Letter Shapes Research Articles

PENGGUNAAN MEDIA APEL HURUF DALAM MENGATASI KESULITAN MEMBACA TERHADAP SISWA KELAS RENDAH SEKOLAH DASAR

This research was motivated by several elementary school students who had difficulty reading and that learning media could act as a tool to aid these learning delays. The aim of this research is to describe the importance of effective learning media on apple letters to improve reading fluency in lowed class elementary school student. This method used qualitative research metods. The type of qualitative research used in this research is a case study type of research by means of observation, interviews, and documentation to obtain accurate research final data. The final data can be ascertained to be accurate because it has been proven by face to face observation activities on lower grade elementary school students who have difficulty reading, apart from that, observations were also made on teachers who used the letter apple teaching media as a teaching aid supported by documentation. The teacher’s importance to improving the reading fluency of lowed class student is by using learning media in the form of letters as a tool to convey the material. Form of student reading difficulties include difficulty distinguishing letter shapes and difficulty spelling letters and words. This research obtained results thar the apple letter media is very important to help teachers improve the reading fluency of lowed class elementary school students. Apple letter media can also improve student achievement, train critical thinking, and can increase student activity in learning because when students have difficulty reaing it will disrupt their learning activities. The impact or consequence of using letter apple media or other learning media in helping overcoming reading difficulties for lowed grade elementary school students is the creation of more advance education because using teaching media aims to help students achieve their learning goals so that students will get better achievement result good.

An Automated Period Prediction System for Sinhala Epigraphical Scripts using Ensemble CNNs and Attention Modules

Identifying the period of epigraphical scripts is crucial for archaeologists and others to determine the age of inscriptions. Since different sets and shapes of letters were used in different eras, identifying the period of an epigraphical script also aids in recognizing these scripts. An ideal period prediction system should detect the era of an epigraphical script in real time with high accuracy. The objective of this study is to develop an automated system to predict the period of Sri Lankan Sinhala epigraphical scripts. In the first stage, a dataset of Sinhala epigraphical letter images was created using 7,012 samples from estampage pictures of Sri Lankan inscriptions, addressing the absence of a proper dataset. The proposed approach is more efficient than previous models as it can detect the period of individual letters as well as the period of raw, whole estampage images. Moreover, the approach incorporates a mechanism to detect the period of letters from inscriptions written between two consecutive eras. An ensemble CNN model with attention modules is utilized to identify the eras of epigraphical scripts. Experimental results show that the proposed system achieves an average classification accuracy of 93.88% in identifying the era of individual letters. The system can automatically determine the era of an inscription by analyzing its estampage image within thirty seconds.

Script Struggles: A Psycholinguistic Study of Handwriting Difficulties among EFL Learners

This study seeks to examine the salient manifestations of handwriting difficulties experienced by learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), throwing light on the cognitive, neural, and educational aspects of handwriting. Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the manifestations of handwriting difficulties among EFL learners. In total, 80 college-level EFL students aged between18 to 22 years were included in this study. To investigate the specific manifestations of handwriting difficulties faced by the EFL learner population, data were gathered using a handwriting task given to all participants. The results of this investigation showed that the participants performed less than optimally in key handwriting features, including letter size consistency, legibility, word spacing, letter spacing, letter shape, left margin, and writing speed. Based on the findings, the study concluded with proposed interventions and instructional strategies to enhance the legibility and fluency of EFL learners' handwriting.

Familiarity Effect in the Perception of Handwriting: Evaluating in-group/out-group effect among readers of the Latin script

There is much evidence that familiarity can affect perception of stimuli, with items that are familiar to the individual being preferred and better remembered. Previous research has also shown that familiarity with a typeface increases preference for it, but no studies have evaluated the impact of familiarity in relation to the affect towards handwritten text. For the present study, a two-part experiment (N = 422) was designed to measure how contemporary users of the Latin script perceive handwritten text. The first section was designed to collect specimens of the participants’ handwriting. The second, which was adapted to each participant’s handwriting style, measured implicit judgments of certain familiar letter shapes against unfamiliar ones. Results show that familiarity positively influences the extent to which one judges the friendliness and trustworthiness of handwritten text. Furthermore, the greater the similarity to how one writes a letterform, the greater the observed effect in terms of perceived friendliness. These findings suggest that people have an implicit bias towards handwriting that looks like their own.

Enhancing arabic handwriting recognition through optimized deep learning frameworks

Detecting Arabic handwriting is challenging due to letter shapes, intervening segments, and diacritical marks, despite recent advances in pattern recognition. Deep learning architectures ConvNeXt and NFNet-F5 and the meta-heuristic optimization algorithm Aquila Optimizer, inspired by eagle hunting, are used to overcome these challenges. We first review Arabic handwriting recognition literature to determine strengths, weaknesses, and future directions. Next, we describe Arabic handwriting, particularly its interconnectivity, diversity, and many diacritical symbols that make recognition difficult. The Aquila Optimizer is used to optimize CNN hyperparameters in this paper. The goal is to increase the recognition rate and reduce the computational workload. To prove the Aquila Optimizer's efficacy, the ConvNeXt and NFNet-F5 topologies are compared with and without it. The optimized ConvNeXt model has a recognition rate of 98.96%, significantly higher than comparable techniques. It also thoroughly assesses numerous meta-heuristic optimizers and highlights the Aquila Optimizer's potential to improve model performance. This work has enhanced Arabic handwriting recognition by building more precise and efficient models and provides a framework for future research on optimization and applying these models to other scripts like Persian and Urdu.

The Evaluation of Written Tests at Nurussyifa Islamic Kindergarten to Support Merdeka Curriculum

Early childhood is the nation's next generation whose development and growth we must maximize. During this golden age, children receive stimulation from the environment at home, at school and in the community. At school, teachers provide stimulation to children through learning activities according to the kurikulum merdeka. In the pre-school period, children are also introduced to basic writing activities. Indicators of beginning writing are, the child can hold a writing instrument well and correctly, is able to move his hand well, the child can imitate letter shapes, the child can recognize letter shapes. Writing test activities in kindergarten are implemented with very simple activities such as bolding letters, making dashes, making shapes and many more. This research was conducted to evaluate written test activities at TKIT Nurussyifa Krebet Jambon Ponorogo. The data sources in this research are the principal, group A teachers, and group A1 students at TKIT Nurussyifa. The method used in this research is a qualitative research method, using a field case study approach. The techniques used in collecting data are observation, interviews and documentation. From the research results, the written test activities carried out at TKIT Nurussyifa have gone well, and are not burdensome for therapy children, showing positive results and are effective in training children's motor skills in beginning writing.

A graphene flexible pressure sensor based on a fabric-like groove structure for high-resolution tactile imaging

Flexible pressure sensors hold significant promise for applications in fields such as prosthetics, electronic skin, robotics, and healthcare. Nevertheless, the challenge lies in preserving the linear sensitivity range of these sensors across a broad pressure range. In this study, we introduce a structure featuring Graphene Nano-walls (GNWs) arranged in a fabric-like groove pattern for flexible piezoresistive sensors. This design effectively accommodates material deformations, enabling the sensor to maintain exceptional sensitivity across a wide pressure range. The GNWs groove piezoresistive sensor exhibits ultra-high sensitivity (S = 2297.47 kPa−1) and outstanding linearity (R2 = 0.986) over an extensive pressure range (0.2 Pa − 425 kPa), while maintaining remarkable mechanical stability over 10,000 cycles. It boasts rapid response times of 9 ms and a recovery time of 7 ms. Owing to the fast response and high sensitivity of this sensor, we constructed a high-resolution tactile imaging system, with a surface height resolution of 20 μm and a elastic film thickness resolution of 0.1 mm. Noteworthy, we reconstructed the 3D texture of a leaf and reconstructed the shape of letters under soft elastomer. These applications underscore the potential of GNWs groove pressure sensors in various fields, including artificial intelligence, robotics, prosthetics, and so on.

Analisis Kesulitan Membaca Permulaan pada Siswa Kelas Rendah: Systematic Literature Review

One important component in the world of education is the ability to read. Even though Indonesia's population is increasing, interest in reading tends to decrease, as evidenced by the percentage of illiterates, which will reach 3.18% in 2023. Reading is the main capital for progress in education, starting from an early age with initial reading in elementary school. However, several difficulties, such as difficulty pronouncing letters, reading diphthongs, and spelling difficulties, are often experienced by students. The aim of this research is to examine the initial reading difficulties of lower-grade students and the strategies implemented by teachers to overcome these problems. This research is useful in helping students master the shapes of letters, words, and sentences, as well as increasing their activity in class. Apart from that, this research aims to increase teacher creativity in creating interesting learning and providing input to improve Indonesian language learning outcomes in lower grades. This research follows PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines using the Dimensions and Google Scholar databases.

City Font Design in Destinations Branding

Letter design plays a crucial role in establishing city branding. This letter is a representation of the appearance and nature of the city. The objective of this research is to find out how to design letters from branding in several cities worldwide. This research is vital and timely, as effective city branding relies on visual design elements, including typography. This study aims to determine the number of cities that apply branding using unique letter shapes. Additionally, it also aims to see the application of city-specific fonts in branding and determine their effect on the visual strength of branding. The study employs the Contextual Design method, using the Requirements and solutions to define and Validate Concepts and Processes. The results of this study are the letter designs used in city branding in several places in the world. These findings serve as valuable references for designers and offer insights into societal perceptions. Keywords: font design, city branding, city font

FontCLIP: A Semantic Typography Visual‐Language Model for Multilingual Font Applications

AbstractAcquiring the desired font for various design tasks can be challenging and requires professional typographic knowledge. While previous font retrieval or generation works have alleviated some of these difficulties, they often lack support for multiple languages and semantic attributes beyond the training data domains. To solve this problem, we present FontCLIP – a model that connects the semantic understanding of a large vision‐language model with typographical knowledge. We integrate typography‐specific knowledge into the comprehensive vision‐language knowledge of a pretrained CLIP model through a novel finetuning approach. We propose to use a compound descriptive prompt that encapsulates adaptively sampled attributes from a font attribute dataset focusing on Roman alphabet characters. FontCLIP's semantic typographic latent space demonstrates two unprecedented generalization abilities. First, FontCLIP generalizes to different languages including Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK), capturing the typographical features of fonts across different languages, even though it was only finetuned using fonts of Roman characters. Second, FontCLIP can recognize the semantic attributes that are not presented in the training data. FontCLIP's dual‐modality and generalization abilities enable multilingual and cross‐lingual font retrieval and letter shape optimization, reducing the burden of obtaining desired fonts.

Pengaruh Metode Pembelajaran Interaktif dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan Menulis Huruf Hijaiyyah pada Siswa SMP

This study aims to evaluate the effect of interactive learning methods on improving hijaiyyah letter writing skills in junior high school students. Interactive learning methods are implemented through the use of educational technology, educational games, and collaboration between teachers and students. This research involved junior high school students as research subjects, by applying an experimental approach and a pretest-posttest control group design. During the research period, the experimental group was given learning using interactive methods. Meanwhile, the control group continued to follow conventional learning methods. The research instrument involved a hijaiyyah letter writing test before and after the intervention, as well as observations to observe interactions between teachers and students during the learning process. The results of data analysis show a significant increase in the skills of writing hijaiyyah letters in the experimental group compared to the control group. Interactive learning provides greater support for students in understanding and remembering letter shapes, increasing learning motivation, and creating a more enjoyable learning environment. This research contributes to the development of Islamic education at the junior high school level by emphasizing the importance of implementing interactive learning methods to improve skills in writing hijaiyyah letters. The practical implications of this research can help teachers and educational policy makers in designing learning strategies that are more effective and oriented towards student development.

A Roman face on an English body: the typography of Plowden’s Commentaries

ABSTRACT This paper examines the typographic form of Plowden’s Commentaries within its legal, printing, and technological histories, demonstrating that its typographic appearance embeds complex tensions over the study and dissemination of the common law into its material form. There are legally relevant meanings in the shape of letters, beyond mere legibility, that are connected with the heritage of type design and print technologies. Within the context of debates over the propriety of early common law printing, this paper provides an examination of Plowden’s typographic style as roman and humanist. Tracing the genealogy of roman and humanist letters that led to the ones used in Plowden’s opening judgment, the typography of the Commentaries is connected to debates over the resistance of the common law (as an unwritten law) to humanism and Roman-style codification. Plowden’s typographic register is thereby seen to encode the Latinate traditions to which the structure and custom of the English common law is opposed.

Data Testing in Digital Transmission: Tamil Literature

The developing area of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is digital handwriting recognition. Manual writing is replaced by a digital writing pad. The font and shape of the letters vary while writing digitally. The writer’s digital pen pressure and position on the digital pad cause covert text file problems during OCR recognition. When converting OCR to text, an error occurs because of the variations in letter shapes. In languages like Tamil, Chinese, Arabic, and Telugu, where the alphabet is made up of bends, curves, and rings, the aforementioned issue occurs. Tamil has more word mistakes in OCR-to-text conversion because the alphabet comprises curves and angles that must be correctly transcribed. The ResNet (Residual Neural Network) Two-Stage Bottleneck Architecture (RTSBA) is suggested in this paper. In order to recognize text written in Tamil on a digital writing pad, this article suggests using ResNet (Residual Neural Network) Two-Stage Bottleneck Architecture (RTSBA). The suggested RTSBA reduces the complexity of the Tamil alphabet recognition problem by using two distinct phases of neural networks. There are fewer inputs and variables in the early stages. Time and computational complexity are minimized in the last phase. A two-channel and two-stream transformer, long short-term memory, Inception-v3, recurrent neural networks, convolutional neural networks, and other conventional algorithms have been compared to the suggested algorithm. The digital writing pad-handwritten and HP lab datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed methods like RTSBA, which yield accuracy rates of 98.7% and 97.1%, respectively.

How Brand Names Affect Consumer Perceptions: An Experimental Study on the Sound Symbolism of Foreign Brand Names

In this study, two experiments utilizing sound symbolism were conducted to gain a deeper understanding of how the sounds and letter curvatures of a brand name evoke image associations among global consumers. The study applied the sound symbolism context and empirically tested the meanings that US and Vietnamese consumers associate with brand names using the Roman alphabet and the Korean writing system, Hangul. The results indicated that the criteria for recalling the word–shape association differed when a brand name was presented to American and Vietnamese consumers in Roman alphabetical form versus when it was presented in an unfamiliar foreign alphabet. When Roman alphabetical forms familiar to both American and Vietnamese consumers were presented, there was a tendency for letter curvatures and the associated shapes to match. When consumers were presented with letters and sounds in a foreign language, they tended to select a shape that corresponded to the sound characteristics of the given names. The influence of foreign letter shapes varied based on consumers’ native language and whether they had learned a foreign language. Only Vietnamese consumers who had learned Korean tended to match the shapes to Hangul letter curvatures, even for subtle differences in curvature.

ONOMOTOPEIA AS A MEANS OF EXPRESSIVENESS IN A GRAPHIC NOVEL: SOME NUANCES OF TRANSLATION

The article is devoted to onomatopoeia as a means of expressiveness in a graphic novel, to be precise, to the peculiarities of the translation of onomatopoeic words from French into Ukrainian. The purpose of the study is to find out the characteristic traits of onomatopoeia in a graphic novel and analyze its translation strategies, compiling a mini-dictionary of onomatopoeias (language pair French — Ukrainian). In the course of the research, it was found that the graphic novel relies on a purely visual and textual component. It is the visual accompaniment of colors, text and drawing style that helps to understand how to perceive onomatopoeia in context. Such an artistic tool as a speech bubble is also responsible for conveying the meaning of onomatopoeia, so the shape, size, and style of letters must be taken into account during interpretation. When working on the translation of onomatopoeia in graphic novels, it is necessary to rely on general linguistic knowledge, analyzing the type of onomatopoeia by origin (human sounds, animal sounds, nature sounds, sounds of objects) and the meaning of formative onomatopes for a more effective selection of analogues. At the same time, the process of translation is primarily a creative process, so it is impossible to offer a specific model of work on the text. Having studied the ways of translating onomatopoeia in a number of comics about Tintin (Hergé) and in “Persepolis” (Marjan Satrapi), we came to the conclusion that the translators used the following strategies: transcription / transliteration; partial adaptation (replacement of one or two letters); complete replacement of the onomatopoeic word with a word specific to the Ukrainian language; full replacement of the word with partial replacement of the meaning; replacing the onomatopoeia with the root of the corresponding verb. Common in translation practice is the addition and removal of certain elements (onomatopoeia included), which is generally not approved, but is not a drawback provided that the author’s intention is followed. Often the translator has to combine strategies to achieve an accurate and expressive result.

Pendampingan BTQ Anak Menggunakan Metode Bernyanyi Berbasis Media Visualisasi Di Korong Simpang Tiga

The purpose of this assistance is to introduce and provide basic knowledge about hijaiyah letters, both in the form of readings and the basic forms of these letters. This assistance was carried out due to the lack of interest in reading and writing the Qur'an in Korong Simpang Tiga due to the Covid-19 situation and conditions that hit at that time. This assistance is carried out using the Particitpatory Action Research (PAR) method with the initial stage, namely by providing a general description by writing the hijaiyah letter shape on the blackboard, then introducing the reading by singing the song "hijaiyah letters". The next stage is to sing together by pointing one by one to the hijaiyah letters sung. The results of assistance in the first stage were obtained by children who previously did not know the hijaiyah letters, becoming aware of the hijaiyah letter shape by visualizing the shape of the letter on the blackboard. Then it was obtained that children who previously had little interest in learning the Qur'an became eager to learn by using the method of singing with the song "hijaiyah letters" and giving an idea of the shape of the hijaiyah letters. Then with the method of singing as well as visualizing the shape of the letters, it makes children who do not understand the differences between hijaiyah letters understand the differences between letters with one another. In using this method, children are also obtained who memorize and can write back the hijaiyah letters requested by the author.

ANALISIS KESULITAN SISWA DALAM MENULIS CERITA PADA MATA PELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA KELAS III SDN CIMONE 5 KOTA TANGERANG

Difficulties in writing are difficulties in the process of writing and spelling which involve physical aspects in expressing the results of expressions, thoughts, feelings, and ideas in written form. This study aims to determine the writing difficulties experienced by third grade students at SDN Cimone 5 Tangerang City. This study used a qualitative descriptive method using data collection techniques in the form of writing test tests, interviews with students and teachers, observation and documentation. Checking the validity of the data using triangulation. Data were analyzed through the steps of data collection, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. Respondents in this research amounted to 6 people, namely 1 teacher and 5 students from grade 3. Based on the results of the research that was too slow in writing, wrong direction in writing letters and numbers, too skewed, inconsistent spacing between letters, dirty writing, imprecise in following horizontal lines, the shape of letters or numbers is illegible, the pencil pressure is not right (too thick or too thin), the size of the writing is too big or too small, and the shape is upside down can affect students' difficulties in writing

『篆中庸』의 『篆隸金剛經』 수용에 대한 고찰

『Jeon Jungyong(篆中庸)』 is a book published by Park Young(朴詠) in 1544 by transcribing the main text of 『Jungyong janggu(中庸章句)』 in 33 types of Seal script.
 Since it is impossible to create all 33 styles by Park Young alone, this paper focused on identifying the reference book, 'Dangbon(唐本)', which he mentioned in the epilogue. However, until the Tang Dynasty, records of various character types belonging to Seal script were examined, but there was no extant data that could confirm the actual writings. A little bit, Wei Xu(韋續)'s 「56 style's writing(五十六種書)」 thought that there was a possibility of be a model. Because there are many types of Japchejeon(雜體篆) and explanations of the creative process. During the Northern Song Dynasty Jingde(景德, 1004-1007) years, Monk Dawken(釋道肯) added 「56 style's writing」 to <18 style's Seal script Monument(十八體篆書碑)」 and published 『32 style's Seal script Gold Sutra(三十二體篆書金剛經)』. The original disappeared early, but many reissue versions were produced afterwards.
 In 1288, 'the reissued by Ken monk’ version with a preface written by Chen Shuzhao(陳叔昭), 『Jeon-ye Geumganggyeong(篆隸金剛經)』 was introduced to Korea. This many woodblock versions still have survived to this day. It proves that the influence was great in the meantime. It is presumed that Park Young used this as a standard and published 『Jeon Jungyong』.
 『Jeon-ye Geumganggyeong』 contains 32 types of japchejeon names, sources, and actual letter shapes. The 33 types of 『Jeon Jungyong』 coincide with the 29 types of 『Jeon-ye Geumganggyeong』.
 Afterwards, in the preface and epilogue to 『Jeon-un pyeonlam(篆韻便覽)』 written by Gyeong Yu-Gyeom(景惟謙) in 1651, the existence and interrelationship between 『Jeon Jungyong』 and 『Jeon-ye Geumganggyeong』 were mentioned. And in 1675, 『Jeonhae simgyeong(篆海心鏡)』 through the preface written by Kim Man-Gi(金萬基), it can be seen that the 38 japchejeons of 『Jeon Daehag(篆大學)』 completed by Kim Jin-Heung(金振興) in 1661 are based on 『Jeon-ye Geumganggyeong』. In all, it can be confirmed that 『Jeon Jungyong』 played a leading role.

The advantage of being a synesthete: The behavioral benefits of ticker-tape synesthesia

As first described by Francis Galton, some persons perceive vividly and automatically in their mind's eye the written form of words that they are hearing. This phenomenon, labeled ticker-tape synesthesia (TTS), is thought to reflect an abnormally strong influence of speech processing in language areas on to orthographic representations in the visual cortex. Considering the relevance of TTS for the study of reading acquisition, we looked for objective behavioral advantages or impairments in 22 synesthetes, as compared to 22 matched control participants. In three auditory tasks relying on orthographic working memory (letters counting, backward spelling, and letter shape decision), we predicted and observed better performance in synesthetes than in controls. In two visual tasks (lexical decision and letter decision) with a concurrent auditory stimulation, we predicted that synesthetes should suffer from a larger interference by irrelevant speech than controls, but eventually found no difference between the groups. Those results, which we discuss in relation to orthographic processing, mental imagery, and working memory, promote TTS from pure subjectivity to an experimentally measurable phenomenon.

Penggunaan Media Flashcard Untuk Meningkatkan Pengenalan Bentuk Huruf Siswa Kelas II Pada Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di SD Inpres Malakaya Kabupaten Gowa

The main problem in this study is whether the use of flashcard media can improve letter recognition for second grade students in the Indonesian language subject at SD Inpres Malakaya, Gowa Regency. Based on the observations, several problems were found which were identified as the cause of the low recognition of letter shapes in class II students, namely the teacher still used one learning method and used less interesting media, so that learning became boring. This study aims to determine the use of flashcard media to improve letter recognition for class II students in the Indonesian language subject at SD Inpres Malakaya, Gowa Regency.This research uses Classroom Action Research (CAR) with individual learning models. CAR is carried out in two cycles where each cycle is held in three meetings with one evaluation. The subjects in this study were 25 grade II students of SD Inpres Malakaya, 15 male students and 10 female students.The data source is class II students, amounting to 25 students. CAR carried out in cycles I and II. The use of flashcard media in Indonesian subjects is proven to be able to improve the recognition of letter shapes for class II students. This can be seen from the results of the percentage of student completeness in cycle I by 24% and increased in cycle II by 92%. So it can be concluded that the use of flashcard media can improve the recognition of letter shapes for class II students of SD Inpres Malakaya, Gowa Regency.