Acceptable Level Of Risk Research Articles

Occurrence of N-nitrosamines in the atmosphere and human health risk: A case study in an urban area of Chuncheon, Gangwon State, South Korea

This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of eight nitrosamines (NAs) in particulate (PM2.5) and gaseous phases and assess the human health risk associated with these compounds in an urban area of Chuncheon, Gangwon State, South Korea, across four sampling seasons. The findings revealed that the total concentrations of eight NAs measured during the sampling period exceeded the public health recommendation of 0.3 ng/m3 provided by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, indicating a potential human health risk from NA exposures. In particular, the average total NA concentration observed in the gaseous samples during the winter of 2021 was 18.1 ± 6.46 ng/m3. The primary emission sources could potentially impact the concentrations of NAs in the atmosphere due to their significant positive correlation with primary emission species such as NO2, CO, and SO2. Moreover, the levels of particulate NAs during the summer were negatively correlated with O3, suggesting that their formation might be influenced by ozonation in the aqueous aerosol phase. In addition, the total NA concentrations measured in the gaseous phase were four to six times higher than those measured in the PM2.5 phase throughout the sampling period. Thus, domestic sources have the potential to impact the pollution levels of the research area more significantly than long-range atmospheric transport. In particular, the highest concentrations of NAs in the gas phase were observed during the winter, while the lowest concentrations were recorded in the summer, possibly influenced by photolysis. Nevertheless, the study suggested that tertiary amines might contribute to the presence of gaseous NAs in sunlight. Consequently, further studies focusing on the occurrence of tertiary amines in the gas phase should be considered. The cumulative lifetime cancer risks estimated from inhalation exposure exceeded the acceptable risk level of 10⁻6 for all age groups across all four seasons. Therefore, it is crucial to implement effective control measures to mitigate potential health risks associated with exposure to NAs.

Bootstrapping for Estimating the Conservative Kill Ratio of the Surrogate to the Pathogen for Use in Thermal Process Validation at the Industrial Scale

A surrogate is commonly used for process validations. The industry often uses the target log cycle reduction for the test (LCRTest) microorganism (surrogate) to be equal to the desired log cycle reduction for the target (LCRTarget) microorganism (pathogen). When the surrogate is too conservative with far greater resistance than the pathogen, the food may be overprocessed with quality and cost consequences. In aseptic processing, the Institute for Thermal Processing Specialists recommends using relative resistance (DTarget)/(DTest) to calculate LCRTest (product of LCRTarget and relative resistance). This method uses the mean values of DTarget and DTest and does not consider the estimating variability. We defined kill ratio (KR) as the inverse of relative resistance.The industry uses an extremely conservative KR of 1 in the validation of food processes for low-moisture foods, which ensures an adequate reduction of LCRTest, but can result in quality degradation. This study suggests an approach based on bootstrap sampling to determine conservative KR, leading to practical recommendations considering experimental and biological variability in food matrices. Previously collected thermal inactivation kinetics data of Salmonella spp. (target organism) and Enterococcus faecium (test organism) in Non-Fat Dried Milk (NFDM) and Whole Milk Powder (WMP) at 85, 90, and 95°C were used to calculate the mean KR. Bootstrapping was performed on mean inactivation rates to get a distribution of 1000 bootstrap KR values for each of the treatments. Based on minimum temperatures used in the industrial process and acceptable level of risk (e.g., 1, 5, or 10% of samples that would not achieve LCRTest), a conservative KR value can be estimated. Consistently, KR increased with temperature and KR for WMP was higher than NFDM. Food industries may use this framework based on the minimum processing temperature and acceptable level of risk for process validations to minimize quality degradation.

Health risk assessment of exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in a vehicle manufacturing industry in Iran

IntroductionConsidering the adverse carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and specially Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylenes (BTEX) which are widely used in vehicle manufacturing industry, it is clear that monitoring and control of occupational exposure to these substances is of utmost significance. More often than not the studies on occupational exposure to VOCs in vehicle manufacturing industry—specifically BTEX—have been carried out exclusively in paint shop units. The purpose of this study was to assess occupational BTEX exposure & health risk in different units of a vehicle manufacturing industry.Material and methodsFoam injection unit (FIU), gluing unit (GU), repair shop unit (RSU), molding unit (MU) as well as paint shop units (PSU) were selected for this study. Sampling and analysis were conducted based on National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 1501 guidelines by utilizing MSA personal sampling pumps set to 0.2 l/m and Gas Chromatography equipped with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). Risk characterization and assessment was performed using Environmental Protection Agency Risk Assessment Information System (EPA RAIS).Results and conclusionThe results revealed that the concentration of benzene in gluing and paint shop units was above occupational exposure limits. Carcinogenic risk levels in 8 out of 10 units registered in the 1E-2 to 1E-4 range, and only two units registered a risk level below EPA’s acceptable risk level (10–6). The highest risk levels were measured in gluing, paint shop and repair shop units. Furthermore, the total non-carcinogenic hazard quotient was measured higher than 1 in 8 out of 10 studied units. Considering the abundance and wide use of VOCs -most notably BTEX- and the adverse carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects of these compounds, it is advised to: change the type of paint used in paint shops, improve the existing ventilation systems, develop new and more efficient ventilation systems and conduct consistent training.

Assessment of antibiotic-resistant infection risks associated with reclaimed wastewater irrigation in intensive tomato cultivation

Agricultural irrigation using reclaimed urban wastewater (RWW) represents a sustainable practice to meet the ever-increasing water stress in modern societies. However, the occurrence of residual antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in RWW is an important human health concern. This study applied for the first time a novel Simple-Death dose-response model to the field data of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. collected from three greenhouses for cultivation of tomatoes irrigated with RWW. The model estimates the risk of infection by enteropathogenic E. coli associated with consumption of tomatoes and the risk of eye-infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cultivation soil through hand-to-eye contacts. The fraction of antibiotic resistant (AR)-E. coli measured in irrigation water and AR-Pseudomonas spp. in soil was incorporated in the model to estimate the survival of ARB and antibiotic susceptible bacteria in the presence of trace level of antibiotics in human body. The results showed that the risk of E. coli infection through consumption of tomatoes irrigated with RWW is within the WHO and USEPA recommended risk threshold (<10−4); Pseudomonas aeruginosa eye-infection risk is at or below the acceptable risk level. The presence of residual antibiotic in human body reduced the overall risk probabilities of infections but selectively enhanced the survival of ARB in comparison to their susceptible counterparts, which resulted in antibiotic untreatable infection. Therefore, the outcomes of this study call for a new risk threshold for antibiotic untreatable infections and highlight the key importance of adopting work safety measures for better human health protection.

Health risk assessment for soil radioactivity around Shidaowan nuclear power plant in Shandong, China.

Monitoring radioactivity levels in the environment around nuclear power plants is of great significance to assessing environmental safety and impact. Shidaowan nuclear power plant is currently undergoing commissioning; however, the baseline soil radioactivity is unknown. The naturally occurring radionuclides 238U, 232Th, 226Ra and 40K, and artificial radionuclide (AR) 137Cs in soil samples around the Shidaowan nuclear power plant were measured to establish the baseline levels. Human health hazard indices such as external hazard indices (Hex), Radium equivalent (Raeq), outdoor absorbed dose rate (Dout), annual effective dose (AED) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were estimated. The average concentration of 232Th, 40K, 137Cs, 238U and 226Ra were 42.6±15, 581±131, 0.68±0.38, 40.13±9.07 and 40.8±12.8Bq per kg, respectively. The average Hex, Raeq, Dout, AED and ELCR were 0.40, 146Bq per kg, 68.8 nGy per h, 0.09mSv per y and 3.29E-04, respectively. These data showed an acceptable level of risk to residents near the nuclear power plant and that the current radioactivity in the soil may not pose immediate harm to residents living close to the nuclear power plant. The observed lower AED and 40K and 137Cs concentrations were comparable to other studies, whilst ELCR was higher than the world average of 2.9E-04. The commissioning of the Shidaowan nuclear power plant is potentially safe for the surrounding residents; further continuous monitoring is recommended.

Evaluation of the risk of occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs in healthcare sector: part II - the application of the FMECA method to compare manual vs automated preparation.

Healthcare workers handling antineoplastic drugs (ADs) in preparation units run the risk of occupational exposure to contaminated surfaces and associated mutagenic, teratogenic, and oncogenic effects of those drugs. To minimise this risk, automated compounding systems, mainly robots, have been replacing manual preparation of intravenous drugs for the last 20 years now, and their number is on the rise. To evaluate contamination risk and the quality of the working environment for healthcare workers preparing ADs, we applied the Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) method to compare the acceptable risk level (ARL), based on the risk priority number (RPN) calculated from five identified failure modes, with the measured risk level (MRL). The model has shown higher risk of exposure with powdered ADs and containers not protected by external plastic shrink film, but we found no clear difference in contamination risk between manual and automated preparation. This approach could be useful to assess and prevent the risk of occupational exposure for healthcare workers coming from residual cytotoxic contamination both for current handling procedures and the newly designed ones. At the same time, contamination monitoring data can be used to keep track of the quality of working conditions by comparing the observed risk profiles with the proposed ARL. Our study has shown that automated preparation may have an upper hand in terms of safety but still leaves room for improvement, at least in our four hospitals.

Final Residues, Dissipation Dynamics and Dietary Risk Assessment of Cupric Nonyl Phenolsulfonate in Citrus and Soil

ABSTRACT Field trials were conducted in two consecutive years to evaluate the terminal residue levels, dissipation trend of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate in citrus and soil. Analyses were carried out using QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine the concentration of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate in citrus and soil. The results showed a good linear relationship within the range of 0.01 to 5.0 mg·L−1 (R2 = 0.9999). Average recoveries were 77.70%-105.25% for cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate at the spiked levels of 0.01, 0.1,1, and 5 mg·kg−1, the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 2.23–7.22%. Half-lives (t1/2) of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate were 2.76–5.87 and 1.27–3.22 days in citrus and soil, respectively. The results showed that the final contents of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate in citrus peel were the highest while that of citrus pulp were the lowest. As for soil, the final contents range from < 0.010 to 4.081 mg·kg−1. The dietary risk assessment of citrus was evaluated with risk quotients. The risk quotient values were found to be significantly < 100%, indicating that using recommended doses of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate in citrus fruits poses risks to human health within acceptable risk levels. The results of this study contribute to the guidance of safe and reasonable use of cupric nonyl phenolsulfonate.

Health Risk Assessment for an Arsenic-contaminated Site Based on Monte Carlo Simulation and Parameters Optimization

Risk assessment is a critical part of risk management for contaminated sites. However， in the specific management practice of As-contaminated sites， it is difficult to obtain realistic health risks for contaminated sites based on the total amount of pollutants and determined values of the model， thus preventing the control requirements of later remediation to be met. An increasing number of studies have recently been conducting risk assessments by considering bioavailability， modification parameters， and combined probabilistic models. To improve the accuracy of risk assessment results， taking a large As-contaminated site as a case， 432 sampling sites were set up and collected at different depths to analyze the level and distribution characteristics of As pollution， and probabilistic risk assessment was conducted with the modification of model parameters through literature research and Monte Carlo simulation. Then， the impact of traditional methods and probabilistic methods on health risk assessment was explored in comparison. The results indicated that ω（As） in the top soil of the study area ranged from 2.70-97.0 mg·kg-1， with a spatial variation coefficient of 0.61 and weaker spatial continuity. The carcinogenic risk and hazard index obtained by the traditional risk assessment method were 2.12E-4 and 8.36， respectively， which obviously overestimated the actual risk level and were not conductive to the refined management of As-contaminated sites. Combined with modification of model parameters and probabilistic risk assessment， the non-carcinogenic risk for adults and children was found to be at an acceptable level， and the carcinogenic risk was reduced by nearly an order of magnitude compared to that in the conventional method. Considering the relative biological effectiveness （RBA） of As， the 95% quantile of the total carcinogenic risk was 1.24E-5， a reduction of up to 36.41% compared to the uncorrected corresponding risk value of 1.95E-5. The carcinogenic risk of soil As for adults and children in the study area exceeded acceptable risk levels 1E-6， with oral ingestion of soil being the primary route of exposure. In addition， the results of the sensitivity analysis of the parameters showed that As concentration， daily oral ingestion rate of soils， and exposure duration of children had relatively larger effects for health risks. This work will provide a methodological and theoretical basis for achieving accurate risk assessment of As-contaminated sites and provide concepts for refined risk management.

Distribution Characteristics of Arsenic in Drinking Water in China and Its Health Risk Based on Disability-adjusted Life Years

Long-term exposure to arsenic can lead to functional damage to many organs and can be life-threatening. It is of great significance to analyze the distribution characteristics of arsenic in water and evaluate its potential risk for preventing and controlling human health hazards caused by water-derived arsenic. Based on the published data from 2000 to 2022, the geographical distribution characteristics of arsenic in drinking water across China were systematically analyzed in detail, and the health risk of arsenic in drinking water was quantitatively assessed using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which represent the burden of disease. The results showed that the average concentration of arsenic in drinking water in China was (2.88 ±0.33) μg·L-1, which was lower than the limit of 10 μg·L-1 set by the standard for drinking water quality (GB 5749-2022). Nevertheless, the arsenic in drinking water in some provinces, including Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia, was still higher than the limit. The arsenic concentration in drinking water in northern China was higher than that in southern China, and that in rural areas was higher than that in cities. The estimated health risk of arsenic in drinking water (1.63×10-6 DALYs per person-year) was higher than the acceptable risk level of waterborne exposure of 1.0×10-6 DALYs per person-year set by the World Health Organization. The personal health risks related to arsenic in drinking water in the six geographical regions were ranked as follows:North China &gt; Northeast China &gt; Central South China &gt; Northwest China &gt; Southwest China &gt; East China. Almost all (99.4%) of the health burden associated with water arsenic was attributable to skin and lung cancer, which caused 2 905.25 and 1 513.96 DALYs per year, respectively. Most (78.0%) of the health burden was borne by people aged 45 years or older. In addition, given the proportion of each age group in the total population, older persons over the age of 60 bear a higher drinking-water-associated arsenic burden at the individual level than others, and attention should be consequently paid to them when controlling the risk of arsenic in water.

Individualized approach for MEN1-associated duodenopancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)-associated duodenopancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (dpNEN) represent the most frequent syndrome-associated cause of death, but the adequate treatment is sometimes considered controversial. Presentation of possible diagnostic and therapeutic options for MEN1-associated dpNENs. In this review article retrospective case studies, expert recommendations, national and international guidelines as well as personal experiences were analyzed and evaluated. Due to early detection programs and the use of the most modern imaging techniques, dpNEN are nowadays diagnosed much earlier. Nonfunctional pNENs currently represent the most frequent dpNENs with about 70%, followed by gastrinomas and insulinomas. Regardless of their functional activity, dpNENs with asize of > 2 cm are generally an indication for surgery. The choice of the optimal treatment strategy, however, in most cases remains the subject of controversial discussions, although nowadays surgery should always be performed in an organ-preserving and minimally invasive way when feasible. Recurrences or new dpNENs are expected in more than 60% of cases, necessitating areoperation in up to 40% of these cases. Duodenopancreatic resections and reoperations can be carried out safely by experienced practitioners and with an acceptable level of risk. The planning of treatment requires careful consideration of the suitable timing, the extent of the operation, the risk of recurrence and potential morbidities. Furthermore, preserving pancreatic function and the quality of life is of utmost importance. In view of the complexity of the disease, MEN1 patients should be treated in specialized centers.

Analysis Of Work Accident Risk In Plywood Production Units Using Job Safety Analysis Method At Pt Intracawood Manufacturing Tarakan City

Background: The plywood industry cannot be separated from work accidents, so efforts are needed to reduce the number of work accidents by carrying out work accident control programs, namely by implementing risk management. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the risk of work accidents in the plywood production unit using the Job Safety Analysis method. Methods: This research is a Mixed Methods research with the research method used is the Sequential Explanatory Design method. Quantitative sampling was carried out by means of probability sampling with 175 respondents and qualitative sampling by taking 5 informants. The research instruments used interview sheets, Job Safety Analysis Worksheets and AS/NZS 4360:2004 as well as questionnaires and observation sheets. Quantitative data analysis using the Semi-Quantitative analysis method using the Job Safety Analysis Worksheet, qualitative data analysis using content analysis with source and method triangulation. Results: The results of the study found that the hazards in the plywood production process included the work environment, the smell of glue and putty paint, the dangers of working tools such as machines. Based on the identification of potential hazards, a risk analysis is carried out on the rotary work unit, there are 2 work steps with a substantial risk level and 6 work steps with a priority 3 risk level. 1 work step with a risk level of the Priority 3 category and 3 work steps with an Acceptable category risk level. Conclusion: There are several work accidents that are caused by the workers themselves and the work environment. so that control recommendations are given such as making SOPs, providing PPE, conducting training for each work step and providing signs or installing safety signs in places that might cause accidents.

Health risk analysis of heavy metal exposure bonded in PM2.5 at industrial area in Bandung Regency

Heavy metal contents in PM2.5 particulate dust poses potential risk to the health of human beings. This study aims to measure PM2.5 dust concentrations and characterize heavy metals bound in PM2.5 to estimate health risks in both children and adult groups. PM2.5 dust was measured in Bandung Regency in industrial land uses, located in the Dayeuhkolot sub-district. Measurement of PM2.5 concentrations using a Low Volume Air Sampler (LVAS) with PTFE filters. Sample was collected for 7 days x 24 hours. Heavy metals in PM2.5 dust were characterized using ED-XRF. Calculation of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks was only performed on metals classified as Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs). The average concentration of PM2.5 during the measurement period was 59,10±9,10 μg/m3, exceeding the daily ambient air quality standard based on PP No.22 of 2021 which is&gt; 55μg/m3. The risk of non-carcinogenicity is expressed in Health Index (HI) values. The heavy metals considered in determining non-carcinogenic risk are As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn, Ni, Se, Fe, Zn, Si, and Sb as well as the crustal elements Si and Fe. Non-carcinogenic risk associated with exposure to heavy metals in PM2.5 showed HI&lt;1 for both children and adults. This indicates that the exposure to heavy metals in PM2.5 around the Dayeuhkolot industrial area is at an acceptable risk level. HI value for heavy metal exposure for children was 0.34±0.17 and 0.42±0.28 for adults. In estimating the carcinogenic risk value, elements taken into account include As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb. Carcinogenic risk in both children and adults showed ECR&gt;10-6 of 4.5×10-5 and 2.1×10-4, respectively. This indicates that there is an unsafe health risk that can potentially cause carcinogenic effects in the population around the Dayeuhkolot industrial area The results of this study can be used as a reference database for establishing policies related to air quality in Bandung Regency.

Комплексна діагностика економічних показників діяльності для забезпечення фінансової безпеки страхових компаній

The development of the insurance market is accompanied by unstable transitional processes that can create threats and risks of worsening the insurer's financial condition. In this regard, an urgent issue is the comprehensive diagnosis of the economic indicators of the activity of insurance companies to ensure their financial security. The insurer's financial security is a set of measures to eliminate the threats of deterioration of the financial condition to achieve an acceptable level of activity risk during a certain period and ensure the insurer's financial stability before the increase of external and internal threats affecting the financial condition. Threats include factors and processes that can negatively affect the interests of owners and clients and the insurer's financial condition. Therefore, indicators of the insurer's financial security are the most significant financial indicators and parameters (factors) that characterize the insurer's financial condition and financial stability concerning parameter changes (factors). The article aims to develop a methodology for comprehensive diagnostics of insurance companies' economic indicators to ensure financial security. The research methodology is based on the use of insurers' microeconomic indicators. The author's proposals are based on two groups of indicators used in financial analysis: 1) indicators of financial condition and 2) indicators of financial stability and security. Each group comprises 7-8 financial indicators, corresponding criteria, and normative values. It is proposed that diagnostics be carried out in two stages. In the first stage, the financial condition is determined according to the indicators of the first group, and then – in the second stage, it is detailed by analyzing the indicators of financial security (indicators of the second group). The application of the approach presented in the article makes it possible to carry out purposeful work on the diagnosis of economic indicators of activity, to form an independent opinion not only about the insurer's financial condition but also to build the fundamental foundations of ensuring its financial security. It is crucial not only to calculate and compare the dynamics of indicators of the financial condition of insurers but also to assess the degree of their readiness to counter threats correctly.

Preventive and proactive planning of PaaS maintenance service teams

This paper employing the Product-as-a-Service (PaaS) paradigm provides a model integrating preventive and proactive management strategies to maintain the required service level availability in MultiFunction Device (MFD) offerings. The problems of resource allocation and servicing problems implied by these strategies focus on planning leasing offers that meet an acceptable failure risk level and routing service teams participating in maintenance missions. The aim is to allocate services that provide balanced risk to suppliers and renters, reduce delays, and prioritize urgent cases by routing a fleet of technical vehicles responsible for delivering and receiving service teams without the constraint of requiring the exact vehicle for both operations. The conducted computer experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of the adopted reference model, allowing for increasing PaaS availability and minimizing service costs.

СТРАТЕГІЧНЕ УПРАВЛІННЯ ІННОВАЦІЙНІСТЮ БІЗНЕС-ПРОЦЕСІВ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article examines and summarizes the concepts and basics of enterprise business process management. The effective functioning of the enterprise depends on the implementation of a complex of business processes, their integrity and consistency in business processes. The details of their strategic management are taken into account. The purpose of the article is to research and establish the peculiarities of the formation and implementation of strategic management of business processes in the conditions of the development of the innovative orientation of enterprises. The stages of business process development are considered in detail. Enterprise strategy depends on strategic innovation management, which is the key to achieving competitive advantage in a complex and competitive market. There are questions about the need to develop a strategic model for managing innovative development, which will contribute to stimulating economic activity, increasing competitiveness, and motivating the introduction of innovations into business processes. In the modern business environment, the technology of production activities determines the business processes that make up an innovative enterprise, which is the result of the combination and optimization of various business processes. Innovative elements are crucial to creating and maintaining a financially stable business policy. For the effective management of business processes in the organization, it is extremely important to create a management system that allows evaluating strategic goals and determining the effectiveness of all business processes in achieving these goals. A management tool is to create and use metrics that measure how well business processes are performing, covering all aspects of operations. Innovation is related to the concept of sustainable development, and it is appropriate for companies to constantly monitor and respond to changes and ensure an acceptable level of risk, so that companies can combine their existing resources and capabilities to use them as efficiently as possible. By improving business processes, companies can gain a competitive advantage and fully utilize their resources. Therefore, the issue of its strategic management is gaining more and more importance.

Risk management in safety standards and environmental management issues of housing construction

At present, the threat of technogenesis is not weakening despite the measures taken to reduce the levels of negative impact on the environment. In this regard, the authors analyze the standardization of risk management as an effective tool for monitoring the safety of not only design decisions in housing construction, but also any economic activity. The article discusses the safety aspects set out in Russian standards (GOSTs) and international guidelines. The analyzed regulatory documentation answers the question of how to achieve an acceptable level of risk. The basic concepts of risk assessment are given. There are positive changes in state standards in the safety area. Federal Law N7 regulates the leadership of the employer, and not his responsibility. As part of the improvement of environmental management for housing construction, the use of certain penalties, interest fines and forfeits looks quite natural. The main goal of the international standard ISO 14001 is not to point out the need for managers to have leadership qualities as the main factor in ensuring environmental safety for the construction industry, but to form a responsible attitude towards the environment and natural resources as the most important asset of economic activity. The article raises the issue that risk analysts cannot be fully guided by domestic standards due to their lack of development and inconsistency with the universal international documents ISO 31000:2018 "Risk management - Guidelines" and ISO 14001:2016 "Environmental management systems". A special risk assessment approach should be developed that describes the interaction of various scenarios, which will provide an increased environmental and economic effect in the field of housing construction safety.

ФІНАНСОВИЙ МЕХАНІЗМ УПРАВЛІННЯ РИЗИКАМИ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРУ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article considers the effectiveness of risk management in the process of implementation of agricultural activities by enterprises. Currently, all enterprises in the economic market, especially in the agricultural sector, strive to achieve the highest possible performance, guaranteeing financial stability and profitability. The nature of financial risk can be interpreted in different ways. However, one should not consider risk only as a negative factor in entrepreneurial activity. Risk is both the possibility of loss of funds and the possibility of their increase. The attempt to formulate the essence of the main risks, to summarize their types and to determine the management measures is made. The aspects of realization of risk management mechanisms occurring in the market environment have been studied. The results obtained show the importance of risk protection in the implementation of innovative technologies of agricultural production management. Conclusions are made about the effectiveness of instruments of influence on the sustainable development of the agrarian structure. Agricultural land, as well as other sectors of the economy, have characteristics that affect the specificity of the manifestation of risks. The nature of financial risks, their classification and influence on the financial condition of enterprises are considered. It is established that financial risk management is closely related to the implementation of methods of financial recovery of the enterprise, including effective financial and economic stability of the enterprise, ensuring smooth operation of economic entities, maintaining adequate rates of enterprise development and legal protection of all participants of economic activity. Proposed are steps to mitigate the influence of financial risks on the enterprise’s production outcomes. The domain of financial risk management is structured to safeguard the financial stability of the enterprise. Unlocking the potential is feasible when existing risks are countered or reduced, enabling farmers to attain an acceptable risk level. Hence, effective risk management becomes a crucial objective in overseeing agricultural sector activities.

EVALUATION OF THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AUDIT AS A KEY TOOL TO ENHANCE SAFETY IN THE ENTERPRISE

The effectiveness of the occupational safety management system (OSMS) is determined by its ability to objectively measure and systematically improve results over time. This progress is defined by the quality of audit mechanisms, which can be both internal and external, and must demonstrate a high level of auditor competence. Conducting occupational safety audits in workplaces is a necessary and effective tool that provides a unique opportunity to identify and correct deficiencies in the system, aimed at continuous improvement of working conditions and increased safety at workplaces. The purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness of conducting internal and external audits as a tool to enhance occupational safety in workplaces and the enterprise as a whole. Methodology. The research utilized a comprehensive approach, including the analysis of the research problem and data processing. Conclusions. The implementation and systematic realization of occupational safety audits in the enterprise are necessary steps to ensure a high level of occupational safety and timely elimination of potential risks in workplaces. This process allows for the effective identification and resolution of issues, contributing to the continuous improvement of working conditions and ensuring the safety of employees. The implementation of audits is a key element of the occupational safety management strategy, contributing to the sustainable improvement of the quality and efficiency of the occupational safety management system in the enterprise. Research implications. The research revealed that to create safe working conditions in Ukrainian enterprises, it is recommended to implement occupational safety audits and apply audit recommendations. Practical value and consequences. The implementation of occupational safety audits in Ukrainian enterprises, focusing on risks, has practical value aimed at achieving an acceptable level of risk. This will contribute to the minimization of risks associated with threats to the life and health of employees. Originality and significance of the results. The integration of internal and external audits in Ukrainian enterprises will create an integral foundation for the development of occupational safety management strategies, thereby contributing to sustainable improvement of working conditions and setting new standards in this field.

Occurrence of Pesticides in Polished Rice Samples From Tanjung Karang and Sekinchan and the Health Risk among Consumers

Introduction: One of the key staple foods in many different countries, including Malaysia, is rice (Oryzae sativa L.). Pesticides are used to reduce weed growth and safeguard crops from insect attacks in order to boost paddy output. Objective: This research quantifies the concentration of pymetrozine, chlorantraniliprole, and difenoconazole, along with any potential health risks to consumers. Methods: Samples of polished rice from three rice milling factories in Tanjung Karang and Sekinchan were extracted using the QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe) technique. The amount of pesticide residue in polished rice was then measured using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). A health risk assessment was conducted utilizing the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) to estimate the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks. Results: The mean concentration of pesticides in polished rice ranged from less than the detection limit (difenoconazole) to 1.122 µg/kg (pymetrozine). No rice samples above the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) specified in the Food Act 1983 as implemented by Malaysia’s Food Regulations 1985. Pymetrozine, chlorantraniliprole, and difenoconazole in rice had respective MRLs of 50 µg/kg, 2000 µg/kg, and 100 µg/kg. For all age groups, no significant non-carcinogenic health risk was associated with consuming polished rice from the study area, where the HQ and Hazard Index (HI) were less than one. When LCR values were less than 10-6, carcinogenic health risks of consuming polished rice from the study area were at a clearly acceptable risk level. Conclusion: As no sample exceeded the MRL, the findings indicated that all rice samples collected from Tanjung Karang and Sekinchan were safe for consumption.

ШЛЯХИ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ ЛЬОТНОЇ ПРИДАТНОСТІ В СТРУКТУРУ УПРАВЛІННЯ БЕЗПЕКОЮ ПОЛЬОТІВ ЦИВІЛЬНИХ ПОВІТРЯНИХ СУДЕН

Based on the analysis of the legal framework in force inUkraine, the fact of creating conditions for resolving most problems in the aviation industry is stated. It has been established that the effectiveness of their solution directly determines the state of affairs in the field of ensuring flight safety, therefore, the improvement of the current system for maintaining the airworthiness of Ukrainian aircraft is a priority for all participants in the aviation market. The actual level of flight safety in operation is determined by the functioning and interaction of the elements of the aviation transport system, is laid down during the development, certification, production and is implemented during the operation of aircraft. Therefore, this task can be successfully solved only at the state level. The state lays down the legal regulatory framework in the field of aviation, creates a system for managing the safety of civil aircraft flights, determines the authorities and rules for control and supervision, investigation of aviation accidents and incidents. Flight safety is defined as the state in which the risks associated with aviation activities related to the operation of aircraft or directly supporting such operation are reduced to an acceptable level and controlled. Ensuring flight safety requires certain management decisions, such as the inclusion of the necessary units in the structure of the airline, training and training of personnel, maintaining the airworthiness of aircraft, monitoring and analyzing the state of flight safety, etc. Decision-making in the context of safety actions is a compromise between the desire to achieve a certain result in obtaining a useful product, taking into account savings and ensuring the safety of the airline. The introduction of the concept of an acceptable (acceptable) level of risk reflects the goals and expected results of the oversight authority in the civil aviation industry, the operator or other performer in the flight support system, which must be achieved in the field of safety. An important factor in ensuring the high efficiency of modern aircraft airworthiness systems is the availability of such important elements as airworthiness monitoring systems and programs for monitoring the level of aviation equipment reliability. The connection between the process of assessing and monitoring the reliability of aviation equipment and the processes of flight safety management has been established. It is shown that by improving such elements of the aircraft airworthiness maintenance system as: the airworthiness monitoring system and the program for monitoring the level of reliability of aviation equipment, we solve a number of problems and obtain additional information about the reliability of aviation equipment, which plays an important role in the implementation of management processes. flight safety.