Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test Research Articles

Evaluating Non-IgE-Mediated Allergens’ Immunoreactivity in Patients Formerly Classified as “Intrinsic” Asthmatics with Help of the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test

Background: The ancient concept of “intrinsic” and “extrinsic” asthma has evolved in line with growing scientific knowledge and the use of new clinical diagnostic tools. Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the non-IgE-mediated immunoreactivity against common allergens, in asthmatic patients without evidence of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity against these allergens. Methods: A group of 127 “intrinsic” asthmatic outpatients, were submitted to ex vivo Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Tests (LAIT) with extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Hevea brasiliensis latex, dog dander, cat dander, cow’s milk proteins, beekeeping pollen and a mixture of fungal extracts. Results: Cascade graphs were assembled according to the distribution of the LAIT results among the range of results of Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition (LAI) inside each group. A column graph was plotted with the mean LAI results for each antigen. The non-parametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test performed between the results of each test was significant only between the results of the LAIT performed with the dog extract and the mixed fungal extract (U = 1,179.5; the z-score was -2.64109; the p-value was 0.0083). All other Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test calculations between LAIT performed with the other allergens were not significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion: The evidence of non-IgE-mediated immunoreactivity in allergic patients has been reported in the medical literature since the beginning of the 19th century and has been increasing since then. This descriptive article presents the contribution of the LAIT as a tool to quantify the overall non-IgE-mediated cellular/humoral immunoreactivity against common allergens in patients formerly classified inside the “intrinsic” asthma endotype.

Evaluating Non-IgE-mediated Allergens’ Immunoreactivity in Patients with “Intrinsic” Persistent Rhinitis with Help of the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test

Background: The non-IgE-mediated immunoreactivities against common allergens are little understood conditions, especially in patients suffering from allergic respiratory disorders such as persistent rhinitis. Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the non-IgE-mediated immunoreactivity against common allergens, in allergen-reactive patients clinically diagnosed with persistent rhinitis without evidence of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity against these allergens. Methods: A group of 533 outpatients diagnosed with non-IgE-mediated allergen-reactive persistent rhinitis, were submitted to ex vivo Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Tests (LAIT) with extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Hevea brasiliensis latex, dog dander, cat dander, cow’s milk proteins, beekeeping pollen and a mixture of airborne fungal extracts. Results: Cascade distribution column graphs were assembled according to the LAIT results among six ranges of Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition (LAI) of each allergen group. A column graph was plotted with the mean LAI results for each antigen for comparison. Conclusion: The LAIT is a potential tool to quantify the overall non-IgE-mediated cellular/humoral immunoreactivity against common allergens in patients clinically diagnosed with persistent rhinitis. Most studies must be done to evaluate the potential of the LAIT as a screening ex vivo provocation test to select the more reactive allergens to perform the diagnostic in vivo provocation tests.

Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test to the assessment of Immunoreactivity Against Cow’s Milk Proteins in Non—IgE-Mediated Gastrointestinal Food Allergy

Background: The non—IgE-mediated food allergy syndromes are a group of conditions diagnosed mostly by clinical criteria and Oral Food Challenge tests (OFC).
 Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test (LAIT) to discriminate antigen-specific immunoreactivity in a group of patients with non—IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy diagnosed by OFC and clinical criteria.
 Methods: Ex vivo challenge tests performed with cow’s milk proteins extracts were monitored by LAIT in two groups: A) the active group consisting of 38 patients presenting non—IgE-mediated gastrointestinal lactose-free cow’s milk hypersensitivity; B) the control group consisting of 29 cow’s milk tolerant individuals
 Results: The mean Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition (LAI) of the control group was 5.48%, and the mean LAI of the active group was 54.18%. The non-parametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test showed p < α = 0.05.
 Conclusion: The Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test is an ex vivo immunoassay able to predict individual non—IgE-mediated immunoreactivity against cow’s milk allergens and to act as a triage test to select food allergens to be prescribed in exclusion diets to perform OFC in patients with suspected non—IgE-mediated food allergies.

Contribution of the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test for the Evaluation of Immunoreactivity against Gluten Extracts in Non—IgE-Mediated / Non-Autoimmune Gluten-Related Disorders

Background: The Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS) is a category inside the Gluten-Related Disorders (GRD) that groups the patients with unidentified mechanisms responsible for their symptoms.
 Objective: To evaluate the opportunity of an ex vivo challenge immunoassay, the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test (LAIT), to discriminate non—IgE-mediated gluten-specific immunoreactivity in patients with NCGS.
 Methods: Ex vivo challenge tests performed with gluten latex extract, monitored by LAIT, were assayed in an asymptomatic control group of 30 individuals and a group of 52 patients with GRD not related to any identifiable immune mechanism (NCGS).
 Results: The mean Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition (LAI) of the control group was 10.9%. The mean LAI of the NCGS patients’ group was 54.9%. The non-parametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test comparing the control group with the NCGS patient’s group showed significance with a p-value < 0.00001.
 Conclusion: The LAIT is an ex vivo challenge test able to discriminate gluten-sensitive and gluten-tolerant individuals, suggesting the participation of an immune Non—IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction in patients with the clinical diagnosis of NCGS.

Contribution of the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test to the Evaluation of Cellular Immunoreactivity against Latex Extracts for Non—IgE-Mediated Latex-Fruit-Pollen Syndrome in Allergic Candidates to Exclusion Diets and Allergic Desensitization

Background: Due to the lack of standardized laboratory procedures able to demonstrate specific non—IgE-mediated immune responses against latex allergens, these conditions are diagnosed mostly by clinical criteria based on empiric exclusion prescriptions monitored by in vivo challenge tests.
 Objective: To evaluate the opportunity of an ex vivo challenge immunoassay, the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition (LAI) Test (LAIT), to discriminate non—IgE-mediated latex-specific immunoreactivity.
 Methods: Ex vivo challenge tests performed with Hevea Brasiliense’s latex extract, monitored by LAIT, were assayed in an asymptomatic control group and a group of patients with diverse respiratory and cutaneous non—IgE-mediated allergic conditions, clinically diagnosed by a certified allergologist.
 Results: The mean LAI of the control group was 8.3%. The mean LAI of the complete patients’ group was 41.1%. The non-parametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U (WMWU) test comparing the control group with the whole patient’s group showed significance with a p-value < 0.00001. The WMWU test comparing the control group with each other patient’s group showed significance with a p-value < α = 0.05 for all comparisons. The WMWU test comparing the patients’ groups between each other did not show any significant p-value.
 Conclusion: Several patients from the diverse non—IgE-mediated allergic phenotypes presented variable immunoreactivity against the latex extract, as demonstrated by the LAIT, which proved to be an easy, quick, and inexpensive ex vivo immunoassay with the potential to predict individual immunoreactivity against Hevea brasiliensis latex allergens in real-world patients with non—IgE-mediated allergies.

Immunoreactivity against Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Assessed by the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test in Patients with Intrinsic Atopic Dermatitis and Correlated “Intrinsic” Non–IgE-mediated Allergic Conditions

Background: Due to the lack of standardized laboratory procedures able to demonstrate specific immune responses against the culprit allergens, the non—IgE-mediated allergy syndromes are a group of conditions diagnosed mostly by clinical examination and exclusion criteria.
 Objective: To evaluate the opportunity of the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test (LAIT) to discriminate specific immunoreactivity against Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) in a group of patients with non–IgE-mediated chronic allergic conditions.
 Methods: Ex vivo challenge tests performed with Dp were monitored by LAIT in patients presenting diverse non–IgE-mediated allergic conditions: intrinsic Atopic Dermatitis (iAD), intrinsic Allergic Rhinitis (iAR), intrinsic Ocular Allergy (iOA), intrinsic Chronic Pharyngitis (iCP), and intrinsic Asthma (iAS).
 Results: The mean LAI of the control group was 7%; the mean LAI of the iAR group was 34%; the mean LAI of the iCP group was 44%; the mean LAI of the iAS group was 45%; the mean LAI of the iOA group was 47%; the mean LAI of the iAD group was 55%. The non-parametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test comparing the control group with each other group showed significance with p-value < α = 0.05 for all groups.
 Conclusion: The Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test is an easy, quick, and inexpensive ex vivo immunoassay with the potential to predict individual immunoreactivity against HDM allergens in real-world patients with non–IgE-mediated allergies.

Assessment of Immunoreactivity against Therapeutic Options Employing the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test as a Tool for Precision Medicine

Background: The Precision Medicine’s approach employs the endotype concept as a central feature to personalize medical treatment. Individual immunoreactivity, alongside characteristics such as genetics, environment, and diet, is one of the factors that differentiates the therapeutic-driven endotypes.
 Objective: To evaluate the opportunity of the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition test to differentiate the immunoreactivity between two similar therapeutic agents employed on Allergen Immunotherapy.
 Methods: Side by side Leukocyte Adherence Inhibitions tests were performed with ovalbumin and carbamylated ovalbumin on a population of 33 self-reported egg-allergic individuals.
 Results: The results showed two endotypes inside the immune response of the studied groups: The first endotype was defined by the 16 individuals that presented a significant decrease in ovalbumin’s immunoreactivity after carbamylation (mean of differences = 35%; p = 0.002). The second endotype was defined by 17 individuals that presented a significant increase in ovalbumin’s immunoreactivity after carbamylation (mean of differences = 32%; p = 0.001).
 Conclusion: The Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition test was able to differentiate two distinct immunoreactivity patterns when comparing two similar therapeutic agents suggesting, as proof of concept, a potential role to be employed as a Precision Medicine tool.

The Plasma Preincubation with Papain Before the Assay Suggests that a Gell and Coombs Type II Reaction is Been Demonstrated by the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test

The Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test (LAIT) is an ex vivo challenge test used to testimony specific...

A Novel Utility for an Old Method: The Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test Is an Easy Way to Detect the Immunoreactive Interference of the Collection Tube Anticoagulant on Cellular Immunoassays

The leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test was designed to evaluate the presence of cellular immunoreactivity against specific antigens and is highly sensitive to analytical interference. To compare the performance of the LAI test among plasmas obtained with different anticoagulants, 36 blood samples of allergic subjects were divided into three tubes with heparin, sodium citrate, and EDTA. The adherence was assessed with the hemocytometer technique. The mean adherence of each group was compared as well as the number of tests with inappropriate adherence (<25%). Of the 36 tests, there were 4, 9, and 21 with inappropriate adherence in the groups of heparin, citrate, and EDTA, respectively. Of these last, 5 samples also did not demonstrate proper adherence with sodium citrate and 1 sample did not show proper adherence with any anticoagulant. The anticoagulant in the collection tube can elicit a specific immune response, becoming an interferent for the LAI test. In this case, there is the possibility of redoing the test using another anticoagulant. Performed with different anticoagulants, the LAI test may be used as a preanalytical tool for choosing the less immunoreactive anticoagulant for more complex immunoassays.

In search of a tolerance-induction strategy for cow’s milk allergies: significant reduction of beta-lactoglobulin allergenicity via transglutaminase/cysteine polymerization: Allergoid generation by polymerization

OBJECTIVE:To explore the use of β-lactoglobulin polymerized using microbial transglutaminase and heating to identify whether protein polymerization could reduce in vivo allergenicity and maintain in vitro and ex vivo immunoreactivity for use in tolerance-induction protocols.METHODS:Based on previous protocols applied in mice and children, we performed in vivo challenges (using a skin prick test) with native and polymerized β-lactoglobulin in adult patients with an IgE-mediated allergy to β-lactoglobulin. In vitro humoral immunoreactivity was analyzed using immunoblotting. Cell-mediated immunoreactivity was analyzed using ex vivo challenges with native and polymerized β-lactoglobulin and monitored by leukocyte adherence inhibition tests.RESULTS:The skin tests demonstrated that there was a significant reduction in immediate cutaneous reactivity after polymerization. Polymerization did not decrease the immunoblotting detection of s-IgE specific to β-lactoglobulin. Cell-mediated immunoreactivity, as assessed by ex vivo challenges and leukocyte adherence inhibition tests, did not exhibit significant differences between leukocytes challenged with native versus polymerized β-lactoglobulin.CONCLUSIONS:The polymerization of β-lactoglobulin decreased in vivo allergenicity and did not decrease in vitro humoral or ex vivo cell-mediated immunoreactivity. Therefore, we conclude that inducing polymerization using transglutaminase represents a promising technique to produce suitable molecules for the purpose of designing oral/sublingual tolerance induction protocols for the treatment of allergies.

Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Risk Factor for Lung Cancer

P-200 Abstract: Occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens has been associated with high cancer incidence. Lung cancer is the most important cause of cancer death in many industrialized countries. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are included in the group of the substances with increased risk for respiratory tract cancer. Chemical carcinogens -induced lung cancer develops through a secvence of the cellular alterations that have a lung time period of the reversible alterations, after that irreversible malignant transformations take place. Smoking habit is associated with alteration of the bronchial epithelium, reversible a long time period and with changes in the activation state of the inflammatory and immune cells by the respiratory tract. Recent studies associated the effects of the chemical carcinogenes and of the smoking with immune functions. The sensitived leukocytes to the anti-tumor immune factor lose their ability to adherence to glass or plastic surfaces then they are exposed. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the smoking habit on the health of the 400 occupational exposed workers to the PAH, using radiological, cytological and immunological investigations. A standard questionnaire including informations on occupational exposure, respiratory symptoms, health history, and smoking habit was completed. Concomitantly, two groups of subjects without, one of them including smokers and other including non-smokers, were investigated. The cytological screening of the sputum was performed by Papanicolaou method and the results were included in the 5 types: I—normal; II—slight atypia; III—Moderate atypia; IV—marked atypia; V—cancer cells. Leukocyte adherence inhibition test (LAI test) was performed for the detection of the anti-tumor immune factor in the exposed subjects. PAH- exposed group presented 28% of the cytological examinations with moderate and marked atypia; 78% of them are high smokers. The LAI test disclosed positive responders against the crud tumor extract at the 74% of the subjects with III and IV type of the sputum cytology. 81% of them are high smokers. PAH-exposed workers present an increased risk for respiratory tract cancer. Smoking is a very important risk factor for lung cancer in the plants with exposure to PAH.

Evaluation of host resistance and non‐specific cell mediated immune responses in mice exposed to sublethal subchronic doses of Aldrin

The effect of sublethal subchronic dose of Aldrin, an organochlorine pesticide, has been studied on non‐specific cell mediated immune responses and host resistance to an infection. Aldrin treatment in mice could result in significant suppression of stimulation of leukocytes to PHA as measured by the leukocyte migration inhibition and leukocyte adherence inhibition test. Further, it leads to a significant increase in parasitaemia, increased mortality rate and decreased survival time in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Our results reveal that a sublethal subchronic dose of Aldrin may affect non‐specific stimulation of cells involved in immune reactions and increase the rate of parasitaemia.

The Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test (LAI) in Preoperative Diagnosis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

One hundred two women admitted for evaluation of an adenexal mass were tested prior to surgery by the computerized tube leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay. The test was positive in 24/35 (69%) patients, diagnosed after surgery as epithelial ovarian cancer while 50/67 (75%) of those diagnosed as benign masses were negative. Only 2/38 (5%) of normal control subjects showed a false-positive result. The LAI test described in this report showed a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 75% in stage I ovarian cancer; thus it may be useful for early diagnosis of ovarian malignancy.

Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test: Cell-Mediated Reactivity to Tumor Antigens in Colorectal and Lung Tumor Long Survivors

Cell-mediated immunity versus tumor antigens (cytosols) of the same histotype and site was evaluated by means of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test in 44 colorectal adenocarcinoma and 17 lung squamous-cell carcinoma patients 3-10 years after surgical resection. LAI-positivity was observed in 17/44 (38.6%) and 13/17 (76.5%) patients, respectively, together with serum blocking factors in 7/17 (41.2%) compared to 0/13. These results indicate that a high percentage of long survivors retain an immunologic memory of the tumor antigen to which they have been exposed. The prognostic significance of serum blocking factors is less clear.

RNA-mediated transfer of cellular immunity to a synthetic env antigen of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)

A sheep was immunized with a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acid residues 586-606 of the precursor envelope protein GP-160 of the HIV-1 including a conserved epitope region of the GP-41 transmembrane protein in the mature viral particles, referred to as SM 284 HIV-1 [1]. It is demonstrated that immune RNA extracted from the lymphoid organs of the immunized animal (SM 284 HIV-1 I-RNA) was able to transfer immune cellular reactivity to SM 284 HIV-1 in vitro to human and rabbit lymphocytes and in vivo to Cebus apella monkeys. The transfer was detected by the leukocyte adherence inhibition test (LAI) as an indicator of cellular reactivity. One of the most relevant results was the demonstration that SM 284 HIV-1 I-RNA was able to induce cellular immunological memory in vivo in monkeys. These results may be relevant to delineate a new alternative for immunomodulation against HIV infection.

Modified humoral leukocyte adherence inhibition test for detection of lung cancer : Kubasova T, Horvath M, Szarvas I, Beke CS, Koteles GJ. ‘Frederic Joliot-Curie’, National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, H-1775 Budapest. Oncology 1989;46:386-90

Modified humoral leukocyte adherence inhibition test for detection of lung cancer : Kubasova T, Horvath M, Szarvas I, Beke CS, Koteles GJ. ‘Frederic Joliot-Curie’, National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, H-1775 Budapest. Oncology 1989;46:386-90

The role of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI), CA 19-9, and tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) tests in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

The leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay measures host cell-mediated tumor immunity. The original test used by Halliday and Miller was modified by substituting tissue extracts with purified tumor antigens (gastrointestinal cancer antigen [GICA]) with the aim of reducing false-positive results in the diagnosis of patients with early pancreatic cancer. By our modified technique, the LAI assay identified four of five pancreatic cancers at an early stage and gave only one false-positive result in 16, showing a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 94%. Later stages of the disease responded poorly on the test. These results were significantly better than those by the CA 19-9 and tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) tests. Should our findings be confirmed in larger material over a longer follow-up period, the LAI test could be proposed as a useful tool in the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

Immune function in malignant cervical neoplasia: A multiparameter analysis

International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 29, Issue 2 p. 200-200 Citations from the literature oncology Immune function in malignant cervical neoplasia: A multiparameter analysis P Balaram, P BalaramSearch for more papers by this authorMR Pillai, MR PillaiSearch for more papers by this authorTK Padmanabhan, TK PadmanabhanSearch for more papers by this authorT Abraham, T AbrahamSearch for more papers by this authorNK Hareendran, NK HareendranSearch for more papers by this authorMK Nair, MK NairSearch for more papers by this author P Balaram, P BalaramSearch for more papers by this authorMR Pillai, MR PillaiSearch for more papers by this authorTK Padmanabhan, TK PadmanabhanSearch for more papers by this authorT Abraham, T AbrahamSearch for more papers by this authorNK Hareendran, NK HareendranSearch for more papers by this authorMK Nair, MK NairSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1989 https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(89)90876-XAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume29, Issue2June 1989Pages 200-200 RelatedInformation

Modified Humoral Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test for Detection of Lung Cancer

The freshly separated indicator cells (suspension of leukocytes) used in humoral leukocyte adherence inhibition test were labeled either with 14C-amino acid mixture or 3H-concanavalin A (3H-ConA). Instead of counting the adherent cells, the amount of 'adherent' radioactivity was measured by a liquid scintillation spectrometer. By the modified method, sera from 25 lung-carcinoma-bearing patients as well as serum samples from 21 healthy persons were examined in the presence of crude antigens prepared from 'normal' lung tissue or lung tumors of various histologic types. Although the results demonstrated high specificity and reproducibility of both methods, the binding of 3H-ConA to the surface of adherent cells is more expressed and assures higher levels of radioactivity.

Immune function in malignant cervical neoplasia: A multiparameter analysis

Immunological assessment was carried out in 67 patients with various stages and histological grades of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix and compared with normal controls to discover whether any of these parameters could be used as an indicator of the patient's clinical status. The results show a gross impairment of the various lymphocyte subpopulations and anti-tumor immunity. This impairment was more pronounced in patients with high tumor load and having a histology of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. None of the parameters studied (total leukocyte numbers, lymphocyte subpopulations, leukocyte adherence inhibition test, natural killer cell activity, circulating immune complexes, and blocking effect of autologous serum) could be used as a clinical indicator, since no correlation could be noted between immune impairment and either the lymphocyte subpopulations or the circulating immune complexes.