Speech Level Research Articles

Признаки игры в жанровой структуре девичьего альбома

The relevance of the research is determined by its inclusion into the theory of natural written speech, namely, into the study of genre organization of this type of writing and speech activity. The genre of a girl’s diary, considered as a written implementation of a phatic playful behavior, is described from the point of a dominant determinant approach. In the aspect of external determination, the genre playful intent is researched through its social environment analysis. In the aspect of internal determination, the dependence of genre features within a discourse unit is revealed. The playful intention is regarded as a genre dominant, at the level of which the interrelation of extralinguistic and linguistic features of the text is analyzed. The authors of the paper claim that a girl’s diary, reflecting the process of a girl’s socialization in her girlhood, construes a phatic play space where the “adult” topics can be discussed in confidential communication with the people of the same age. The play is embodied at the level of extralinguistic conditions of a text generation: the spatial and temporal organization of diary communication (the functioning of the diary in a closed socio-cultural environment); the selection of communication participants; the deployment of communication, considering its regularity and some freedom of speech actions of the participants. The play principle is represented at the linguistic level of speech, within the framework of the structural and content arrangement of the text (the tendency of the sections of the girl’s diary to keep to the phatic play format of communication; specific genre types of texts); the linguistic embodiment of the genre (usage of youth slang; a multi-coded text; a language play). As a result, the play dominant of a girl’s diary determines the intermediate position of diary communication between the real and unreal areas in the language consciousness of the diary community members. The ways of a play discourse structuring the girl’s diary are based on the rules prescribed by the genre standards; they aim at modeling a virtual version of reality, which correlates with the socio-cultural status of the diary community members.

Hearing impairment in patients with alopecia areata.

Background Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease that damages hair follicles and follicular melanocytes can be involved in the autoimmune process. Therefore, similar to vitiligo, there may be a relationship between sensorineural hearing loss and alopecia areata. Aims/objectives This study aimed to investigate potential hearing impairments in patients with alopecia areata. Methods A total of 42 subjects with alopecia areata and 42 healthy individuals enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The hearing was evaluated by vestibular evoked myogenic potential, otoacoustic emission and pure tone audiometry tests in the patients and control subjects. Results A normal otoacoustic emission was reported in 59.5% and 100% of subjects with alopecia areata and the controls, respectively (P = 0.02). Higher speech recognition thresholds (P = 0.02) and speech discrimination scores were reported more in subjects with alopecia areata than in controls (P < 0.001); however, the most comfortable level of speech was not significantly different between the groups (P = 0.06). The greatest increase in the hearing threshold was recorded at a frequency of 8000 Hz, while at frequencies of 500 and 1000 Hz, the patients and controls did not significantly differ (P > 0.05). About 6 (14.3%) and 2 (4.8%) of patients with unilateral and bilateral involvement, respectively, demonstrated no vestibular evoked myogenic potential response in the alopecia areata group. The patients and controls did not significantly differ in terms of amplitudes of the vestibular evoked myogenic potential test (P = 0.097). Limitation Small sample size and qualitative measurement of otoacoustic emission were limitations of our study. Conclusion Hearing loss was more common in alopecia areata patients than in healthy individuals. Follicular melanocytes may be involved in the alopecia areata inflammatory process, and destroying melanocytes may impact hearing function in the inner ear. However, there was no significant relationship between the duration and severity of alopecia areata and hearing loss.

Tak zwana praworórcza decyzja sądowego stosowania prawa

The aim of this work is to state the relation between the creation and the enaction of judical law. The question may be considered from four points of view: the normative, the descriptive, the theoretical and the evaluating. The article does not include the latter for it is the result of the author’s analysis method.Theoretical analysis indicating that it is impossible to state the difference between logical sentences and norms at the language structure level but at the individual speech acts level is especially important. The characteristics of an utterance at the level of speech requires the consideration of the problems of a pragmatic background, which consists, on one hand, of the elements of a definite situation, and on the other hand, the cultural rules contributed by the participants of the communication act. The legal norm is primarily distinguished by the cultural rules used in a definite act of communication. The point number four of the work is devoted to the attempt of determining these rules. The author confined his considerations only to the investigation of the legal culture, trying to formulate only a partial definition (contextual and necessitive) of law creation activity.The catalogue of conditions necessary to fulfill this activity in our legal culture consists of five rules: power, norm generality, competence, procedure and normative novelty. It turns out, that all these, conditions may perform, in certain circumstances, three kinds of decision of the Supreme Court: the guide lines of jurisdiction and the judicial practice, the Superior Court’s resolutions and the legal principles.

Parent reported barriers and facilitators to support services for autistic children in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Parents might have problems in getting support services for their autistic child due to certain barriers. However, there might also be things that can ease or facilitate parents' access to support services. In this study, New Zealand parents were asked about their experiences in getting support services for their autistic child. We also looked at differences in reported barriers and facilitators based on several demographic factors with a focus on family level of financial resourcing. A total of 173 parents completed a survey. The results suggested that parents experienced several barriers, particularly related to service pathways. Facilitators were also experienced, predominantly related to providers. Financial resourcing predicted the number of parent-reported barriers. Both lower level of family financial resourcing and having a non-binary child predicted parents' rating of the extent of barriers. Child age and level of speech were predictors for reports of experiencing a higher number of facilitators, with parents of younger children or of non-speaking autistic children reporting a greater number of facilitators. We discuss how these results may be useful to support service delivery and identify areas for future research.

When a third person pronoun means ‘you’: An analysis of Korean tangsin and speaker stance

Using naturally-occurring spoken data from the NIKL Daily Conversation Corpus and Spoken Corpus, we examine pragmatic uses of Korean personal pronoun tangsin which is used as a second person address term as well as a third person pronoun. In particular, we focus on how intimacy and honorification affect the (im)polite readings of constructions with second person pronoun tangsin as the subject. Using the Sejong Historical Corpus, we also investigate the development of the personal pronoun tangsin, with special attention to how the third person reflexive developed into the second person pronoun. The findings of this study reveal that politeness is the driving force for its development, and intimacy plays a significant role in determining the (im)politeness readings of second person pronoun tangsin. Our analysis also shows that honorificity (often manifested through the speech level endings accompanying the use of tangsin) also interacts with intimacy to produce (im)politeness readings.

'Sometimes I feel sad': A qualitative study on children's perceptions with cleft palate speech and language therapy.

Evidence-based speech therapy involves the integration of (1) the scientific evidence for therapy with (2) the perspectives of clinicians concerning therapy and (3) the perspectives of patients about therapy. The cleft literature has already paid attention to the first two cornerstones of evidence-based speech therapy. Much less is known about how children perceive cleft speech therapy. The purpose of the current qualitative study was to investigate the perceptions, emotions and expectations of Flemish-speaking Dutch children with a cleft (lip and) palate (CP ± L), aged 5-12 years, with regard to the speech therapy they receive. In this study, a focus was made on speech therapy to eliminate compensatory cleft speech errors. Six children with a CP ± L, aged between 5 and 12 years, were included in this study. Child-friendly semi-structured interviews were conducted using a participatory, art-based qualitative approach. This means that the 'play and puppets technique' and 'draw-write and photo-elicitation technique' were used to guide the children through the interviews. Data derived from these interviews were analysed using an inductive thematic approach. Trustworthiness of the data was achieved by applying researcher triangulation, negative case analysis and an audit trail. Analyses of the interviews revealed three major themes of importance to the children: (1) treatment values, (2) treatment practices and (3) treatment outcomes. Each theme was divided into different subthemes. The theme 'treatment values' consisted of the subthemes expectations and emotions around therapy and interference with daily living. Information flow, therapy content, confirmation and rewards, parents' attendance, therapy intensity, and homework were subthemes of the major theme 'treatment practices'. The theme 'treatment outcomes' was divided into two subthemes, namely speech improvement and peers' reactions. Most children had positive attitudes towards speech therapy: it was 'something they liked' and 'something fun'. If children had negative attitudes they were related to having a fear of making mistakes during therapy. Children had clear expectations of the purpose of speech therapy. Speech therapy should 'help' improve their speech and make it more understandable to others. The children in this sample made some suggestions to decrease the experienced burden related to speech therapy. The results of this study will help to better tailor speech therapy programmes to the needs and experiences of children with a CP ± L. What is already known on the subject Evidence-based speech therapy involves the integration of (1) the scientific evidence for therapy with (2) the perspectives of clinicians concerning therapy and (3) the perspectives of patients and their families about therapy. The cleft literature has already paid attention to the first two cornerstones of evidence-based speech therapy. Different studies investigated the perspectives of SLPs and parents with regard to cleft palate speech therapy. However, much less is known about the children's own experiences with and perceptions around this speech therapy. What this study adds to existing knowledge This study used a qualitative research design to investigate the perceptions, emotions and expectations of children with a cleft (lip and) palate, aged 5-12 years, with regard to the speech therapy they receive. Speech therapy needed to focus on the elimination of compensatory speech errors. This study provides knowledge on the speech therapy-related experiences of children with a cleft palate. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Children in this sample made some concrete suggestions to decrease the experienced burden related to cleft speech therapy, for example, integration of school work during therapy sessions and practising on the level of spontaneous speech. The results of this study help us to better tailor speech therapy programmes to the needs and experiences of children with a CP ± L.

Arab society between ideologization and totemism Reasons for the Arab society to fluctuate between ideas and beliefs

The concern of the Arab society in its confusion between Ideologicalization any ideas to the State Foundation, and between the Totemism and any beliefs and the role of religions in guiding the policy, how a society suffers from the swing between Ideologicalization and Totemism to master the art of state administration and guidance ??? .&#x0D; This is a crisis that the Arab society is suffering from. In 1993, in his book "Cultural Invasion or Intellectual Explorations," I describe the value crisis: "We live in our privacy until we begin to bask in our universality. We use the latest tools, but we reject the latest ideas and approaches. , We cling to the bone to the bone at the level of speech and speech, but we come out on them and we really and practice it.

Особенности речи и устного дискурса при детском аутизме: описание случая спонтанного билингвизма. Часть I: Клинико-анамнестическое исследование

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Impaired communication and speech behavior is considered to be one of the key manifestations of childhood autism. At the same time speech disorders in children with autism have not been sufficiently studied. In a meta-analysis of the modern studies of autism, we present different theories explaining relations between the childhood autism and im&amp;shy;pairments in verbal communication; among others, we focus mainly on semantic-pragmatic and structural-functional levels of speech; spontaneous bilingualism is also discussed. The study describes in detail a case of childhood autism in a Lithuanian-speaking boy D., followed for 6 years. The uniqueness of the given case is that at the very early age D. started demonstrating a preference of English for his native language. Moreover, he learned English exclusively on the basis of media resources found on the Internet by his parents (at his request) and himself. The paper (Part 1) includes detailed information on how verbal communication is formed and data of assessments carried out by a multi&amp;shy;disciplinary group of experts as well as several post-testings by a psychologist and speech-language pathologist.&lt;/p&gt;

Further Evaluation of a Protocol for Integrated Speech Audiometry

When a bilateral evaluation is conducted with the integrated speech protocol described in Punch and Rakerd (2019), testing for the first ear concludes with a measurement of the uncomfortable loudness level for speech (UCL). The purpose of this study was to assess the possibility that exposure to the high speech intensities required for that UCL test might bias the subsequent measurement of a listener's most comfortable loudness level for speech (MCL) in the opposite ear. Across 32 test runs, the left and right ear MCLs were established for 16 young adult listeners with normal hearing (five women, 11 men). The MCL assessed on each test run was measured twice. The first measurement was made at the start of the run and before a full integrated speech evaluation was conducted in the opposite ear (pretest); the second was made after that evaluation (posttest). The difference between the MCL means measured on the pretest (37.7 dB) and the posttest (38.5 dB) was less than 1 dB, and it did not approach statistical significance, t(15) = 0.69, p = .50. There was no evidence that UCL testing done in one ear on a bilateral speech test will have carryover effects that bias the subsequent measurement of a listener's MCL in the other ear. The results, therefore, support the potential clinical use of an integrated protocol when conducting bilateral speech audiometric evaluations.

Assessment of speech intelligibility during different teaching activities in classrooms with and without acoustic treatment

There is limited data for assessing speech intelligibility in real classrooms with realistic occupied noise levels and teacher’s and students’ speech levels for different teaching activities in Turkish secondary school classrooms. This study investigates the effect of reverberation time (RT), occupied noise levels and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on speech transmission index (STI) in real classrooms for instruction and group work. Noise levels were measured and STI values were calculated in two secondary school classrooms with RT of 0.88 s and 2.73 s. During instruction situation, calculated mean STI values were 0.63 (classroom with acoustic treatment) and 0.29 (classroom without acoustic treatment) for normal voice effort and 0.65 (classroom with acoustic treatment) and 0.39 (classroom without acoustic treatment) for raised voice effort. During group work, STI values ranged from 0.50 to 0.74 in classroom with acoustic treatment and from 0.01 to 0.34 in classroom without any acoustic treatment. SNR of 15 dBA is only approached in classroom with acoustic treatment during instruction situation. The effect of increasing SNR on STI is prominent in the classroom without acoustic treatment which already has low SNR values. The present results show that the classroom with acoustic treatment will have good speech intelligibility for instruction with normal vocal effort and for group work with raised vocal effort at 3 m distance. However, the classroom with no acoustic treatment will have STI values in the range of bad and poor intelligibility. The present results confirm the impact of SNR and RT on speech intelligibility and shows that RT value of minimum 0.8 s is optimal to have good speech intelligibility in a secondary school classroom of approximately 250 m3 with a capacity of 18 students.

Recognition of spectrally shaped speech in speech-modulated noise: Effects of age, spectral shape, speech level, and vocoding.

This study examined the recognition of spectrally shaped syllables and sentences in speech-modulated noise by younger and older adults. The effect of spectral shaping and speech level on temporal amplitude modulation cues was explored through speech vocoding. Subclinical differences in hearing thresholds in older adults were controlled using threshold matching noise. Older, compared to younger, adults had poorer recognition but similar improvements as the bandwidth of the shaping function increased. Spectral shaping may enhance the sensation level of glimpsed speech, which improves speech recognition in noise, even with mild elevations in hearing thresholds.

Cultural Capital: Reflections from a Latin Americanist

<i>Cultural Capital</i>: Reflections from a Latin Americanist

Показатели продуктивности устной речи на иностранном языке студентов-первокурсников колледжей неязыкового профиля

This study is aimed at working out the diagnostic tools to reveal the proficiency level of foreign language productive speech of the students in non-language colleges. In the article the indicators of students’ speech assessment are in the focus. These indicators characterize the productivity level of utterances. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the taxonomy of indicators of foreign language productive speech of the students in non-language colleges on the basic and the additional indicators. As a result, the data and analyses of the first-year non-language college students’ utterances on a given language topic in a foreign language have been introduced. The author points out that the special speech skills of students should be developed to solve the problem tasks of speech training.

THE ASSESSMENT OF ACOUSTICAL PERFORMANCE OF MOSQUES IN SHAH ALAM

A mosque is a place where Muslims conduct activities such as praying and listening to talks. Therefore, it is important for a mosque to have great acoustics quality as it influences the worshipper’s experience when praying or listening to Imam’s preaches. The acoustical evaluation in the mosque is rarely conducted and, in most cases, the development of good acoustic quality in the mosque is never considered at an early stage of design. In the present investigation, two large-volume mosques in Shah Alam were investigated: Section 7 Mosque (MS7) and Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque (MSA). The objective of this study is to evaluate the acoustical characteristics of the mosque and its quality level. In addition, the speech intelligibility performance of each mosque was also determined using Speech Transmission Index (STI) and Rapid Transmission Index (RASTI). The experimental work found that the reverberation time of MSA has attained recommended values of reverberation time for that given size and volume while MS7 has slightly higher. The speech level attainment of both mosques is sufficient for worshippers to hear comfortably, but the background noise is high. Nevertheless, the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ratio) indicates that both mosques have been able to obtain more than 15 dB(A) for improved speech intelligibility. The STI and RASTI prediction shows that MS7 has attained ‘fair’ and ‘bad’ ratings. In contrast, ‘poor’ and ‘bad’ ratings are achieved in the MSA.

Subjective and Objective Evaluation of Speech in Adult Patients With Repaired Cleft Palate.

To explore the speech outcomes of adult patients with repaired cleft palate through subjective perception evaluation and objective acoustic analysis, and to compare the differences in pronunciation characteristics between speakers with complete velopharyngeal closure (VPC) and velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) patients. Subjective evaluation indicators included speech intelligibility, nasality and consonant missing rate, for objective acoustic analysis, we used speech sample normalization and objective acoustic parameters included normalized vowel formants, voice onset time and the analysis of 3-dimensional spectrogram and spectrum, were carried out on speech samples produced by 3 groups of speakers: (a) speakers with velopharyngeal competence after palatorrhaphy (n=38); (b) speakers with velopharyngeal incompetence after palatorrhaphy (n=70), (c) adult patients with cleft palate (n=65) and (d) typical speakers (n=30). There was a highly negative correlation between VPC grade and speech intelligibility (ρ=-0.933), and a highly positive correlation between VPC and nasality (ρ=0.813). In subjective evaluation, the speech level of VPI patients was significantly lower than that of VPC patients and normal adults. Although the nasality and consonant loss rate of VPC patients were significantly higher than that of normal adults, the speech intelligibility of VPC patients was not significantly different from that of normal adults. In acoustic analysis, patients with VPI still performed poorly compared with patients with VPC. The speech function of adult cleft palate patients is affected by abnormal palatal structure and bad pronunciation habits. In subjective evaluation, there was no significant difference in speech level between VPC patients and normal adults, whereas there was significant difference between VPI patients and normal adults. The acoustic parameters were different between the 2 groups after cleft palate repair. The condition of palatopharyngeal closure after cleft palate can affect the patient's speech.

Effects of visual information on the face masked speech communication in Covid-secure classrooms

Acoustical measurements and speech intelligibility tests were carried out to investigate the effects of masks on speech communication experienced in real Covid-secure university classrooms during the pandemic. Face-masked speech levels and noise levels were measured to understand the acoustical effects of masks on speech sounds during 15 multiple lectures in 3 university classrooms. The speech intelligibility scores were also evaluated for lower and higher SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) conditions, and for with and without the presence of visual information conditions to investigate the effects of both the acoustic and visual signals in understanding speech communication in actual classroom situations. In the 3 active university classrooms the students experienced on average: speech levels of 55.1 dBA (σ = 5.5 dBA), noise levels of 42.3 dBA (σ = 3.9 dBA), and a speech-to-noise ratio of 12.8 dBA σ = 5.2 dBA). The mean SNR values at the listener’s position for the 15 lectures varied from 3.6 dBA to 20.0 dBA. The use of a portable sound amplification system increases the face-masked speech levels mostly at mid and high frequencies (500–4 kHz), thus it can be more useful for achieving higher SNR values in classrooms. The presence of visual cues have little effect on achieving more higher speech intelligibility scores in higher SNR conditions. The present results show that visual obstruction of the talker’s mouth decreases speech intelligibility scores by a maximum of 10% in lower SNR conditions, particularly at a SNR of 6 dBA or lower.

Potentially Inadequate Real-Life Speech Levels by Healthcare Professionals during Communication with Older Inpatients.

The aim of this study was to investigate real-life speech levels of health professionals during communication with older inpatients in small group settings. This is a prospective observational study assessing group interactions between geriatric inpatients and health professionals in a geriatric rehabilitation unit of a tertiary university hospital (Bern, Switzerland). We measured speech levels of health professionals during three typical group interactions (discharge planning meeting (n = 21), chair exercise group (n = 5), and memory training group (n = 5)) with older inpatients. Speech levels were measured using the CESVA LF010 (CESVA instruments s.l.u., Barcelona, Spain). A threshold of <60 dBA was defined as a potentially inadequate speech level. Overall, mean talk time of recorded sessions was 23.2 (standard deviation 8.3) minutes. The mean proportion of talk time with potentially inadequate speech levels was 61.6% (sd 32.0%). The mean proportion of talk time with potentially inadequate speech levels was significantly higher in chair exercise groups (95.1% (sd 4.6%)) compared to discharge planning meetings (54.8% (sd 32.5%), p = 0.01) and memory training groups (56.3% (sd 25.4%), p = 0.01). Our data show that real-life speech level differs between various types of group settings and suggest potentially inadequate speech levels by healthcare professionals requiring further study.

Sound propagation and strength in small classrooms

The study involved 29 occupied primary-school classrooms in Italy where speech level (LS) and Sound Strength total (Gtot), early (G50) and late (Glate), have been acquired at 1 m from the source and in other three positions along the main axis of the room. The background noise level during the measurements was less than 56 dB(A) and the reverberation time (RT) was between 0.5 s and 1.4 s. A cut-off value of RT was assumed equal to 0.8 s for subdividing the classrooms in two groups of similar size, with lower or equal and higher RT values, respectively. The slopes per double distance of the speech level along the axis, mLS, is −2 dB/dd for both the groups. The same slope per double distance is obtained for G50 of −2.7 dB/dd, while Glate shows a slope of −0.6 dB/dd and −0.9 dB/dd for the two groups, respectively. The slope per double distance of Gtot is −2.0 dB/dd as in the case of the speech level, mLs, as expected. Optimal reverberation time range, between 0.6 s and 0.9 s, in occupied conditions, has been obtained from the difference Glate-G50 at the rear positions between 6 and 3 dB, respectively.

Языковая номинация и проблема ее ономасиологического исследования

The problem of language nomination in modern science does not cease to arouse great interest, since it is associated with such important processes of human activity as cognition and communication. Naming objects, phenomena and properties of the surrounding world both in the form of lexical units and in speech structures, actualizing the informative and semantic side of the object, is extremely important for cognitive science, cultural linguistics, ontology, semasiology, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, etc. The study of nomination as a process of naming objects of the world around us and its results involves clarifying the following issues: the choice of naming units, their relationship in the language system, determination of criteria by which these units can be attributed to naming units, as well as semantic and functional features of various types of nomination. The study of secondary nomination as a process and result of linguistic, speech and mental, and cultural activity in denoting objects of the real world through linguistic means becomes especially relevant. The onomasiological approach to the study of language units and the inductive analysis of their research today allows us to describe these units not only in the language system, but also at the level of speech and discourse. The scientific paradigm shift determines the relevance and new ways of studying this linguistic phenomenon, which is explained by its exceptional complexity, the essence of which lies in the search for a language expression, varying from simple to global. Considering the essence of nomination as well as its types and features is important for further determination of the specifics of linguistic signs, since the formation and selection of new names and fixation of the most appropriate naming units in the language is a never-ending process, permeating all spheres of human communication.

Web-Based Sasak Encyclopedia Application as an Effort to Preserve the Sasak Language

The Sasak tribe is an indigenous tribe that inhabits the island of Lombok which has a rich cultural history. In a sociolinguistic approach, the Sasak language has a 3-level pyramid variation which represents low, medium and high. The status identities of speakers who use it are you (low), aside (middle), pelinggih (high). Basically the speech level of the Sasak language resembles the speech level of the Javanese language which is in the form of a pyramid of 3 levels: Full, Middle, Krama. At the highest level, Krama uses Soft Sasak Language (Base Alus). Based on observations, researchers feel a lack of understanding of the community in using the Sasak language, especially Basis Alus, often hearing Sasak sentences mixed with other languages emphasizes the decline in awareness and cultural literacy of the Sasak people. In this case, the researchers focused on analyzing the Sasak language by preparing instruments to developing an android-based Sasak Encyclopedia website &amp; application which became a place of reference in learning and developing the Sasak language. The researcher's ultimate goal is to create a new movement to jointly protect and care for Sasak culture. Because cultured people will like culture.