collected using a pre-structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS Version 16.0. Findings: Descriptive statistics were used, and the results were expressed as percentages and presented graphically. The study found that 70% of women were aware of breast cancer. Furthermore, 74% of the patients were married, and 87% had children. Knowledge about signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer was relatively high among the women surveyed. However, only 23% of women had knowledge about performing breast self-examinations, and 18% had heard about mammography. This study provides valuable insights into breast cancer awareness and prevention behaviors among women in Pakistan, with significant implications for theory, policy, and practice. The findings highlight gaps in knowledge and awareness, particularly regarding breast self-examinations and mammography screenings. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: Policy implications stemming from the study results include the need for targeted awareness campaigns, educational programs, and screening initiatives to improve breast cancer awareness and preventive behaviors among women in Pakistan. Policymakers should allocate resources towards these efforts and integrate breast cancer education into existing healthcare services and community outreach programs to ensure widespread dissemination of information and access to screening services.

Knowledge, Perception, and Associated Factors of Electronic Cigarette Consumption Among the Saudi Population in Jeddah City.

Introduction Electronic cigarettes(e-cigarettes) are rising in popularity among young adults and teenagers. Previous studies have shown that among high and middle schoolers, the percentage of e-cigarette smokers was noticeably higher than tobacco cigarette smokers. Various research papers focusing on different communities have reported a low-to-moderate level of knowledge and awareness of e-cigarette's effects on health. E-cigarettes were initially advertised as devices to help people quit smoking, but the use of e-cigarettes in modern days has changed considerably. A big chunk of the population perceivedthat e-cigarettes have no harmful effects because they are nicotine-free and thus are used as a replacement for regular cigarettes rather than as a way to quit smoking. Objectives The study aimed to assess the perception of e-cigarette consumption and associated factors among the Saudi population in Jeddah city. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted on the Saudi population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, during the year 2023. The study assessed the participant's perceptions of e-cigarette consumption and its risk factors. A pre-existing online questionnaire created by Google Forms was distributed among the population through social media applications to collect data after obtaining their informed consent. Results A total of 515 participants were included in this study. Relatives and friends were the most common sources (54%) for information about e-cigarettes. Of the sample, 17.5% thought that e-cigarettes were safer than conventional cigarettes, 13.4% used e-cigarettes on a regular basis, and 65% had not smoked electronically before. Vaping pushed only 17.2% to try traditional tobacco cigarettes, and 25% stopped using traditional tobacco products after starting to smoke e-cigarettes. Gender, age group, and total family salary were the associated factors with the use of e-cigarettes. In addition, an association between the perception of e-smoking and its use was noticed, as well as a significant association between gender and withdrawal symptoms. Conclusion A minority of the participants perceived that e-cigarette smoking is safer than conventional methods of smoking. The majority did not practice e-smoking at all. Furthermore, results showed that relatives and friends were the most common sources of information. The findings from the correlation testing underscore several noteworthy associations within the studied population. Notably, gender, age, total family salary, and occupation exhibited statistically significant correlations with e-cigarette usage.

Childhood and Midlife Cultural Awareness and Activity Engagement Among Korean Married Couples.

Cultural reproduction theory posits that cultural resources are transmitted across generations, suggesting early parental influences on cultural experiences in adulthood. Further, cultural resources may be transferred within the same generation-through significant others, such as spouses. This study investigates cultural engagement among middle-aged adults, focusing on individual and spousal influences of childhood cultural engagement. A sample of 1,271 couples (age 49-66) from the 2012 Korean Baby Boomer Panel Study and the Korean Forgotten Generation Study was analyzed. Each respondent reported the number of arts and cultural activities (e.g., paintings, literature, and classical music) and levels of perceived cultural engagement (i.e., cultural awareness) during childhood and at midlife. Actor-Partner Interdependence Models (APIM) were estimated to examine how spouses' childhood and midlife cultural engagement were linked within couples. Findings showed that wives reported higher levels of activity participation and cultural awareness in childhood and midlife, compared to husbands. The APIM results indicated that beyond one's own childhood cultural engagement, spouse's childhood cultural awareness was associated with both levels of participation in arts and cultural activities (only for husbands) and cultural awareness (for both husbands and wives) at midlife. Cultural activities and awareness can be valuable assets to enhance overall well-being in later life. Given the cross-spousal associations in cultural engagement among Korean middle-aged couples, both spouses' cultural resources need to be considered for the design of interventions and policies to cultivate cultural competence and promote cultural engagement in adulthood.

Community Education and General Elections: Strategies to Enhance Political Awareness Based on Technology &amp; Community Participation Levels in Gorontalo Province

Community participation serves as a measure of success in conducting general elections, thus political participation must be optimized through building and developing political awareness among the populace through various efforts, including education and political advocacy based on information technology. This study aims to design a strategy to enhance technology-based political awareness and community participation levels in Gorontalo Province. The method employed in this study is qualitative, with data analysis utilizing the Miles and Huberman model. The study findings reveal that community political participation in local elections in Gorontalo Province has reached a satisfactory level, although there is still room for improvement. Community education on politics with a technology-based approach is also crucial, especially in addressing digital divides. By involving technology, political education can become more accessible to the populace. It is hoped that political participation will increase, voters will be better educated, and local democracy will become stronger. Communities engaged in politics have greater potential to influence policies, monitor the government, and uphold accountability. Technology-based political education is a progressive step towards achieving the goal of community awareness and participation in general elections. Keywords: Community Education, Elections, Awareness, Participation.

A STUDY ON IMPACT OF DIGITAL MARKETING IN BRAND AWARENESS

This study investigates the influence of digital marketing strategies on brand awareness among consumers. Through a comprehensive review of literature and empirical analysis, the study reveals the significant role played by various digital marketing channels such as social media, search engine optimization, and content marketing in enhancing brand visibility and recognition. The findings suggest that companies leveraging digital marketing effectively experience higher levels of brand awareness compared to those relying solely on traditional marketing approaches.

Analysing Visual Information (Colour, Symbol) of Waste Recycling Through the Principles of Gestalt Theory: Closure, Similarity and Continuation

This study provides an insight into the visual information (colours, symbols) of waste classification based on the three principles of closure, similarity and continuation of Gestalt theory. A field survey of Xiamen University Town in China and a survey of 1,000 local and international university students in the area were used to understand the level of awareness of visual information on waste recycling and segregation. The study found that the current level of awareness of visual classification information (colours, symbols) in the Xiamen University Town urban area and among students is low. Visual messages must convey accurate and standardised information such as colours and symbols. In addition, the purpose of this study was to illustrate the need for accuracy in visual information. This study concludes the need for uniform colour and symbol standards for waste recycling and segregation under the Gestalt theory to help achieve SDG goal 12, responsible consumption and production, as this study highlights the potential ripple effect on future stakeholders, especially considering the international mobility of university students, who epitomise global diversity. As users travelled across countries, ambiguous visual messages about waste classification became a key issue in responding to UN advocacy for a sustainable future. Addressing and correcting these visual discrepancies is critical to effective waste management strategies on a global scale.

Barriers to equitable healthcare services for under-five children in Ethiopia: a qualitative exploratory study

BackgroundDisparities in child healthcare service utilization are unacceptably high in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, little is known about underlying barriers to accessing child health services, especially among low socioeconomic subgroups and in remote areas. This study aims to identify barriers to equity in the use of child healthcare services in Ethiopia.MethodsData were obtained from 20 key- informant interviews (KII) and 6 focus group discussions (FGD) with mothers and care givers. This study was conducted in Oromia Region, Arsi Zone, Zuway Dugda District from June 1–30, 2023. The study participants for this research were selected purposively. The information was collected based on the principle of saturation after sixteen consecutives interview were conducted. Both KII and FGD were audio-recorded and complementary notes were taken to record observations about the participants’ comments and their interactions. Each interview and FGD data were transcribed word-for-word in the local Afaan Oromo and Amaharic languages and then translated to English language. Finally, the data were analyzed thematically using NVivo 14 software and narrated in the linked pattern of child health service utilization.ResultsThis study identified six major themes which emerged as barriers to healthcare utilization equity for caregivers and their -under-five children. Barriers related to equity in low level of awareness regarding need, low socioeconomic status, geographical inaccessibility, barriers related to deficient healthcare system, community perception and cultural restrictions, and barriers of equity related to political instability and conflict. The most commonly recognized barriers of equity at the community level were political instability, conflict, and a tremendous distance to a health facility. Transportation challenges, poor functional services, closure of the health facility in working hours, and lack of proper planning to address the marginalized populations were identified barriers of equity at organizational or policy level.ConclusionThis study showed that inequity in child healthcare utilization is an important challenge confronting Ethiopia. To achieve equity, policy makers and planners need to change health policy and structure to be pro-poor. It is also necessary to improve the healthcare system to increase service utilization and access for impoverished women, individuals with lower levels of education, and residents of isolated rural areas. Furthermore, context specific information pertaining to cultural barriers and political ecology are required.

Knowledge and Level of Awareness Regarding Breast Cancer and Practices of Breast Screening Methods Among Female Riyadh Citizens

Knowledge and Level of Awareness Regarding Breast Cancer and Practices of Breast Screening Methods Among Female Riyadh Citizens

Environmental awareness of university students in Colombia

The objective of this article was to evaluate the level of environmental awareness of university students in a peripheral region of southern Colombia. Environmental awareness was approached as a multidimensional variable consisting of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions. The study was quantitative, approached from the deductive method and descriptive type. The study population corresponded to young university students, and a non-probabilistic convenience sampling was used. For the environmental awareness variable, an instrument was developed with a Likert-type scale based on multiple research studies. The sample consisted of 527 university students. The reliability of the study was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability, while validity was analyzed with mean variance explained and confirmatory factor analysis, being in all cases satisfactory. As a result, modest levels of environmental awareness were evidenced in all dimensions, which is particularly worrying as most of the young people surveyed were between 18 and 25 years old, indicating low interest, knowledge, and availability for environmental issues among future professionals of the South Colombian region. The results were in line with certain results found in similar research reported in the literature. Nevertheless, the situation is worrisome because young students are the new generation of citizens. Acknowledgment This article was written within the framework of the Special Cooperation Agreement No. 230 of 2023 signed between the Universidad Surcolombiana and the Corporación Autónoma Regional del Alto Magdalena CAM in the project “Implementation of the SENDICAM Science Center as a strategy for the recognition, conservation and social appropriation of the natural heritage in the central and southern area of the department of Huila” BPIN 2021000100425.

Effectiveness of Blended IAET Model in Promoting Higher Vocational Students’ English Reading Comprehension: A Parallel Cluster-Randomized Controlled Study protocol

Background: Increasing efforts have been focused on improving higher vocational students’ English reading comprehension with blended teaching model. There is limited literature focused on improving higher vocational students’ reading comprehension through the typically designed teaching model. Intercultural awareness experiential teaching (IAET) model is designed for higher vocational English reading classes by integrating three levels of intercultural awareness reflected in the reading materials of the textbook into the blended teaching process. Aim: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the IAET model and to assess the impact of this model on promoting higher vocational English learners’ reading comprehension. Method: This study examines the improvement of higher vocational students reading comprehension using the intercultural awareness experiential teaching (IAET) model as an intervention. The intervention has been implemented for two months with two hours per week designed to improve higher vocational students’ reading comprehension in one higher vocational college of Henan province in China. 52 Students has been randomly assigned to the intervention group that will receive the IAET model and the control group with traditional teaching model. The feasibility was determined based on the effectiveness level of IAET model as measured by reading comprehension tests and semi-structured interviews. Independent sample T test and Welch t-test in SPSS 27 were used to compare the pretest and posttest reading comprehension scores in the control group and the experimental group. Findings: The findings showed that the IAET model has a large impact on the improvements of reading comprehension scores obtained from pre-test and post-test of the control group and the experimental group. Discussion: IAET model teaching method that can promote higher vocational English learners’ English reading comprehension systematically. During the implementation of IAET model, higher vocational English students have actively immersed themselves in cultural knowledge of reading materials and strive to comprehend them thoroughly. Moreover, the implementation of the online provision and practice tasks has also promoted students’ reading comprehension by utilizing their fragment time after classes. Contribution: The findings of this study provided an effective method for higher vocational English teachers to improve students’ reading comprehension systematically which is the implementing of the IAET model in China.

Determination of nursing students’ levels of cultural awareness, intercultural sensitivity, and their perspectives on culturally sensitive nursing care

Research problem/aim: This study aims to determine the levels of cultural awareness and cultural sensitivity among nursing students and explore their perspectives on culturally sensitive nursing care. Methods: The descriptive research was conducted with 332 students studying at a state university. Data collection instruments included a socio-demographic information form, intercultural sensitivity scale, cultural awareness scale, and a survey of perspesctives on culturally sensitive nursing care. Findings: Among the nursing students surveyed, 55.7% reported regular interactions with individuals from different cultural backgrounds, while 30.4% engaged with diverse cultures through social media. Furthermore, 56.0% expressed their interest in pursuing educational opportunities in foreign countries through student exchange programs, and 55.1% indicated a desire to work abroad after graduation. Only 3.3% of students reported receiving formal education on culturally sensitive patient care approaches, and 27.4% claimed to have prior experience in providing care to patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. During care provision to patients from diverse cultures, students acknowledged placing the highest emphasis on effective communication (24.4%), while paying the least attention to entertainment and social activities (0.3%). Students scored an average of 168.0±22.8 points on the Cultural Awareness Scale and 91.0±14.2 points on the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale. Analysis of students’ attitudes towards culturally sensitive nursing care revealed their strongest agreement with statements related to social justice, healthcare systems, and cultural practice standards. Conclusion: In the study, it has been determined that nursing students generally possess a moderate level of intercultural sensitivity and cultural awareness, and they mostly agreed to the standards for culturally compenent care. To enhance nursing students’ ability to provide culturally competent care, recommendations include the incorporation of simulation exercises, active teaching methods like standardized patient interactions in intercultural nursing education, the establishment of clinical practice environments that facilitate the application of theoretical knowledge, and support for students' interactions with individuals from various cultural backgrounds. (Extended English summary is at the end of this document) Özet Amaç: Bu çalışmada hemşirelik öğrencilerinin kültürel farkındalık ve kültürel duyarlılık düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve öğrencilerin kültüre duyarlı hemşirelik bakımına yönelik görüşlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel türde planlanan araştırma bir devlet üniversitesinde öğrenim görmekte olan 332 öğrenci ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın verileri yaş, cinsiyet, sınıf gibi bazı sosyo-demografik özellikleri ile farklı kültürler ile etkileşimi ele alan tanıtıcı bilgi formu, kültürlerarası duyarlılık ölçeği, kültürel farkındalık ölçeği ve kültüre duyarlı hemşirelik bakımına ilişkin görüş formu ile toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan hemşirelik öğrencilerinin %55.7’si başka kültürlerden bireylerle bir arada bulunduğunu, %30.4’ü sosyal medyada farklı kültürlerden bireylerle iletişim kurduğunu, %56.0’ı öğrenci değişim programları ile eğitim amaçlı farklı bir ülkeye gitmek istediklerini, %55.1’i ise mezun olduktan sonra yabancı bir ülkede çalışmayı düşündüklerini bildirmiştir. Öğrencilerin %3.3’ü farklı kültürden hastaya yaklaşım ile ilgili eğitim aldığını ve %27.4’ü farklı kültürden hastaya bakım verme deneyimi olduğunu belirtmiştir. Farklı kültürden hastaya bakım verirken en fazla iletişim %24.4, en az eğlence/sosyal aktivitelere %0.3 ilişkin özelliklere dikkat edildiği ve en fazla iletişim %22.3 alanında zorluk yaşandığı bildirilmiştir. Öğrenciler Kültürel Farkındalık Ölçeğinden 168.0±22.8 puan, Kültürlerarası Duyarlılık Ölçeğinden 91.0±14.2 puan almıştır. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin kültüre duyarlı hemşirelik bakımına yaklaşımları incelendiğinde öğrencilerin kültürel yeterli bakım için uygulama standartlarından sosyal adalet, sağlık bakım sistemleri ve kültürel uygulama standartlarına yönelik ifadelere en fazla katılım gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Araştırmada hemşirelik öğrencilerinin orta düzeyde kültürlerarası duyarlılık ve kültürel farkındalığa sahip olduğu ve kültüre yeterli bakıma yönelik standartlara çoğunlukla katıldıkları belirlenmiştir. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin kültürel olarak yeterli bakım sunabilmeleri için kültürlerarası hemşirelik eğitimlerinde simülasyon uygulamaları, standardize hasta gibi aktif öğretim yöntemlerinin kullanılması, hemşirelik öğrencilerinin teorik bilgilerini uygulamaya aktardıkları klinik uygulama ortamlarının düzenlenmesi ve öğrencilerin farklı kültürlerden bireylerle etkileşimlerinin sağlanması önerilmektedir.