Level Of Agricultural Production Research Articles

Pendugaan Tingkat Produktivitas Lahan untuk Tanamanan Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis jacq) di Kabupaten Bangka dan Bangka Barat

The aimed of this research was to find out the level of agricultural land productivity with Storie Index Method and predict oil palm productivities based on land productivity. This research had been done since May until August 2014 at Bangka and West Bangka District. The landuse consisted with forest, crop fields, plantation, paddy soils and heath. The slopes consisted with vary on declivity; 0-8 %, 8-15 %, 25-40 % dan > 40 %, meanwhile the soil’s great group consisted with Haplohemists, Hapludox, Endoaquepts, Hydraquent, Udipsamments dan Dystrudepts. The district was on two type of rain fall, there was 2750 and 3000 mm/year. Analisys unit was land units that build from overlay those land variable. There was 24 land unit as research analisys unit. Data analisys used Storie Index Rating as parametrics approach. The result of this research showed that the level of productivity in Bangka and West Bangka District was excellent, good, moderate, and poor. The most extensive land quality is at grade 3 or medium quality is amounted to 394.668, 97 Ha or 70,49 % of total areas. Based on land productivity levels, productivity of oil palms counted that higher potential was in medium class with productivities range 11-18 tonnes/Ha/years. This area was speard 536.242,34 Ha or 95,78 % of total areas.Key words: Land productivity, storie index, oil palm productivities

Исследование влияния государственной поддержки на основные показатели развития агропромышленного комплекса России

Characteristics of the process to support the agricultural sector of the Russian economy are being analyzed in the article on the basis of a comprehensive scientific study. The theoretical and methodological aspects of the support process of the agrarian sector of the economy, based on in-depth analysis of scientific papers of Russian scientists investigating the processes of support and development of this sector are being researched. Existing legal documents, programs in the agricultural sector at the federal and regional levels are being analyzed. Level of support for the agricultural sector, revealed the relationship between the amount of support and the level of production is being carefully studied. Macroeconomic data describing the current level of agricultural production in Russia, the dynamics of the volume of imported food, the trend of the main branches of the Russian agricultural sector, considering regional experience in the development of the agrarian sector as an example of the Saratov region are being presented. The article emphasizes the need to improve the process of supporting the agricultural sector of the Russian economy, due to increased volume and the need to improve its efficiency.

Method of mathematical modeling in the meliorative geography and recreation

The actuality of the problem is determined by dependence of agriculture on the natural factors, and in particular, on the weather-climate conditions. All components of natural-agromeliorative systems and in particular hydrometeorological factors take an active part in the formation of agricultural crops. When solving these questions, it is necessary to have an objective estimation of the influence of the different factors including weather and climate on the level of agricultural production. This will allow us to determine contribution of various indicators of agro-meteorological conditions in the estimation of cereal harvest more reasonably. In this connection, the research of the weather-climatic conditions influence on the vegetation of agricultural crops in general and in the conditions of grain farming development in Kharkiv region, in particular.The method of mathematical modeling was chosen to study the problems formulated in the work. The study of the phenomena of nature and human activity without the use of mathematical methods is considered one-sided, because it does not take into account one of the important aspects of any study - the side of quantitative relationships and appropriateness. The result of the research is an analysis of statistical indicators of agricultural crops harvest and hydrometeorological conditions in Kharkiv region during the period 1972-2016.Having analyzed these indicators, we have determined that the quantitative dependence of the crop on the number of dry days is a complex nonlinear multi-parameter. At the same time, close connection between the harvest of corn and sugar beets with weather conditions was very significant, as indicated by the large correlation coefficient between them, which is equal to 0.87-0.90.We have worked out a hypothesis about the form of functional dependence between these components. Using method of mathematical modeling to analyze the spatio-temporal structure of natural-anthropogenic phenomenon development allows us to unify the hydrometeorological characteristics, and it can be used in different fields of science, in particular, in recreational geography.It is noted that recreational geography is the newest branch of knowledge, where mathematical methods occupy an important place in scientific research. The model of the natural-recreational system is proposed in the work. This allows us to introduce a complex study of interdisciplinary connections of investigated objects. The feature of the model is in the fact that it allows to cover all levels of the systems development from planning, designing and creating recreational systems, to estimation and forecast of their functioning.The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the extended concept of the natural-recreational system is formulated, and the principles and methods of research, in particular, the method of mathematical modeling, allow us to consider the system as a holistic natural-anthropogy of formation. The methodical approach provides the interdisciplinary level of research of the natural-recreational system. It is possible to study the systemic nature of the system components connections.The practical value of the work focuses on the agricultural sector. The discovery of quantitative estimation of crops harvest dependence on weather factors allows us to calculate crop yields in each particular case. This technique can form the basis for forecasting crop yields.

Industrial Policy and the Timing of Trade Liberalization

In a closed (open) economy with a learning-by-doing externality in the manufacturing sector, Matsuyama (1992) found a positive (negative) link between the level of agricultural productivity and economic growth. We extend that framework by introducing a labor subsidy to induce industrialization. We make three contributions to the existing literature. First, we show that a comparative advantage in manufacturing is not a necessary condition for a small open economy to industrialize. Relative sectoral TFP growth determines whether the fraction of labor in manufacturing increases over time. Second, the timing of trade liberalization determines structural development and the use of a labor subsidy can allow a small open economy to industrialize early. Third, we analyze the labor subsidy when there is trade among two open economies. We find that there exists a unique subsidy which enables both economies to industrialize. Therefore, a country with a comparative advantage in producing the manufactured good could benefit from their trading partner using labor subsidies compared to not trading with them at all.

Export Tariffs Combined with Public Investments As a Forest Conservation Policy Instrument

The forest conservation policy instrument REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) is designed to compensate governments of tropical countries for their efforts to conserve forests. Food insecure countries that are specialized in agriculture and have weak institutions, are likely to face difficulties to enforce forest conservation. This article explores how far export tariffs on agricultural goods combined with public investments, could be used as a forest conservation policy mix in such contexts. We first show empirically that structural constraints to forest conservation policies are particularly pronounced in one third of countries where REDD programs are planned to be rolled out. We then develop a two sector competing land use model with a domestic food producing and an exporting agricultural sector. We show that it is possible to combine export tariffs with public investments such that deforestation decreases, while agricultural production levels and food prices remain constant.

METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS FOR FORMING THE MARKETING STRATEGY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ECOLOGIZATION

The purpose of the article is the investigation of the nature, objectives, and strategic categories of ecologization marketing strategy, development of algorithm of this strategy and determination of environmental, economic, and ecological instruments of implementation of this strategy in the agricultural sector. Methodology. The basis of the formation of a marketing strategy for the ecologization of agrarian production is the systematic approach, which is based on the existence of implementation mechanisms that ensure system consistency, its purposefulness; interdependence; and complexity of its elements, which determines the integrity of the system; all tasks that execute individual elements of the system are interconnected; system elements and their associated actions have a certain subordination that builds a hierarchy; the system changes under the influence of specific factors, which determines its dynamism; the ability of the system to adapt to the variability of the external environment, while not losing its own individuality. Methods for strategic analysis of macro- and micro-environment factors were used to form the marketing strategy of ecologization. This process involves an analytical evaluation of the parameters of the external and internal environment with the help of general scientific and applied methods of strategic analysis. Results. The article explored the ecologization strategy, presented its objectives in the field of agriculture, the basic categories of strategic directions and implementation of ecologization marketing strategies. An algorithm of environmental marketing strategies in agricultural production is developed, environmental, economic and environmental and economic tools to implement them are determined. Practical implications. It is determined that marketing strategy of ecologization of agrarian production is a strategy of innovative development that can solve problems of economic growth, an increase of competitiveness of the agrarian industry, provide a high quality of life, national security, environmental protection, and high technical level of agricultural production in Ukraine. Value/originality. This marketing strategy is capable of ensuring the principle of unity for economic and ecological processes in the management of agricultural production and promoting radical restructuring of the relationship of the production process from the environment. This strategy takes into account the environmental factor in the economic activities of agrarian enterprises and aims at creating environmental products and services in agricultural production.

Why Large Farms Dominate and Rural Areas Struggle in Slovakia

After 1989, Slovak agricultural sector was transformed from centrally planned economy to the market economy. Before 1989 farms in Slovakia were large cooperatives and state farms with large acreage, without existence of private companies. Agriculture in Slovakia has also currently different structure compared to agriculture in old EU member states. The majority of UAA (75%) is cultivated by large farms – agricultural holdings – with 1200 ha per farm on average. Therefore, although subsidies in form of direct payments per hectare are lower than in old EU member states, the payment per farm is one of the biggest in EU. In the paper, we analyse the effect of large farms on rural employment, wages, agricultural production and profitability of large farms. The analysis is based on individual farm data in the period 1994 to 2014 in Slovakia. The results show from that steep decrease in employment, low wages and low level of agricultural production of large farms is one of the reasons for disparities in development of rural areas and urban areas in Slovakia.

An assessment of farmers’ satisfaction with land consolidation performance in China

Rural land consolidation has been a very important and efficient development tool all over the world for a century and is now an indispensable instrument for rural sustainable development in China. The Chinese central government has devoted large sums of money to rural consolidation projects each year in an effort to help protect cultivated land, to improve agricultural production, to enhance the socio-economic development of rural communities, and to help build rural landscapes. However, little attention has been paid to evaluating the performance of land consolidation projects from the view of community members, which is sorely needed. Household satisfaction with land consolidation projects is a key indicator of consolidation performance. Understanding the factors that influence household satisfaction is an effective way of dealing with problems in the interactions between land restructuring and human behaviors in rural areas and can help improve project performance. This paper examines the performance of land consolidation in terms of rural households’ levels of satisfaction in rural China and analyses the most influential factors of satisfaction. Data were gathered via questionnaires and analyzed with a probit model. Results indicated three significant points. First, overall satisfaction rate was 76.5%, meaning that most rural households in the regions of Hangzhou, Changsha, and Guiyang were satisfied with land consolidation projects. Second, 11 factors significantly affected rural residents’ satisfaction with consolidation. These factors included farmers’ level of education, employment characteristics, family size, input level of agricultural production, agricultural produce transportation methods, level of agricultural mechanization, the characteristics of land transfer in the village and within their own families, the perceived importance of land consolidation, their level of social insurance support, and their participation in rural production cooperatives. Third, six of these factors had positive effects on performance; four had negative effects, and one (employment characteristics) demonstrated a significant influence.

Urbanization and Rural Development in the Peoplees Republic of China

This paper presents research findings on how urbanization enhances productivity and economic growth in both urban and rural sectors. Through agglomeration effects, employment opportunities and income levels can largely increase. In addition, the mechanisms of sharing, matching, and learning are much stronger in cities, especially large cities. However, in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), urbanization lags far behind industrialization. Institutional barriers against rural-to-urban and inter-regional migration, such as the hukou system, have reduced the ability of urban growth to absorb rural labor. As for rural development, urbanization has propelled agricultural productivity, rural income, and consumption levels. Moreover, agricultural productivity is driven to a large extent by capital accumulation, through capital deepening and remittance. Agricultural organizations, urbanization, and outflow of migrant workers make it possible for large-scale production and agricultural mechanization to occur.

English

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) has a great economic importance in tropical and subtropical countries, Brazil being one of the largest producers of papaya  in the world. This crop requires a considerable amount of water during its cycle, making proper irrigation management essential for optimal water use. Improving water-use efficiency can increase levels of agricultural production as well as the efficient use of water resources in semi-arid regions.The aim of this work was to evaluate productivity and water-use efficiency of irrigation inpapaya. The research was carried out in the Curupatiirrigation Perimeter, located in the semi-arid region of Brazil. The volume of water applied to the crop was quantified by calculating the number of operating hours of the pump unit supplying the irrigated lot, determining the flow rate of the emitters used in the irrigation system, and evaluating the soil moisture profile.The total volume of water applied was 2,663,296.20 m3, for a yield that ranged from 80 to 106 t ha-1. For water-use efficiency, it was found that for each kilogram of papaya produced, 1,042 m3 of water were consumed, giving a productivity of 0.95 kg m3. The water-use efficiency was affected by the different types of soil in the irrigation perimeter. Key words: Water-use efficiency, irrigation management, irrigated agriculture, production, Carica papaya L.

Differential impacts of rainfall and irrigation on agricultural production in Nigeria: Any lessons for climate-smart agriculture?

The rain-fed agriculture system is vulnerable to climate change impact. However, such impact may also vary by aggregate and sub-sectoral levels of agricultural production. The impact of climate change and variability on agricultural production would engender appropriate policies and practices towards a sustainable agricultural production system. We investigated the differential impacts of rainfall and irrigation on agricultural production in Nigeria, and drew lessons for climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in Nigeria. Using time series data that spanned 43 years and econometric analytical technique, we quantified the differential impacts of rainfall and irrigation on aggregate production and sub-sectors (all crops, staples, livestock, fisheries and forestry). Irrigation had positive and significant impact on aggregate agricultural production as well as all sub-sectors of agriculture. These findings suggest the need for the minimization of the impact of climate-induced production risks through CSA which would involve complementary development of more arable land areas under irrigation in Nigeria. Irrigation would also enhance complementary agricultural water management for the development of all the sub-sectors of agriculture, thereby enhancing food security and sustainable agricultural production under prevailing climate change and variability.

California's Water Paradox: Why Enough Will Never Be Enough

California’s Water Paradox: Why Enough Will Never Be Enough 1 Doug Parker University of California, California Institute for Water Resources Faith Kearns University of California, California Institute for Water Resources These days it seems everyone is looking for a silver bullet solution to California’s drought. Some advocate increasing supply through more storage, desalination, or reuse. Others recom- mend controlling demand through conservation or restriction of water use by urban and agricul- tural users. Rarely do proponents of these single solutions seem to fully appreciate the complexi- ty of California’s water situation. The fact is that in this large, semi-arid state water is intimately tied to every aspect of life. Over time, we have consistently increased supply and reduced demand to support a growing population and higher levels of agricultural production. A good rule of thumb when it comes to California drought solutions is “If it were simple, it would already have been done.” To understand California’s water situation, one must recognize a fundamental paradox: enough will never be enough. We are a land-rich, water-limited state. Increased supply leads to more demand, which makes answers to California’s water challenges complex, involving a com- bination of policy, technology, and conservation. The Consumption Paradox California is blessed with an abundance of productive agricultural land and a climate that al- lows us to grow crops that thrive in only a few places in the world. The state’s agricultural sector is also its largest consumer of water, and abundant water supplies have helped create an incredi- ble agricultural industry that leads the world in production. At the same time, given the size of the state, we will always have more land available to bring into production than we will have wa- ter to put on it. This paradox—that enough water will never be enough—means that efforts to increase the supply of water or reduce the demand for water will ultimately lead to more agricultural lands being brought into production, more water for cities to grow, and more water to remain in streams to ensure a healthy environment. But eventually we will face a new drought, and water supplies will again be inadequate to meet the new, higher levels of demand. This article originally appeared at “The Conversation” .

Economic dynamics of tissue cultured strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa) under the influence of integrated plant nutrients in humid sub tropical hills of North Eastern India

Satisfactory and sustainable level of agricultural production can be achieved by combined application of inorganic fertilizers with organic manures, bio-fertilizers, bio-regulators and vermicompost. A field experiment was conducted during 2010-12 at experimental farm, Department of Horticulture, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Mizoram University, Aizawl, India, to find out the profitability of tissue cultured strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) (cv. Festival) cultivation by using various integrated plant nutrient system (IPNS) combining inorganic fertilizers with organic manures, bio-fertilizers and bio-regulators. The response of IPNS on economics of strawberry indicated that the overall cost of cultivation as well as economics of strawberry production was significantly influenced by integration of various components. Among the different treatments, the highest expenditure of Rupees 2 077 576.83/ha was incurred in 100% RDF + vermicompost as against the lowest in control. With respect to the income, the highest net income of Rupees 7 298 119.27/ha was obtained in 75 % RDF + vermicompost + Azospirillum + PSB + 50 ppm GA3+50 ppm BA. The same treatment also recorded the highest cost benefit ratio of 1: 3.51.

Developmental Setbacks in North-East India: The Role of Bank Credit

While looking at social and economic indicators of growth, this study shows that a majority of the North-Eastern States (NES), comprising eight states, have been lagging behind the all-India average, even though historically this was not the case. Assam, till 1970–1973, had achieved higher agricultural productivity and lower levels of poverty when compared to the national average. Currently though, lower agricultural productivity and a negligible share of manufacturing in the gross domestic product (GDP) of the North-East can be considered as the main reasons for the decline in the development of the region. On examination, the slow rate in the inflow of capital investment in the traditional factors of production appears to be responsible for the lack of establishment of industries and for discouraging the spirit of entrepreunership. To form private capital, bank credit plays a pivotal role and the article shows that the NES as a whole trails far behind in availing bank credit when compared with the rest of the country. The unstable law and order situation in the NES, along with restrictions on entry, issue of trade licenses and ownership of land has negated the theory which stipulates that ‘higher rates of profit attracts further investment’. All these factors have impacted the growth of profit and affected investment decisions in North-East India.

Prioritizing conservation for the reduction of Gulf hypoxia using an environmental performance index

The annual growth of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico is largely attributed to agricultural nutrient loadings that originate from the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB). To effectively target conservation efforts throughout the entire MARB in order to reduce Gulf hypoxia, strategies to rank areas according to their impact on both agricultural production and ecosystem services are extremely important. In this paper, we utilize an Environmental Performance Index (EPI) to rank regions within the MARB according to their environmental performance, that is, their ability to produce agricultural outputs while minimizing nutrient loadings to the Gulf of Mexico. We compare our index rankings to previously used rankings of delivered yields alone and find the spatial distribution of rankings changes considerably when accounting for agricultural productivity. For example, the Corn Belt regions of central Iowa and northern Illinois no longer make up the lowest performing regions of the MARB after accounting for their high levels of agricultural production. Instead, regions along the Missouri river including central Missouri, western Iowa, and southeastern South Dakota as well as areas near the Ohio river including southern Illinois, western Kentucky, and southern Ohio now count among the lowest performing regions using the EPI ranking scheme. We suggest that incorporation of economic production value into large-scale prioritization of agricultural conservation within the MARB is essential to effectively reduce Gulf hypoxia while maintaining food security from efficient farm production.

To what extent could edge effects and habitat fragmentation diminish the potential benefits of land sparing?

Land sharing and land sparing are contrasting proposals for minimising the impacts of agriculture on wild species. Edge effects (biophysical gradients near habitat boundaries) might reduce population sizes on spared land, particularly in highly-fragmented landscapes, so might change conclusions about whether land sparing or land sharing is better for species' persistence. We assessed this possibility by modelling the population sizes of 120 Ghanaian bird species in the presence of a range of hypothetical edge effects under land-sparing and land-sharing strategies, and at different levels of habitat fragmentation and agricultural production. We found that edge effects can reduce population densities on spared land, and in highly-fragmented landscapes can – at modest levels of agricultural production combined with high edge penetration distances – cause the optimal strategy to switch from land sparing to land sharing. Nevertheless, land sparing maximised population sizes for more species in most cases tested. This conclusion was best supported for sensitive species with small global geographical ranges, which are likely to include those of greatest future conservation concern. The size of patches of spared land affected conservation outcomes: population sizes were maximised under a land-sparing strategy that spared large blocks of natural habitat of ~1000 or, better, ~10,000ha. To effect land sparing in practice would require policies that promoted both increases in agricultural yield and the establishment or protection of natural habitats on spared land. Because the optimum scale of patches of spared land for edge-sensitive species is generally larger than the size of individual farms, policies that facilitate coordinated action by farmers or other land managers might be required.

Estimation of the size of the external land patchwork based on test areas in podkarpackie voivodship in Poland

The article presents the results of estimation of the external land patchwork size in villages Konieczkowa and Lutcza, in the Niebylec commune, in Strzyżów district. The authors analyze the relationship between the number of owners, number of the register plots in relation to the individual farms land area in the outer patchwork of land in analyzed villages. The patchwork of land is one of the major factors that have a negative impact on the organization and the level of agricultural production. It is also alongside the fragmentation and fragmentation of plots, one of the factors slowing down real estate cadastre reforms in Poland. It adversely affects the character of cadastral data. The cause of the fragmentation of land in the analyzed villages and the presence of a large number of external non-resident land owners were the demographic processes such as overpopulation of the countryside. Therefore, a phenomenon commonly observed in the region, have become migrations of people to cities in search of work or emigration from the country.

Quantification of the Effect of Subsidies on the Production Performance of the Slovak Agriculture

Abstract Almost every country was heading a large portion of their income on agricultural subsidies. The agricultural subsidies are an essential aspect of agriculture and play an important role in international trade. A policy to support farming incomes in the European Union is called the Common Agricultural Policy. It is the complicated policy that includes many tools. An impact of policy of EU agricultural support on the economic performance of agricultural enterprises is therefore an interesting question, especially for policy makers. The agriculture in Slovakia has undergone significant changes, not only in terms of its position in the national economy, but also in terms of its importance at the regional level. There are still persistent differences between better and worse natural conditions as well as economic and social differences with a possible impact on the level of gross agricultural production in different regions of Slovakia. The aim of this paper is to quantify the dependence of agricultural production from the subsidies granted in the context of regions under the NUTS III classification. For the calculation, we used Pearson correlation coefficient that determines the direction and rate of statistical dependence force of two numeric variables. The analysis confirmed our assumption, the result of which is that between amount of gross agricultural production and the volume of subsidies granted is a strong correlation.

Research on the Development of Rural Family Farm: A Case Study of Shandong Province in China

In recent years, the rural family farms in Shandong Province of China have been developing very fast. They have achieved remarkable economic effects on improving the technical and equipment level of agricultural production, farmers’ professional quality, the efficiency of land production and farmers’ income-increase, etc. However, there also exist the problems of non-smooth land transfer, unclear farm recognition-standard, more difficult loan-financing, imperfect social service and so on. This paper suggests that measures should be taken to deepen the reform of the rural land system, perfect the land transfer mechanism, clarify the family farms confirmed standards, improve the family farms and financing system, perfect the socialized service system, and thus create a relaxed environment and conditions for the development of family farms in order to promote its healthy development.

Phosphorus in agriculture, a limited resource.

Abstract Phosphorus (P) is a non-substitutable agricultural nutrient. Traditionally, agriculture was underpinned by natural processes leading to the release of phosphates which are available to crops, phosphate deposition from flooding and air, and often also by the recycling of organic residues. In parts of the world, these traditional P resources came to be viewed as a limiting factor to agricultural production in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Feeding the current world population is dependent on these traditional P resources plus phosphate rock, which is the product of slow geological processes. Current practices are characterized by substantial P losses from agricultural soils, limited P use efficiency and limited recycling of organic residues to such soils. Continuation of such practices at current agricultural production levels will lead to a depletion of phosphate rock resources. Other potential P resources, such as P in steelmaking slags and landfills, seem relatively small if compared with phosphate rock resources. Phosphorus resources are limited but estimates regarding the timespan for depletion of phosphate rock resources vary much: between about 80 and about 1800 years at the current rate of mining. Phosphorus resources can be conserved by increased recycling of P to agricultural soils, reducing losses from agricultural soils and by improving the efficiency of P use in agriculture.