Level In Nigeria Research Articles

Need for ICT adoption in the teaching of Christian religious education at the basic education level in Nigeria

The acquisition of essential skills and knowledge is considered a primary aim of education to effectively navigate and succeed in various aspects of life. In modern times, the role involves proactive engagement in a society that is rich in information, where knowledge is considered the primary driver for the socio-cultural and politico-economic progress of nations. The teaching and learning of religious education has not fully utilized the abundant resources available in the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) era, owing to several limitations. This study analyzed the current status of religious education during this era, as well as the factors that facilitate, inhibit or hinder the integration of ICT in Nigerian basic education level. The research provides recommendations for the effective integration of ICT initiatives in the teaching of Christian religious education within Nigerian basic education level in the contemporary era. The study employed quasi-experimental design. The research suggests that it would be beneficial for Nigerian basic education level to be equipped with contemporary computer laboratories by the appropriate authorities, for the benefit of both basic education level students and teachers.

Cost of COVID-19 vaccine delivery in nine States in Nigeria via the U.S. Government Initiative for Global Vaccine Access

BackgroundIn 2022, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collaborated with implementing partners, African Field Epidemiology Network and Sydani Group, to support COVID-19 vaccination efforts in Nigeria. To characterize the costs of COVID-19 vaccination, this study evaluated financial costs per dose for activities implemented to support the intensification campaign for COVID-19 vaccination.MethodsThis retrospective evaluation collected secondary data from existing expenditure and programmatic records on resource utilization to roll out COVID-19 vaccination during 2022. The study included incremental financial costs of the activities implemented to support an intensification campaign for COVID-19 vaccination across nine states and six administrative levels in Nigeria from the perspective of the external donor (U.S. Government). Costs for vaccines and injection supplies, transport of vaccines, and any economic costs, including government in-kind contributions, were not included. All costs were converted from Nigerian Naira to 2022 U.S. Dollars (US$).ResultsThe estimated financial delivery cost of the COVID-19 vaccination intensification campaign was US$0.84 per dose (total expenditure of US$6.29 million to administer 7,461,971 doses). Most of the financial resources were used for fieldwork activities (86%), followed by monitoring and supervision activities (8%), coordination activities (5%), and training-related activities (1%). Labor (58%) and travel (37%) were the resource inputs that accounted for the majority of the cost, while shares of other resource inputs were marginal (1% for each). Most labor costs (79%) were spent on payments for mass vaccination campaign teams, including pay-for-performance incentives. By administrative level, the largest share of costs (46%) was for pay-for-performance incentives at the community, health facility, or campus levels combined, followed by local government area level (24%), community level only (15%), state level (9%), national level (3%), campus level only (1%), and health facility level only (< 1%).ConclusionsFindings from the evaluation can help to inform resources needed for vaccination activities to respond to future outbreaks and pandemics in resource-limited settings, particularly to reach new target populations not regularly included in routine childhood immunization delivery.

The Igbos in Nigerian Politics (1941-1967)

The goal of this paper is for the present day Igbo generations to understand how the Igbo Nationalists worked tirelessly, to compelling the colonial overloads to accord equal social status to Nigerians. To understand the political imprints of Igbo Nationalists in Nigerian politics before and after independence. To give an insight about the Nigerian and Biafran’s Civil War, which lasted for 36 months since teaching history has been proscribed in school curricula at all levels in Nigeria’s school systems.

Effect of Rural Banditry on Food Security and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria

This research investigates how rural banditry hinders sustainable food security and poverty reductions in Nigeria. The Food and Agricultural Organisation, the International Monetary Fund, the National Bureau of Statistics, the United Nations Development Programme, scholarly journals, and field surveys were the sources from which the data were gathered. Three hundred questionnaires were administered to farmers in six states via Plateau, Nassarawa, Kaduna, Benue, Oyo and Niger, in addition to a focused group discussion with selected farmers in each of the study areas. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings show that unemployment, poverty, poor governance, inadequate infrastructure, insufficient security measures and lack of effective institutional coordination, create a network of individuals who support or engage in banditry; farmers experienced disruptions in farming activities, psychological distresses and loss of livestock. Among the socio-economic impacts of banditry include: loss of income and economic opportunities, displacement and migration of the rural population, reduced productivity and infrastructural degradation. These led to food shortages, hikes in food prices, malnutrition and increased poverty level in Nigeria. This study emphasizes the urgent need by the federal and state governments to tackle the problems of unemployment and poverty; develop infrastructure; increase security expenditure; and implement targeted rural development policies. These solutions will curb rural banditry, ensure food security and reduce poverty in Nigeria. Keywords: Rural Banditry, food security, poverty reduction, food production, development policies, farmers.

Effect of Increase of 7.5% Value Added Tax on Revenue Generation in Nigeria

Dwindling revenue has affected governance at the state and local government levels in Nigeria in the last decade. The government has the mandate to impose taxes via its various regulations. An efficient and effective tax system can ensure the country’s necessities and services. An increase in VAT became a vital instrument that can improve the revenue base of most States in Nigeria. The assumption was that with the increase in VAT, states and Local Governments would have more money to be able to pay the salaries of their workers and to implement the 30,000 minimum wage. The increase in the VAT did not receive resistance unlike in the past where various attempts to increase the VAT were met with stiff resistance by the business environment and labor unions. To what extent can the increase in VAT lead to an increase in revenue generation? This study intended to find out the effect of the increase in the value-added tax on the economy with respect to revenue generation in Nigeria. Data were collected from secondary sources from 2007 to 2022. The study revealed that an increase in VAT has led to an increase in revenue generation but the target of the Federal Government generating 7.5 trillion Naira from VAT annually has not been achieved. There is a need to explore other sources of revenue for the State and Local Governments to enable them to discharge their financial responsibilities effectively. Also, there is a need to consider the plight of those who are directly affected by the increase in VAT and who are not collecting any salary.

Upscaling Current Data Caching and Prefetching Strategies for Online Databases in Nigeria

This study investigated upscaling current data caching and prefetching strategies for online databases in Nigeria, with a focus on practical implications. The research design adopted for this study was the descriptive survey. The population comprised of all undergraduate’s library students in public tertiary institutions in Ekiti State. A simple random sampling technique was adopted to select 200 library students from Ekiti State University in the study area. The instrument used for data collection was a structured 4 Likert type questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to the respondents to find out the effectiveness of caching and prefetching techniques on online databases. The instrument was both face and content validated by two experts from the department of Library studies in Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti State. The reliability of the instrument was ensured using Pearson Product Moment Correlation formula which yielded a coefficient of 0.99. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation. The result showed that the current caching and prefetching techniques employed in online databases are highly effective; the different access patterns have effect on the effectiveness of caching and prefetching techniques in online databases and there are impacts of cache coherence mechanisms on the efficiency of caching and prefetching techniques in online databases. It was therefore recommended that the inclusion of caching and prefetching in curriculum is important across all educational level in Nigeria, with a clear emphasis on the practical implications. In addition, caching and perfecting have come under fire for focusing mostly on computer science.

Study protocol for a pilot quasi-experimental study on oral health education for nurses and community health workers in Nigeria.

The primary health care system provides an ideal setting for the integration of oral health into general health care as well as equitable access to oral health care. However, the limited oral health knowledge of primary health care workers necessitates appropriate training before they can participate in health promotion efforts. This pilot training was designed to examine the impact of the Oral Health Education module for Nurses and Community Health Care Workers on their oral health awareness and referral practices. This study will utilize a quasi-experimental design (pre-and post with a non-equivalent control group) to assess the impact of a five-day pilot oral health education program on the knowledge and referral practices of Nurses and Community Health Workers in primary health care centers in three states in Nigeria-(Lagos, Oyo, and Kano). The training modules were developed based on the six iterative steps described in the intervention mapping framework - needs assessment, highlighting program objectives and outcomes, selection of theory and mode of intervention, designing program based on theory, designing implementation plans, and developing an evaluation plan. Only the intervention group will participate in the full educational training sessions but both groups will complete the pre-and post-intervention questionnaires. This pilot training combined the standardized training modules from the recently launched "Oral Health Training Course for Community Health Workers in Africa" and a newly developed maternal and child oral health module by our group using an evidence-based approach. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first program to examine the impact of the standardized OpenWHO modules. The success of this training will lay the foundation for developing a sustained channel for providing oral health education at the primary health care level in Nigeria, West Africa, and Africa.

International Trade, Institutional Quality and Poverty Level: A Case Study of Nigeria Economy

The study examined the differential and the interactive effects of disaggregated components of international trade and institutional quality on poverty level in Nigeria. The study employed ARDL Bound Test on the time series data spanning from 1981-2022. The findings of the study revealed mixed results both for the short run and long run. The short run result shows that (EXR) exchange rate has a positive and significant effect on poverty level with p-value of 0.0184; while the long run result shows no significant effect on poverty level in Nigeria. Also, the short run result of institutional quality (INQ) reveals a negative and significant effect on poverty level in Nigeria with the p-value of 0.0142; while the long run result shows a positive and significant effect on poverty level in Nigeria with the p-value of 0.0640. The short run results of (OM) oil import shows a negative and significant effect on poverty level with p-value of 0.0536; while the long run result shows a positive and significant effects on poverty level at p-value of 0.0808. The results of (NM) non-oil import had no significant effects on the level of poverty both in the short run and long run. The short run result of (NX) non-oil export shows a positive and significant effect on poverty level in Nigeria with p-value of 0.0230, while the long run result (NX) non-oil export shows a negative and significant effect on poverty level in Nigeria with the p-value of 0.0526. The short run and the long run results of (OX) oil export shows a negative and significant effect on poverty level at p-value of 0.000 and 0.0010 respectively. Furthermore, the results for interactive effects shows that EXR_INQ has a positive and significant effect on poverty at p-value of 0.0196 in the short run, while the long run result displays a negative and significant effect on poverty level in Nigeria at the p-value of 0.0609. The short run result of NM_INQ shows an insignificant effect on poverty level in Nigeria, while the long run result of NM_INQ shows a positive and significant effect on poverty level in Nigeria at the p-value of 0.0461. The short run result of NX_INQ shows a positive and significant effect on poverty in Nigeria with p-value of 0.0861; while the long run result of NX_INQ shows a negative and significant effect on poverty level with p-value of 0.0507. The short run and long run results of OM_INQ show no significant effect on poverty level in Nigeria. While, the result of OX_INQ shows a negative and significant effect on poverty level in Nigeria at p-value of 0.0562 and 0.0768 both in the short run and long run respectively. In conclusion, the outcome of the study shows that international trade has a significant effect on poverty level both in short run and long run. However, the country (Nigeria) is yet to benefit fully from the expected benefits associated with international trade. Therefore, the study recommends that in order for the country (Nigeria) to benefits fully from international trade, the country needs to strengthen her weak institutional quality to come in as a strong force where necessary to put things right and set the pace for sustainable development that allay poverty.

Effectiveness of Using AI-Driven Hotspot Mapping for Active Case Finding of Tuberculosis in Southwestern Nigeria.

Background: Nigeria is among the top five countries that have the highest gap between people reported as diagnosed and estimated to have developed tuberculosis (TB). To bridge this gap, there is a need for innovative approaches to identify geographical areas at high risk of TB transmission and targeted active case finding (ACF) interventions. Leveraging community-level data together with granular sociodemographic contextual information can unmask local hotspots that could be otherwise missed. This work evaluated whether this approach helps to reach communities with higher numbers of undiagnosed TB. Methodology: A retrospective analysis of the data generated from an ACF intervention program in four southwestern states in Nigeria was conducted. Wards (the smallest administrative level in Nigeria) were further subdivided into smaller population clusters. ACF sites and their respective TB screening outputs were mapped to these population clusters. This data were then combined with open-source high-resolution contextual data to train a Bayesian inference model. The model predicted TB positivity rates on the community level (population cluster level), and these were visualised on a customised geoportal for use by the local teams to identify communities at high risk of TB transmission and plan ACF interventions. The TB positivity yield (proportion) observed at model-predicted hotspots was compared with the yield obtained at other sites identified based on aggregated notification data. Results: The yield in population clusters that were predicted to have high TB positivity rates by the model was at least 1.75 times higher (p-value < 0.001) than the yield in other locations in all four states. Conclusions: The community-level Bayesian predictive model has the potential to guide ACF implementers to high-TB-positivity areas for finding undiagnosed TB in the communities, thus improving the efficiency of interventions.

Information and communication technology and poverty alleviation in Nigeria

There is a disconnect between the abundant resources at the national level and the severe poverty at individual and household levels in Nigeria. Information and communication technology is an efficient tool that the Asian economies have used to alleviate poverty. Information and communication technology is regarded as a tool which helps create an information and communication technology-based economy. This quantitative study examined how Nigeria can use information and communication technology to alleviate the enormous poverty levels. Data were sourced from the World Bank and International Telecommunication Union, for the period 1992–2020. In terms of the research methodology, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model was employed in the research. The empirical findings showed that information and communication technology can have a projected 50% positive effect in reducing poverty. Foreign direct investment had a positive effect on reducing income inequality. Primary research findings depicted that information and communication technology, economic growth, foreign direct investment and private domestic credit were key tools for reducing poverty in Nigeria. Concerning policy recommendations, it was suggested that private domestic credit and foreign direct investment should be channelled to the information and communication technology sector to have a greater impact on poverty alleviation.

Assessing interprofessional and integrated care in providing sexual and reproductive health services to adolescents at primary healthcare level in Nigeria

PurposeSexual and reproductive health (SRH) interventions demand diverse services, encompassing medical, social and psychological care to ensure the overall wellbeing of service users. In the absence of multidisciplinary response to SRH interventions, service users could be deprived of crucial SRH services, which could undermine their safety and wellbeing. Based on this knowledge, our study was designed to map the interprofessional space in primary healthcare (PHC) facilities in Ebonyi State, Nigeria that deliver SRH services.Design/methodology/approachInterviews with 20 health workers and group discussions with 72 young people aged 15–24 years provided the data for the study. We analyzed data deductively, focusing on the assessments of the presence or absence of specific professionals that are typically expected to provide different aspects of SRH services.FindingsWe found conspicuous absence of laboratory diagnostic, social care, psycho-cognitive and some medical services expected of primary care. These absences necessitated unnecessary referrals, encouraged breaches in confidentiality, undermined social care and justice, increased cost of care and discouraged young clients from utilizing SRH services provided in PHCs. Our study, therefore, emphasizes the need for integrated care in the delivery of SRH services, which would involve relevant diverse professionals contributing their expertise toward comprehensive care for SRH service users.Originality/valueThe study provides human resource insights toward strengthening primary healthcare in Nigeria vis-à-vis efficient delivery of SRH services to guarantee the health security of service users.

Poverty Alleviation Programs and Economic Development Evidence from Nigeria

This work observes the influence of poverty alleviation programs on economic development evidence from Nigeria. Despite various poverty alleviation programs implemented by various past and present governments in Nigeria,it seems that this menace is still living with us. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to find out theorigin of poverty alleviation programmes in Nigeria, the approaches and strategies that Nigerian government has applied to reduce poverty, the appraisal or outcomes of poverty alleviation programmes and the constraints of the programmes in Nigeria.This study covers the period between 1980– 2015.Analyzing time series dataobtained from secondary sources. The essence of the study is to investigate the significant influenceof various poverty alleviation programmes set up by various governments to reduce poverty level inNigeria. The researcher employed the Ordinary Least Square Technique to measure theincidence of poverty. The analysis was facilitated with the use of E-views analytical package.Findings reveal the existence of overall significant influence of poverty alleviation programmes on economicdevelopment of Nigeria.

The Role of Forensic Accounting in Fraud Detection and Prevention in Nigerian Public Sector: A Case Study of Lagos, Nigeria

This study investigated the role of forensic accounting in fraud detection and prevention in the Nigerian Public Sector, Lagos State Government was used as a case study. The study aimed to assess the impact of forensic accounting on fraud detection and prevention in the Lagos State Government and recommend strategies for fraud prevention in the Nigerian Public Sector. A sample of 60 Certified Accountants was selected using purposive sampling techniques and secondary data from past financial statements. The findings were analyzed using frequency distribution tables, simple percentages and chi-square statistical formula. The findings of this study revealed that the Lagos State Government uses forensics minimally in its operations, with no forensic accounting department and no management training on forensic fraud prevention. The study calls for the government to go beyond annual and periodic audits and employ forensic accountants' services to regularly review all major financial transactions. There should be a separate office for forensic accountants at all government levels in Nigeria and regular management training on forensic fraud detection and prevention.

Impact of Income Inequality on Poverty Level in Nigeria: Evidence from ARDL Model

This study used the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to assess the effect of income disparity on the degree of poverty in Nigeria. Based on the association each income determinant showed with the Gini coefficient of income disparity in the Nigerian economy, the study's findings indicated that there is a long-run positive relationship between the poverty level and the Gini coefficient of income inequality in Nigeria. Therefore, it is advised to improve a more equitable distribution of wealth, which will effectively lessen income inequality and poverty in Nigeria. The government should concentrate its efforts on developing and implementing more realistic employment programs in Nigeria. Since the empirical results of this study have demonstrated that decreasing income disparity in Nigeria by an increase in the employment rate has not been sufficient. A more practical approach to employment would allow people to use their money to build wealth rather than just get by, which would increase the level of income distribution.

Utilizing P7 as a Model to Facilitate Language Teacher Development Program: Implication for Applied Linguistics

This research focuses on the imperative need for effective language teacher production in Nigeria to meet the growing demand for language education and applied linguistics. The study introduces the P7 Model, a comprehensive framework that encompasses seven key elements essential for successful language teacher development: Personnel, Potentials, Partnership, Process, Property, Product, and Probing. The research involves a survey of 400 practicing language teachers across various educational levels in Nigeria. The survey examines their perceptions regarding the importance of these seven elements in shaping language teacher education programs. The findings are analyzed using simple percentages. The results highlight strong agreement among respondents concerning the significance of each P7 element in the language teacher development process. Specifically, participants emphasize the need for competent, proficient, and enthusiastic teaching staff (Personnel), collaborative efforts through partnerships, research, and engagement with regulatory bodies (Partnership), admission of candidates with a genuine interest in language teaching and strong academic potential (Potentials), a curriculum emphasizing practical skills and employability (Process), the provision and optimal use of infrastructure and resources (Property), job security, remuneration, incentives, and continuing professional development (Product), and quality assurance and control throughout the teacher development process (Probing). The P7 Model offers a structured approach to guide language program administrators and policymakers in shaping effective language teacher education programs. Prioritizing these elements is crucial to ensure the availability of skilled, dedicated, and enthusiastic language teachers who can meet the demands of the 21st century, ultimately facilitating applied linguistics and language education in Nigeria.

A Review of Service Delivery at the Local Government Level in Nigeria: The Fiscal Federalism Dilemma

A Review of Service Delivery at the Local Government Level in Nigeria: The Fiscal Federalism Dilemma

Religion and ethnicity interaction as a predictor of male fertility in Nigeria: Evidence from a national representative sample.

High fertility constitutes a challenge to men's health conditions in Nigeria, a low-income country. Religion and ethnicity are central to the current Male Fertility (MF) level in Nigeria. This study determined the relationship between Male Fertility (MF) and Religion Ethnic Interaction (REI) amidst other socio-demographic characteristics in Nigeria. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data, 2018 was used. Men aged 15-59 years [n = 8,786] were sampled using a multi-stage approach. Fertility was measured by the number of Children Ever Born (CEB). REI was generated using the combination of religion and ethnic groups; Hausa/Fulani Muslim, Igbo Christian, Yoruba Christian, and Yoruba Muslim. However, Hausa/Fulani Christians and Igbo Muslims were excluded from this study because a few men in these categories were available in the original sample. Weighted data were analyzed using the Negative Binomial (NB) model (α0.05). The mean age and CEB of the men were 32.9±12.0 years and 3.18±4.4 respectively. The mean CEB among men aged 45-59 years was highest among Hausa/Fulani Muslims (x = 11.57±5.98), but least among Yoruba Christians (x = 4.44±2.67). About 33.4% of the Hausa/Fulani Muslims had had ≥5 children, while 13.7% were reported among the Yoruba Christian men (p<0.001). The fertility Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) was higher among Hausa/Fulani Muslims, but less among Igbo Christians, and Yoruba Christians than Yoruba Muslims. Restricting the analyzed data to only monogamous men revealed no significant differences in the fertility IRR of Yoruba Christians and Yoruba Muslims, but the fertility IRR was significantly higher among the Hausa/Fulani Muslims than Yoruba Muslims. A disparity exists in MF across the REI groups with the Hausa/Fulani Muslims being the major contributors to high MF. Therefore, bridging the gap in access to fertility control measures and programmes that might have resulted from religion and ethnic differences will reduce male fertility level in Nigeria.

Quality Performance Leadership for Political Leadership at the Local Government Level in Nigeria: A Case Study of AMAC Abuja FCT

This study is of significant importance to academic researchers, policymakers, and practitioners, and delves into the impact of quality performance leadership on political leadership at the local government level in Nigeria. The focus is on the case of the Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC) in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Using the conceptual frameworks of transformational leadership, servant leadership, and performance management frameworks to inspire and motivate their followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes, serve their constituents and set goals, monitor progress, and evaluate outcomes to enhance local government accountability, transparency, and service delivery. Through a qualitative methodology, data was collected via interviews, observations, document analysis, and review of case studies to analyze information provided by participants. The findings revealed that effective leadership in the LGAs could lead to better policy formulation processes because the Chairpersons and their team understand the needs and dynamics of their communities. Such understanding leads to better service delivery, robust community engagement, diligent resource management, and proactive development initiatives tostimulate economic growth and improve the quality of life for citizens living in the LGA. The study recommends implementing a comprehensive training and development program for leaders focusing on leadership skills, communication, and accountability. It also recommends leveraging and adopting emerging technologies to improve service delivery, and efficiency, and improve stakeholder engagement.

Poverty in Nigeria: Potential Aggravating Factors

Nigeria has grappled with poverty for decades despite the abundance of natural and human resources. This study explores poverty from the income and multidimensional perspectives and reconnoitres some contemporary challenges that might potentially perpetuate poverty and snowball its level in Nigeria. This study is anchored on the state fragility theory. The study utilised the qualitative research method based on literature search from secondary sources including journal articles, books, institutional documents, and newspapers. Information was also sourced from verified internet materials, while data was descriptively analysed. Contemporary issues like weak state institutions, inflation and weak local currency, unemployment, gaps in infrastructure, corruption, poor access to health, and security challenges are conduits to keep the majority of Nigerians in poverty, and dip more people into poverty. The study recommends that government should strengthen state institutions to address these contemporary issues to alleviate poverty in Nigeria. Positive attitude towards challenges through adherence to good values and value re-orientation is also recommended.

Effects of Government Poverty Reduction Programmes on National Poverty Level in Nigeria

Effects of Government Poverty Reduction Programmes on National Poverty Level in Nigeria