Level In Nigeria Research Articles

The Effective Ways Of Entrepreneurial Opportunities For Small And Medium Enterprise Scheme (SMEs) In Borno State

The study investigated effects of insurgency on educational development in Borno State. Basic education is the first level of education for children at primary 1 level to basic 9 which is the junior secondary school level in Nigeria. However, achieving education for all Nigerian children, Borno state need a secured teaching and learning environment. The study examined the effect of insurgent activities such as abduction of pupils and attacks on teachers in basic schools of Borno State and its effect to the development of the education in the state. The sample for the study was 270 teachers of basic schools, selected on the basis of 10 teachers from each of the 27 local government area that constitute Borno State. The instrument for data collection was a 20 items questionnaire title: Boko Haram Insurgency and educational development Questionnaires (HIEDQ). Two research questions were formulated, data collected were converted to mean, standard deviation and used to answer the research questions. It was therefore recommended that the Nigerian government should provide security to the state. The government should show higher commitment in mobilizing the armed forces to end the insurgency in the State and provide adequate security in schools. It was further recommended that the religious leaders should preach against violence act in their respective communities.

Strengthening the Legislature for Effective Performance at the Third Tier of Government in Nigeria

The legislature is a vital organ of government in a democratic regime just as the executive and the judiciary. Unfortunately, the legislature at local government level in Nigeria has become moribund to deliver its vital roles due to a number of challenges such as party politics, appointment of caretaker members into council areas, use of local-state joint account, overbearing of the state government(s) on grassroots activities, and so on. As a result of the above challenges, the legislature at the third tier of government needs to be repositioned for effective service delivery. Hence, this paper examines the challenges of the legislature at the third tier of government with a view to making it more assertive to deliver on its constitutional roles. The study adopts qualitative method in its investigation. Data for the study were gathered from secondary sources and were content analyzed. The study revealed that the legislative activities at the grassroots in Nigeria are below expectation. This paper concludes that if the legislative arm of government is properly strengthened at the grassroots, it is capable of enabling people to receive urgent attention, assist in public engagement, reduce marginalization, and convey higher degree of legitimacy on the legislators for decision making. Keywords: strengthening, the legislature, effective performance, service delivery, third tier of government. DOI: 10.7176/DCS/11-4-05 Publication date: April 30 th 2021

Contending Issues in Governance and Democracy at the Local Government Level in Nigeria

Contending Issues in Governance and Democracy at the Local Government Level in Nigeria

Creating Effective Teaching and Learning in the Classroom through Problem Based Teaching Method (PBTM): Guidance for Accounting Teachers in the Developing Countries

Problem-based teaching method (PBTM), which is one of the student-centered teaching methods, has been found by scholars as an effective teaching method that enhances students’ academic performance and knowledge retention in the teaching and learning of several subjects, including accounting. But, no known study has simplified PBTM processes for use in the classrooms in the teaching and learning of accounting. This seems to have made its application in the teaching and learning of accounting at tertiary and basic/postbasic levels difficult. This study, therefore, has simplified the Problem-based teaching method (PBTM) for use in the teaching and learning of accounting at basic/postbasic and tertiary levels in the education sector in Nigeria. This research study was considered because of the environment where the teaching and learning of accounting usually take place in the nation. The study anchors on Social learning theory, which states that, as learners actively participate in the classroom work through problem-solving, advancement in knowledge occurs. The study concludes that accounting could be taught effectively at any education level in Nigeria using this simplified PBTM to enhance students’ academic performance and knowledge retention.

Comparative analysis of the repellency activity of single compounds and the synthetic blends of semiochemicals from Aframomum melegueta (R.schum) and Dennittia tripetala (Bak.F) against Rhizopertha dominica in Calabar, Nigeria

Bioassay experiments were carried out in Calabar to compare the repellency activity of single compounds and the synthetic blends of Semiochemicals extracted from Afromomum melegueta and Dennittia tripetala. The aim of the experiment was to determine the efficacy of single compounds and the synthetic blends in suppressing the reproductive potential and adult emergence of Rhizopertha dominica, (Fabricius), a primary pest of stored cassava pellets and cereal grains in Sub-Saharan Africa. Insect culture of the adult R. dominica was set up in the laboratory at Federal College of Education Obudu to obtain fresh insects for the bioassay experiments. Dried seeds of A. melegueta (R. Schum) and D. tripetala (Baker f.) Schatz were procured from the main market in Obudu for the purpose of the research work. 100g each of the dried fruits of the spice plants were pounded separately with the laboratory pestle and mortar for the extraction of the essential oils (EOs). The oils extracted were tested for toxicity and reproductive potential deterrence against R. dominica. The chemical constituents of the essential oils were isolated, identified and tested against R. dominica. Synthetic blends of individual compounds were prepared based on their natural ratios and were also tested for toxicity and reproductive potential deterrence against the insect pests in the laboratory. The result showed that both the single compounds and the synthetic blends were toxic and repellent to the insect pest, and could significantly suppress the reproductive potential thereby inhibiting the emergence of adult insect. However, synthetic blends exhibited a stronger efficacy in their toxicity against the pest thereby providing a broad spectrum of insecticidal bioactivity against R. dominica than the single compounds. This action of the synthetic blends of extracts from the spice plants demonstrated their potential for development in stored products protection especially at the small scale resource poor farmer’s level in Nigeria.

Misery and Economic Growth Nexus in Nigeria; Implications for Electrical Energy Management

At first glance, misery seems unquantifiable but has been established to be an aggregation of unemployment and inflation. Nigeria is in a pitiable condition as she is ranked the 6th most miserable country in the world. This study aims to ascertain the effect of economic growth on Misery in Nigeria, that is, to determine whether economic growth rate has strengthened or weakened the misery of Nigerians. This study adopts Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model because it considers policy lags of economic phenomena and allows combined order of integrations. The study finds an inverse nexus between economic growth and misery. Hence, recommendations were made in form of measures to ensure the need for economic growth to increase at faster and higher pace to combat high misery levels in Nigeria.

52739 Trauma Care in Nigeria and Recommendations for Sustainable Improvement to Nigeria’s Trauma Care System: A Systematic Literature Review

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This work highlighs the significant burden of Trauma in Nigeria and will help inform policy decisions on improving Nigeri’s current Trauma care system OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To evaluate trauma care delivery at the pre-hospital, hospital and health systems level in Nigeria in order to identify the burden of trauma, gaps in the delivery of trauma care, and interventions, implemented or recommended, to improve upon the limitations to trauma care delivery. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A two-concept search - one being trauma and the other being Nigeria - of the Pubmed (Medline) and Embase databases, in addition to Global Index Medicus and grey literature was performed between September 2018 and September 2019. The search yielded 3,970 articles that underwent title screening and 331 articles that underwent abstract screening. 101 articles were identified for full text screening and the majority were extracted for inclusion into the review. The extracted literature was grouped into 4 categories - articles outlining the burden of trauma in Nigeria, and articles outlining the delivery of trauma care at the pre-hospital, hospital and health systems level. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Results were classified as an identified challenge or an intervention, recommended or implemented, to address Nigeria’s trauma care system. There was a highlighted need for pre-hospital infrastructure, training of frontline providers, continued competency assessments of frontline providers, in-hospital diagnostic resources, and trauma care surveillance systems to guide health policy. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: There is a significant burden of trauma in Nigeria. Coordinated interventions and policies at the pre-hospital level, the hospital level, as well as the health systems level are needed in order to address the gaps in Nigeria’s current trauma care system.

Health consumer expectations and perception of quality care services at primary health care level in Nigeria

The success of universal coverage of health at primary health care level depends on patient’s perceptions or judgment on quality products and service rendered by the health personnel in the hospitals. Quality of health care services can be determined by gap between perception of what is offered in term of services and expectation from the health consumers. The study examined the expectations of health consumers and perception used in judging the quality of health care services at the primary health care level. A cross-sectional study was carried out among randomly selected health consumers that had received health care services in the hospitals designated as primary health care facilities in Kwara State Nigeria. Overall health consumers’ means score expectations was 6.57 while perception was 5.80. Though was high in favour of females with no statistical significant difference. However, correlation test revealed significant association in socio-demographic variables such as age, occupation and educational status. Conversely, relationship was inverse in terms of increase in education attainment with lower perception value (p<0.001). Expectation-perception gap was a major determinant of quality of health care services at primary health care levels. Significant relationship occurred between heath consumer’s age, occupation, educational status and overall expectation-perception of quality health care received. It is recommended that hospital management need to monitor the link between the expectations including perception of services received by patients for quality improvement at primary health care level.

Fiscal and Monetary Policy for Decent Employment in Nigeria

The level of unemployment in Nigeria has risen persistently, increasing the risk of the non-achievement of the SDG goal 8 – decent work and economic growth. Economists have documented that monetary and fiscal policies are effective tools for influencing economic variables such as the unemployment rate. In this study, we attempt to investigate and compare how these tools affect unemployment level in Nigeria. This study comes at an important time in Nigeria when the economy just exited a recession and is still experiencing low production and rising unemployment. This study investigates the nexus between macroeconomic policies and unemployment using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation technique. The study finds that government capital expenditure helps to reduce unemployment in the long run only. On the other hand, the currency in circulation and the real GDP help to reduce unemployment rate in both the short and the long run. The study recommends a policy mix, which proposes that government expenditure be judiciously employed, and simultaneously, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) should regulate the supply of money into the economy to not trigger inflation and unemployment.

Training and practices of quack nurses in Nigeria: A public health concern.

Training of quack nurses by health care workers across all levels in Nigeria is gradually becoming the new normal and major malpractice worsening the country's health care system. This article addresses the causes and effects of this malpractice. The proliferation of quackery in the nursing profession can be linked to many sources. This includes doctors and nurses' greed and selfishness in the need to make mega-profits from practice in private hospitals and clinics; lack of political will and commitment towards the health sector; poor regulation and routine supervision by professional associations; ignorance and misinformation. Effects of training quacks include increase maternal and childhood mortality, increase unemployment rate of registered nurses and midwifery, discredit medical and nursing education, poor treatment outcome and weakened healthcare system. Recommended solutions are: improving state health insurance, improving financial coverage, enforcing the law against quackery and increase awareness in local communities.

Use of Activity-Based Learning to Improve Students' Outcomes in Basic Education Subjects

The study deals with Activity-Based learning to improve students` outcomes in English language and Basic Science. The study examines how the use of the activity-based learning strategy enhances students` outcomes in the two core subjects taught in the upper basic levels in Nigeria. Quasi-experiment research design was used to conduct the study. The target group comprised six hundred and forty-three (643) Junior Secondary School Students (JSS II) in two selected schools. One Hundred and ten (110) were sampled using a stratified sampling technique. Self-developed instrument entitled `Basic Education Performance Scale` was deployed to assess the experimental and control groups` outcomes. The data collected were analyzed using independent t-test. The study's findings indicated that activity-based learning significantly affects the students` outcomes in English language and Basic science subjects. Therefore, it is recommended that teachers should promote active learning through the use of hands-on activities.

Assessment of the design and implementation challenges of the National Health Insurance Scheme in Nigeria: a qualitative study among sub-national level actors, healthcare and insurance providers

BackgroundHealth insurance is an important mechanism to prevent financial hardship in the process of accessing health care. Since the launch of Nigeria’s National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in 2005, only 5% of Nigerians have health insurance and 70% still finance their healthcare through Out-Of-Pocket (OOP) expenditure. Understanding the contextualized perspectives of stakeholders involved in NHIS is critical to advancing and implementing necessary reforms for expanding health insurance coverage at national and sub-national levels in Nigeria. This study explored the perspectives of sub-national level actors/stakeholders on the design and implementation challenges of Nigeria’s NHIS.MethodsA descriptive case study design was used in this research. Data were collected in Ibadan, Oyo State in 2016 from health insurance regulators, healthcare providers, and policymakers. Key informant interviews (KII) were conducted among purposively selected stakeholders to examine their perspectives on the design and implementation challenges of Nigeria’s National Health Insurance Scheme. Data were analysed using inductive and deductive thematic approaches with the aid of NVIVO software package version 11.ResultsImplementation challenges identified include abject poverty, low level of awareness, low interest (in the scheme), superstitious beliefs, inefficient mode of payment, drug stock-out, weak administrative and supervisory capacity. The scheme is believed to have provided more coverage for the formal sector, its voluntary nature and lack of legal framework at the subnational levels were seen as the overarching policy challenge. Only NHIS staff currently make required financial co-contribution into the scheme, as all other federal employees are been paid for by the (federal) government.ConclusionsSub-national governments should create legal frameworks establishing compulsory health insurance schemes at the subnational levels. Effective and efficient platforms to get the informal sector enrolled in the scheme is desirable. CBHI schemes and the currently approved state supported health insurance programmes may provide a more acceptable platform than NHIS especially among the rural informal sector. These other two should be promoted. Awareness and education should also be raised to enlighten citizens. Stakeholders need to address these gaps as well as poverty.

The Impact of Government Policies on the Growth and Development of SMEs interprises in Bauchi State Nigeria

Every business or start-up was e-ray by the government official ranging from local, state and federal level in Nigeria. Therefore, for SMEs to operate it’s a perquisite to follow the due process from registration by ministry of commerce and industry at state level and the various agencies responsible for registration. This challenge represents both widespread personal misfortune for individuals and a lost opportunity for critical national and global economic development. This study examines the challenges that affect the growth and development of small and medium enterprises in Bauchi state, Nigeria .The study was guided by an epistemological research philosophy adopting a positivist research paradigm. The research design was cross-sectional survey design using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The target population for this study was 754 registered small and medium scale owned enterprises registered with the Bauchi state government by December 2019 and the sample size was 172 respondents derived using Fisher’s formulae. This study used a self-administered, closed, and open-ended questionnaire to obtain quantitative data. The study used descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, median and proportions using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 and Microsoft Excel. Regression analysis and correlation analysis were used to determine the direction and strength of the relationship between the independent and the dependent variables.. The questionnaires were administered among the seventy (70) management staff members of the one hundred and seventy two (172) selected SMEs in Bauchi state Nigeria through purposive sampling method, and this was done personally by the researcher. Descriptive and inferential statistics was use to analyze and interpret the data use in this research. The study reveals that government policies is a major challenges that help SMEs to grow and achieve its stated objectives in global competitive environment. On same vain this study is so keen and motivated to established evidence on these challenges ascertain especially, in a context of current phenomena SMEs face in Bauchi state. Finally, the study will utilize the element of contingency theory, as these SMEs require sound institutional framework to mitigate these challenges. However, anecdotal evidence shows that SMEs in developing countries like Nigeria are faced with a lot of challenges that have hampered their growth in recent times. Among these challenges are: intermittent power supply, indiscriminate tax levies government policy, low accessibility to loans from financial institutions and inability to keep proper financial records. The study reveals that Government policies have a significant impact on the growth and development of SMEs in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Subsequently, the study recommends that management of SMEs should adopt good strategy in order to overcome these challenges.

Income inequality and tax evasion in Nigeria

Studies on the effect of income inequality on tax evasion within and across countries were uniform in concluding that income inequality increases the propensity to evade tax. An empirical examination of this relationship in Nigeria using the augmented Dickey-Fuller, the Johannsen cointegration, the vector error correction model (VECM), and the ordinary least squares on data on the Gini index, income distribution and tax evaded by different income levels in Nigeria from 1985-2018 shows that income inequality in Nigeria positively and significantly influence tax evaded by the top 10% and lower 40% of the income distribution brackets in Nigeria. This necessitates the initiation and implementation of manufacturing, employment, fiscal, monetary, social, human, and educational policies to reduce income inequality with expected positive reduction on tax evasion in Nigeria.

An evaluation of the efficacy of extracts from Xylopia aethiopica and Dennittia tripetala in controlling Dermestes maculatus(degeer) an insect pest of dry stored fish in Calabar, Nigeria

Laboratory bioassays were conducted in Obudu, Nigeria to evaluate the efficacy of extracts from X.aethiopica and D.tripetala in controlling D.maculatus a primary pest of dry stored fish in sub-saharan Africa. Adult population of D. maculatus was obtained in the laboratory at the Federal college of Education Obudu, to obtain fresh insects for the experimental work. Dried fruits of X.aethiopica (Dunal) and dried seeds of D.tripetala (Bak.f.) were procured from a local market in Obudu for the purpose of the work. 100g each of the spice plants were pounded separately using laboratory pestle and mortar for the extraction of essential oils (EOS). The essential oils extracted were tested for repellence and toxicity against D.maculatus at 10µl per EO in a 4-way Olfactometer. Minitab 15 statistical soft ware was used for the analysis of data. Results indicated that the essential oils (EOS) and their constituent individual compounds were significantly (p<0.05) repellent and toxic to D.maculatus with X.aethiopica more repellent and more toxic to the insect than D.tripelala. The two oils were also observed to inhibit the activities of microbes that usually cause and accelerate delaying in stored fish. This action of the essential oils of the two spice plants and their chemical constituent demonstrated their potentials for development in stored products protection, especially at the small scale resource poor farmer’s level in Nigeria.

Income inequality and tax evasion in Nigeria

Studies on the effect of income inequality on tax evasion within and across countries were uniform in concluding that income inequality increases the propensity to evade tax. An empirical examination of this relationship in Nigeria using the augmented Dickey-Fuller, the Johannsen cointegration, the vector error correction model (VECM), and the ordinary least squares on data on the Gini index, income distribution and tax evaded by different income levels in Nigeria from 1985-2018 shows that income inequality in Nigeria positively and significantly influence tax evaded by the top 10% and lower 40% of the income distribution brackets in Nigeria. This necessitates the initiation and implementation of manufacturing, employment, fiscal, monetary, social, human, and educational policies to reduce income inequality with expected positive reduction on tax evasion in Nigeria.

Local Government and Road Infrastructure Delivery: Nigeria Experience

The provision of essential and basic infrastructure, especially at the Local Government level in Nigeria constitutes a major role in socio-economic and political development, and in improving the standard of living at the grassroots. Sadly, the road infrastructures are in a state of dilemma particularly the Local government roads due to so many constraints. The paper intends to look at these constraints and proffer possible solutions. Both primary and secondary methods were employed. The paper discovered that local government roads constitute the highest trunks of roads, and which got increasing day-by-day due to its proximity to the populace, and yet, the most negligible trunk of road in Nigeria. Finally, some recommendations were articulated.

Review on the Aflatoxins’ Contamination of Foods and Public Health Effects among Nigerian Population

Aflatoxin in foods and feeds need adequate monitoring on account of their severe toxicity and carcinogenicity to both humans and animals. This review was aimed at examining the public health risks attributed to chronic exposure of aflatoxins in foods within Nigeria. Both the reported cases of aflatoxins in foods and biomarkers in Nigeria signified increase in dietary exposure. Aflatoxins contamination levels ranges from 1.3 ng/g to 51,192ng/g in foods with an estimated dietary exposure of 0.00017 ng/kgbw/day to 9, 880.56 ng/kgbw/day. The percentage incidence of primary liver cancer cases (PLCC) attributable to the dietary aflatoxin exposure for every 100,000 Nigerians per year ranges from 0.0024 to 708.13% between 1998 to 2008 which increases to 0.0046 to 45,602% between 2009 to 2018. The percentage incidence of PLCC signified by urine aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels in adults was around 0.23 – 1.29% per 100,000 population per year. In children, the estimated PLCC and stunting due to aflatoxin exposure via breast milk were 0.0019 to 237.71 cancers per 100,000 populations per year and mild to severe stunting with height-for-age z-score (HAZ) value above -3 HAZ reductions. Hence, there is need for additional monitoring of the marketed foods and implementing more stringent control and prevention strategies that reduce dietary exposure levels in Nigeria.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF DOMESTIC DEBT AND NIGERIAN GDP FROM 1981 TO 2019

The study is focused on comparative analysis of impact of domestic dept and Nigerian GDP from 1981 to 2019. Three research questions were used in the study. The study is limited to domestic debt incurred by Nigeria from 1981 to 2016. The study employed the ex-post factor research design. This design is employed as already existing data source obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin from 1981-2016 was employed in the study. The study also used Keynesian Theory of Public Debtand employed the service of mean in analyzing the research questions. Table 1 research question 1 revealed that domestic debt incurred from 1981 to 1990 is 34.544. Mean Value of domestic debt incurred from 1991 to 2000 is 462.891. This resulted to a mean difference of 428.347. This shows that from 1991 to 2000 reveals a significant increase on debt level in Nigeria. The findings from table 1 research question 1 revealed that domestic depth incurred from 1981 to 1990 is 34.544. Mean Value of domestic debt incurred from 1991 to 2000 is 462.891. This resulted to a mean difference of 428.347. This shows that from 1991 to 2000 reveals a significant increase on debt level in Nigeria. The findings from table 2, research question 2 revealed that domestic debtincurred from 2001 to 2008 is 1581.51. Mean Value of domestic debt incurred from 2009 to 2016 is 6,857.31. This resulted to a mean difference of 5275.8. This shows that from 2009 to 2016 reveals a significant increase on debt level in Nigeria. Finally, table 3 research question 3 revealed that RGDPG from 2001 to 2008 is 9.63. Mean Value of RGDPG from 2009 to 2016 is 4.87. This resulted to a mean difference of 4.76. This shows that from 2009 to 2016 reveals a significant decrease on RGDPG based on CBN report. It was recommended from the study that Government should expand economic activities by funding small and medium enterprise through the issuance of soft loans to encourage business growth and development.

THE ROLE OF BANK CREDITS ON POVERTY REDUCTION IN NIGERIA

This study examines the role of bank credits on poverty reduction in Nigeria. Despite different measures by the government in channelling bank credits to the private sector. Poverty is still one of the greatest challenges facing Nigeria today. The study adopts econometrics quantitative methods in analysing annual time series data to achieve the objectives of the study. From the results, the granger causality test shows that there is no causal relationship between bank credit and poverty level in Nigeria. There is a unidirectional causal relationship between agricultural loan and poverty flowing from poverty. The OLS result indicate that there is a significant positive impact of bank credit on poverty reduction and there is a significant negative impact of agricultural loan on poverty level in Nigeria. This study recommends that federal government should ensure agriculture loan is redirected to the proper farmers in the country to reduce poverty in the country.