Letter Substitution Research Articles

ANALISIS KESALAHAN FONOLOGI DALAM KETERAMPILAN BERBICARA BAHASA ARAB DI PONDOK PESANTREN PUTRI DAARUL FIKRI MALANG

This research focuses on the analysis of phonological errors in Arabic speaking abilities at the Daarul Fikri Malang Islamic Boarding School for Girls. The research method applied is qualitative descriptive, meaning that the search for facts is conducted through the interpretation of the data found, with the approach being a language error analysis approach to identify and elaborate on the phonological errors that arise in the mastery of speaking Arabic at the Daarul Fikri Malang Islamic Boarding School for Girls. In this research, the researcher used data collection techniques such as observation, documentation, and interviews. The analysis results indicate that 1.) Some types of phonological errors such as a. letter substitution b. letter addition c. letter deletion. 2.) The causes of phonological errors are a. language interference b. differences in phonological systems c. differences in educational backgrounds d. lack of practice in speaking Arabic. 3.) Proposed solutions include a. ishlahul lughoh for language correction b. and the provision of special intensive classes for learning ashwat using phonetic methods and mim-mem methods to improve speaking skills.

Effect of Yogic Practices on Concentration of Senior Secondary School Students

Aim of this study is to find the effect of yogic practices on concentration of senior secondary school students. There were 100 participants (50 from control group and 50 from experimental group) in this study. Yogic practices for 6 months (daily for 1 hour) were done by experimental group students and control group students did no yogic practices. Digit letter Substitution Test (DLST) tool was used for measuring the concentration of students. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for determining the nature of data. T-test was used to find the significant difference between the pre-test and post - test scores. Results show that there is a significant and important difference in concentration of experimental and control group of senior secondary school students

Examining the Impact of Reading Fluency on Lexical Decision Results in French 6th Graders.

How does lexical decision behavior vary in students with the same grade level (all students were in their first year of middle-school), but different levels of reading fluency? Here, we tested a prediction of the dual-route model: as fluency increases, variations in the results may reflect a decreasing reliance on decoding and an increasing reliance on the lexical route. 1,501 French 6th graders passed a one-minute speeded reading-aloud task evaluating fluency, and a ten-minute computerized lexical decision task evaluating the impact of lexicality, length, word frequency and pseudoword type. As predicted, the word length effect varied dramatically with reading fluency, with the least fluent students showing a length effect even for frequent words. The frequency effect also varied, but solely in proportion to overall reading speed, suggesting that frequency affects the decision stage similarly in all readers, while length disproportionately impacts poor readers. Response times and errors were also affected by pseudoword type (e.g., letter substitutions or transpositions), but these effects showed minimal variation with fluency. Overall, lexical decision variables were excellent predictors of reading fluency (r = 0.62). Our results highlight the variability in middle-school reading ability and describe how a simple lexical decision task can be used to assess students' mental lexicon (vocabulary) and the automatization of reading skills.

TAHLIL AL- AKHTO’ FII KITABATIL LUGGHOTIL AROBIYYAH FII TA’LIMIL IMLA’ BIMADROSATI DARUT TAUHID ZAINUL HASAN GENGGONG

Writing is one of the four skills in Arabic language acquisition. Improving writingproficiency can be achieved through spelling instruction. Dictation, an exercisecommonly used in Arabic instruction, involves the teacher reciting a text or passage,and the student transcribing it. This study aims to delineate the fundamental types ofwriting errors among first-grade students in a religious school. Employing a qualitativedescriptive research approach, the study utilizes error analysis as its methodologicalframework. Multiple data collection methods, including tests, observations, interviews,and documentation, were employed by the researcher. The results of this study showthat the errors identified in this study encompass mistakes in writing hamza, hamzaomission, letter deletion, letter addition, as well as errors in letter substitution and thewriting of taa. The primary factors contributing to these errors include students'unfamiliarity with correct writing forms, inadequate Arabic writing practice, anddeficiencies in grammar and morphology skills.

Detecting generative artificial intelligence in scientific articles: Evasion techniques and implications for scientific integrity

BackgroundArtificial intelligence (AI) tools, although beneficial for data collection and analysis, can also facilitate scientific fraud. AI detectors can help resolve this problem, but their effectiveness depends on their ability to track AI progress. In addition, many methods of evading AI detection exist and their constantly evolving sophistication can make the task more difficult. Thus, from an AI-generated text, we wanted to: (1) evaluate the AI detection sites on a text generated entirely by the AI, (2) test the methods described for evading AI detection, and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of these methods to evade AI detection on the sites tested previously. HypothesisNot all AI detection tools are equally effective in detecting AI-generated text and some techniques used to evade AI detection can make an AI-produced text almost undetectable. Materials and methodsWe created a text with ChatGPT-4 (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) and submitted it to 11 AI detection web tools (Originality, ZeroGPT, Writer, Copyleaks, Crossplag, GPTZero, Sapling, Content at scale, Corrector, Writefull et Quill), before and after applying strategies to minimise AI detection. The strategies used to minimize AI detection were the improvement of command messages in ChatPGT, the introduction of minor grammatical errors such as comma deletion, paraphrasing, and the substitution of Latin letters with similar Cyrillic letters (a and o) which is also a method used elsewhere to evade the detection of plagiarism. We have also tested the effectiveness of these tools in correctly identifying a scientific text written by a human in 1960. ResultsFrom the initial text generated by the AI, 7 of the 11 detectors concluded that the text was mainly written by humans. Subsequently, the introduction of simple modifications, such as the removal of commas or paraphrasing can effectively reduce AI detection and make the text appear human for all detectors. In addition, replacing certain Latin letters with Cyrillic letters can make an AI text completely undetectable. Finally, we observe that in a paradoxical way, certain sites detect a significant proportion of AI in a text written by a human in 1960. DiscussionAI detectors have low efficiency, and simple modifications can allow even the most robust detectors to be easily bypassed. The rapid development of generative AI raises questions about the future of scientific writing but also about the detection of scientific fraud, such as data fabrication. Level of evidenceIII Control case study.

ظاهرة المشكلات الصوتية لدى الطلاب المادوريين في معهد الأمين الإسلامي سومنب (دراسة تحليلية وصفية)

This research aims to know the phonetic problems in pronouncing the Arabic word among the students of Al-Ameen Islamic Institute, Gulu-Gulu Sumb, its factors and how to treat it. The methodology of this scientific research is based on the qualitative field research perspective and its descriptive approach to the type of study of the phenomenon. The field of research is the Al-Ameen Islamic Institute, Sumneb. The method of data collection is: 1. Interview 2. Note 3. documents. The method of analyzing the data is: taking care of the data, classifying and describing it, then searching for causes and solutions.
 As for the results of this research, the researcher can be summarized as follows: (1) Phonetic problems among Madurese students at Al-Ameen Islamic Institute consist of: letter substitution, letter deletion, and letter distortion. (2) The factors affecting these errors consist of: (a) social factors: language interference and the students' environment. (B) Psychological factors: Affective variables of students. (c) Cognitive factors: communication strategy. (3) The methods for treating phonemic errors and applying them are: (a) To be with the teacher the ability to pronounce the Arabic word and the first language of the students with the correct pronunciation of its letters and to present a model of correct pronunciation of good sounds. (b) Students should know the importance of pronunciation of the Arabic word and pay great attention to it, with examples, with many exercises outside the classroom, and listening a lot. (C) That the Al-Ameen Islamic Institute carry out a training program for teachers of the Arabic language.

ASSOCIATION OF SCREEN TIME AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WITH INFORMATION PROCESSING SPEED AMONG SCHOOL GOING EARLY ADOLESCENTS IN SOUTH INDIA

Background and Objectives: Excessive use of smartphones and computers among adolescents together with less physical activity is a major public health concern as it has shown to produce attention difficulties, decreased academic performance and various health issues. This study aims to identify the relationship among screen time, physical activity and cognitive function of adolescents. Materials & Methods:This was a cross sectional study done on students between the age of 10 and 14years of one government and one private school in Trivandrum corporation Kerala.Information processing speed was assessed using Digit Letter Substitution Tests (DLST).Physical Activity was measured using the Youth Physical Activity Questionnaire (YPAQ). Screen time in the study included watching television, playing video games, and using smartphones, tablet devices, desktop, and laptop. Results:147 students participated in the study. Screen time was high across all groups in the study, only 9.5 % of the study group had optimum screen time of 2 hours as recommended by WHO but this group had significantly higher information processing speed.57.1% of adolescents in the study group had adequate physical activity and this group of students had significantly higher DLST score compared to those with low physical activity. Interpretation & Conclusions: The findings of the study could serve as a reliable indicator on the harmfulness of screen time and sedentary lifestyle on cognitive function of young adolescents. This can also help to implement a school-based monitoring on unhealthy life styles and interventions for intellectual development of adolescents in Kerala.

VOCALISM OF THE FIRST PRESTRESSED SYLLABLEAFTER PALATALIZED CONSONANTS IN 17-TH CENTURY KOSTROMA DIALECTS

The article considers a new data of the 17 century Kostroma business style documents. Based on it, we come to a conclusion about a history of the fi rst prestressed syllable vocalism aft er palatalized consonants in North Russian Kostroma dialects, as well as discover its relationship with the stressed syllable phenomena. The results obtained are then compared with the modern dialects data in the territory considered. It turns out that in Kostroma dialects the tendency to non-high vowel neutralization in the sound [e] in the first prestressed syllable between palatalthized consonants started to take shape as early as the 17 century, which is evidenced by letter substitutions in this position. The manuscript data confirms the previous conclusions about the formation of the North Russian dialectal landscape and clarifi es the dating of the ‘ekanye’ emergence in a position before palatalized consonants. Parallelism of the phenomena in the fi rst prestressed syllable aft er palatalized consonants with the phenomena present in the stressed syllable was still present in th17 century Kostroma dialects, but nowadays it is lost in Kostroma dialects with ‘ekanye’ in the fi rst prestressed syllable in a position before palatalized or velarized consonants.

The Effect of Mindfulness Practice on Adolescents: A Pilot Study

Background: Adolescents experience various emotional, cognitive, and behavioral issues for which there is emerging evidence for mindfulness-based interventions, but these have not been investigated with Indian adolescents. Objectives: To study the impact of mindfulness practices on attention, perceived stress, emotional competence, and mental health among high school adolescents. Method: A single group theme-based 4-week (12 sessions) mindfulness intervention program was conducted on school-going adolescents with a pre-post scale-based assessment design. Results: Thirty-nine out of 45 recruited participants (mean age 15.9 ± 0.56 years; M:F = 2:1) completed the study with high session attendance rates (82.05%–100%). On a paired t-test, there was a significant improvement on the Digit Letter Substitution Test ( p < .001), the Perceived Stress Scale ( p < .001), and three subscales of the Emotional Competencies Scale-Revised ( p < .001–.004). Analysis of non-normal data on the Wilcoxon sign-ranked test revealed significant improvement in the Adequate Depth of Feeling subscale of Emotional Competence ( p < .001) and all subscales of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-Teacher Version ( p < .001–.048) Conclusion: The results indicate that formal mindfulness-based practices for adolescents have significant psychological benefits. Further randomized controlled effectiveness trials are required to establish effectiveness in the non-clinical adolescent population.

VOCALISM OF THE FIRST PRESTRESSED SYLLABLE AFTER PALATALIZED CONSONANTS IN 17TH CENTURY KOSTROMA DIALECTS

The article considers a new data of the 17th century Kostroma business style documents. Based on it, we come to a conclusion about a history of the first prestressed syllable vocalism after palatalized consonants in North Russian Kostroma dialects, as well as discover its relationship with the stressed syllable phenomena. Th e results obtained are then compared with the modern dialects data in the territory considered. It turns out that in Kostroma dialects the tendency to non-high vowel neutralization in the sound [e] in the fi rst prestressed syllable between palatalized consonants started to take shape as early as the 17th century, which is evidenced by letter substitutions in this position. The manuscript data confirms the previous conclusions about the formation of the North Russian dialectal landscape and clarifi es the dating of the ‘ekanye’ emergence in a position before palatalized consonants. Parallelism of the phenomena in the first prestressed syllable aft er palatalized consonants with the phenomena present in the stressed syllable was still present in 17th century Kostroma dialects, but nowadays it is lost in Kostroma dialects with ‘ekanye’ in the first prestressed syllable in a position before palatalized or velarized consonants.

Properties of graphic motor plans in the writing system

ABSTRACT The present study explores the extent to which properties of abstract graphemic representations are maintained at the post-graphemic level of graphic motor plans, where the sequences of writing strokes for producing the letters in a word are represented. On the basis of results from a stroke patient (NGN) who has a deficit affecting the activation of graphic motor plans, we explore the post-graphemic representation of 1) consonant/vowel status of letters; 2) geminate (double) letters, such as the BB in RABBIT; and 3) digraphs, such as the SH in SHIP. Through analyses of NGN’s letter substitution errors, we conclude that 1) consonant–vowel status is not represented at the level of graphic motor plans; 2) geminates have special representations at the motor-plan level, as at the graphemic level; and 3) digraphs are represented by two separate single-letter graphic motor plans, and not by unitary digraph motor plans.

Using Dynamic Pruned N-Gram Model for Identifying the Gender of the User

Organizations analyze customers’ personal data to understand and model their behavior. Identifying customers’ gender is a significant factor in analyzing markets that help plan the promotional campaigns, determine target customers and provide relevant offers. Several techniques were developed to analyze different types of data, including text, image, speech, and biometrics, to identify the gender of the user. The method of synthesis of the profile name differs from one customer to another. Using numerical substitutions of specific letters, known as Leet language, impedes the gender identification task. Moreover, using acronyms, misspellings, and adjacent names impose additional challenges. Towards this goal, this work uses the customers’ profile names associated with submitted reviews to recognize the customers’ gender. First, we create datasets of profile names extracted from the customers’ reviews. Secondly, we introduce a dynamic pruned n-gram model for identifying the gender of the user. It starts with data segmentation to handle adjacent parts, followed by data conversion and cleaning to fix the use of Leet language. Feature selection through a dynamic pruned n-gram model is the next step with the recurrent misspelling correction using fuzzy matching. We evaluate the proposed approach on the real data collected from active web resources. The obtained results demonstrate its validity and reliability.

Effect of yoga on cognitive functions and anxiety among female school children with low academic performance: A randomized control trial

BackgroundTo achieve better academic performance, students should improve their cognitive faculties and overcome anxiety. Therefore, the present research was conducted to assess the effect of yoga on the cognitive functions of female adolescents with low academic performance. MethodsThe present study is a randomized control trial (RCT). Eighty-nine female students in the age range of 12–14 years were randomly assigned into two groups [yoga (n = 45); physical exercise (n = 44)] at a school setting. Both groups were assessed before and after on Raven's standard progressive matrices (RSPM), Corsi Block Tapping Test (CBTT), Six Letter Cancellation Test (SLCT), Digit Letter Substitution Test (DLST), Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC). ResultsFindings of the present study showed significant (p < .05) differences in scores of forward CBTT, SWCT, and SLCT in group × time interaction. Both the groups showed significant (p < .05) improvement in SLCT, backward scores of CBTT, and STAIC-T. All outcomes measured were significantly (p < .05) improved in the yoga group except STAIC-S. ConclusionYoga improves general intelligence, visuospatial working memory, and attention, as well as reduces the anxiety of students with low academic performance. Similarly, physical exercise was also found to be improving visuospatial working memory, sustained attention, and reduce trait anxiety. However, the finding of the present study indicated yoga to be more effective compared to physical exercise in regards to students' fluid intelligence and executive function. Improvement in general intelligence, visuospatial working memory, and attention is expected to positively influence students’ academic performance.

Screening Children with Epilepsy for Cognitive Deficits Using the Modified Mini-Mental Scale Examination and the Digit Letter Substitution Test

Purpose: Children with epilepsy commonly have cognitive deficits; however, full-length neuropsy-chological testing is time- and resource-intensive. Therefore, we evaluated the feasibility of using the modified Mini-Mental Scale Examination (MMSE) and the Digit Letter Substitution Test (DLST) to screen children with epilepsy for cognitive deficits.Methods: This was a prospective case-control study comparing scores on the MMSE and the DLST in children with epilepsy with normal age-matched controls between 8 and 12 years of age. Results: In 35 cases and 36 controls, the cases had significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) mean scores than the controls. The correlation coefficient between the MMSE and DLST scores was 0.902 (P&lt;0.001). Children with developmental or speech delays and an epilepsy duration ≥5 years had lower scores than those without the corresponding risk factors.Conclusion: This study demonstrated significantly lower scores on the MMSE and DLST in chil-dren with epilepsy than in controls, as well as significantly lower scores in patients with develop-mental or speech delays and an epilepsy duration ≥5 years.

Cognitive Flexibility Through the Path of Yoga

Cognitive flexibility plays a crucial role in an individual’s ability to adapt to the ever-changing situations and is associated with effective problem-solving and decision-making. Given the wide range of the impact of Yoga on physiological and psychological aspects of health, the purpose of the study was to examine the impact of Yoga-based practices (YBP) on cognitive flexibility among school students. The performance in digit letter substitution test (DLST) was assessed with 80 school students of fifth-grade and 78 students of ninth-grade immediately before and after participating in a single Yoga class and a control session of equal duration. The intervention comprised of YBP focusing on pranayama and relaxation meditation. Data were analysed using mixed-method ANOVA by comparing effect sizes between the two conditions supplemented by a within-group analysis. Most outcome measures exhibited a pattern of worsening in the control group over time, whereas changes in the Yoga group over time were either consistent or showed slight improvements. The findings suggest, at a preliminary level, that YBP are effective in improving students’ cognitive flexibility as well as their academic school readiness. This information is important to consider as it aims at developing students’ executive functions, thereby impacting their future.

Immediate Effect of Ujjayi Pranayama on Attention and Anxiety among University Students: A Randomised Self-control Study

Introduction: Elevated level of anxiety and low attention in university students has detrimental effects on their academic performance and well-being. The practice of pranayama is considered to enhance the attention and reduce anxiety of individuals. Though, ujjayi pranayama has a relaxing and tranquilising effect, its effects on attention and anxiety in students has not been explored yet. Aim: To assess the immediate effect of ujjayi pranayama on sustained attention, selective attention and state-trait anxiety in university students. Materials and Methods: The present study was a randomised self-control study in which 34 students were randomly divided into group A and group B using the lottery method. Inclusion criteria were students in the age range of 18-35 years, conversant in English, willing to participate and having at least two years of proficiency in pranayama practice. The assessment and intervention were conducted at the yoga hall of Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anausandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, in the month of April 2015. The duration of intervention was for 10 minutes. On day one, group A practiced ujjayi pranayama for eight minutes and two minutes of breath observation. Students in group B were asked to sit in a meditative posture with eyes open. The order was reversed on the day second. Students from both groups were assessed just before and immediately after the intervention using the Digit Letter Substitution Test (DLST), Six Letter Cancellation Test (SLCT), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results: Statistical analysis showed, a significant difference in STAI scores (9.00±3.05 vs. 10.29±3.23, p=0.005). No significant difference was observed in other variables in between group comparison. Likewise, the within group analysis showed a significant difference in pre and post scores of DLST (53.68±9.35 vs 59.65±9.66, p&lt;0.001), SLCT (30.21±10.29 vs 33.71±11.67, p=0.007), and STAI (11.5±3.40 vs 9.00±3.05, p&lt;0.001) in the group A as well as a significant difference in pre and post scores of DLST (55.82±10.44 vs 60.00±9.51, p=0.002) and STAI (10.94±3.19 vs 10.29±3.23, p=0.024) in the group B. Conclusion: The present study suggested that ujjayi pranayama improves sustained and selective attention and reduces the state-trait anxiety of university students. However, further studies to assess the chronic effect of ujjayi pranayama with greater sample size and advanced tools are required to support the present finding.

Physiological Effects of Cryptic Ancient Religious Chants

Aim: One of the variables that contributes to higher academic achievement is awareness. In Indian schools, traditional practises are applied to improve mental skills with the purpose of adding value. Prayers and other mantras, for example, can help to regulate and enhance the cardiovascular heart's rhythm while also modifying baroreflex sensitivity.&#x0D; Method: 50 healthy individuals were selected for the study. Comparisons of the effects of reciting Mary's petitions or mantra during voluntary breathing and metronome device control on rate of respiration, spontaneous pulse, blood pressure, and brain circulation in the RR region. The purpose of this study is to compare the impact of singing the Gayatri mantra (GM) on awareness to the function of letter substitution (DLST). Respiratory frequency, normal breathing, baroreflex sensitivity, heart oscillation frequency were recorded. The Bonferroni adjustment was utilised in the frequent measurement analysis of difference.&#x0D; Conclusion: With the DLST net, both of these times showed complete upgrades in total points. In comparison to PL (3.85 percent), the extent of the development of net points was large after GM (22.67 percent). When repeated seven times per minute, both prayers and mantras generate a noticeable, forceful, and simultaneous rise in present-time cardiovascular system pulsations. The sensitivity of the baroreflex also increases significantly, from 9.2 (SD 4.4) to 11.7 (4.5) ms/mm Hg, P0.06.

An Analysis of the Spelling Errors In the Written English of Saudi University Students

This study investigates the spelling errors that characterize the writing of Saudi university students. The errors are analyzed with a view to finding their causes. The analysis shows that the errors fall into three categories- substitution (letter and word substitution), addition and omission. The authors conclude that the letter substitution error is a characteristic feature of the spelling of the subjects,. The authors also conclude that the subjects' Arabic dialect is responsible for causing such type of substitution. The other types, which occurred less frequently, are attributed to interference from both Arabic and English. The authors finally recommend a kind of instruction focusing on the learners' attested errors considering priorities.

Phonological Errors in Reading Tawasul among Cirangrang Society, Bandung District

This research is a qualitative descriptive study with an analytical approach to errors in reading tawasul. This study aims to describe and analyze the form of phonological errors in reading tawasul and their causes, then formulate solutions to these errors so as to minimize errors and be able to read tawasul well, perfectly, and in accordance with the rules. The data in this study were obtained by free listening, recording, and writing techniques. They were done sequentially with several resource persons who became leaders in each activity that contained the reading of tawasul in it. From the results of observations, several errors were found in the form of addition, subtraction, and substitution of letters, tasydid, and mad signs. Additionally, some spelling errors were also found due to similarities in pronunciation, such as the letter ع becomes أ, letter ض becomes ظ, خ letter becomes ح, letter ش becomes س, and letter ق becomes ك.

SANSKRIT PROSODY: A POTENTIAL TOOL TO IMPACT NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES IN MIDDLE SCHOOL CHILDREN

Background /Aim: Psychological changes during transition from primary to middle school are immense, leading to a lack of attention in children. Chanting has been beneficial to improve attention and other cognitive parameters, but the impact of individual elements of chanting is yet to be explored. The current four-armed comparative study was attempted to explore the impact of prosody/Chanda on sustained attention and response interference in middle school children. Methods: A total of 138 students (12.12 ± 0.74 years) were recruited from grades 7 and 8 of an English medium School and were allocated into four groups; Humming a Chanda (HC), Chanting a Sanskrit verse (CS), Reading an English verse (RE) and Silent sitting (SS). Fifteen minutes of the intervention was provided every day, divided into three sessions of 5 minutes each for four weeks. Baseline and post-intervention data were collected using Digit Letter Substitution Test (DLST) and Stroop color-word test. Results: The current study had a cent percent adherence to the protocol. Within-group analysis using sample t-test demonstrated significant changes in HC, CS, and SS groups (p&lt;0.001) with DLST scores. Post-hoc analysis revealed that the CS group had higher scores; however, there were no differences between the HC and CS groups. Stroop scores improved in all groups except for the SS group. Post-hoc analysis to examine the superiority between groups presented a higher statistical significance in CS group when compared to HC group. A statistical significance was also observed between the chanting and SS group. There were statistical differences within the group in both HC and CS groups in the Stroop mistake scores, but no differences were observed between groups. Conclusion: Our study results revealed that humming prosody and chanting a mantra have similar effects on sustained attention; however, humming has no effect on response interference among middle school children.