Lens Culinaris Medik Research Articles

Polymorphism Assessment of Six Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Genotypes Using Isozyme

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is one of the important legumes and cheaper source of protein in Bangladesh that displays great biological diversity. Isozyme, one of the most important protein markers to detect genetic polymorphism in lentil, whereas we considered thirteen-isozyme in six varieties viz., BARI masur-1, BARI masur-2, BARI masur-3, BARI masur-4, BARI masur-5 and BARI masur-6. The highest polymorphism was found in tyrosinase isozyme system. UPGMA analysis revealed that the highest similarity between BARI masur-5 and BARI masur-6 whereas, the highest genetic distance between BARI masur-1 and BARI masur-5 reflecting higher intervarietal variation. Principal component analysis (PCA) also revealed the similar results that of unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). The first, second and third PCs contributed 81.58%, 11.19% and 4.94% variation respectively, with cumulative variation of the first three PCs was 75.45%. Consequently, Isozyme could clearly assed the genetic diversity at intervarietal levels and these two varieties can be considered as valuable gene resources for future breeding and conservation programs.

The hard knock life. Archaeobotanical data on farming practices during the Neolithic (5400–2300 cal BC) in the NE of the Iberian Peninsula

The archaeobotanical (seeds and fruits) dataset of the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula for the Neolithic period is presented and discussed in this paper in order to approach how early farmers produced their crops and how farming spread in the region. Ten crop plants were identified, including cereals (Triticum aestivum/durum/turgidum L., Triticum dicoccum Schübl., Triticum monococcum L., Hordeum vulgare L./distichon L. and Hordeum vulgare var. nudum), legumes (Vicia faba L., Lens culinaris Medik. and Pisum sativum L.) as well as oil plants (Linum usitatissimum L. and Papaver somniferum L.). Two different traditions were observed by looking at the crop assemblages of the early Neolithic (5400–4500 cal BC). It is proposed that one group of farmers settled in the northeastern area of the region and chose to grow free-threshing cereals, especially naked wheat, while a second group settled in the central Catalan coast and along the Llobregat river and included glume wheats as important crops. These different patterns seem to survive during the middle Neolithic period, when naked barley becomes the main crop at some sites, maybe due to contacts with northern groups. The late Neolithic seems to translate into further changes but more investigations are needed. The weed assemblages available are meagre but the lack of indicators for shifting agriculture allowed confirming that crops were sown in permanent fields. It is concluded that early Neolithic settlements must have been more sedentary and farming practices more effort-demanding than previously thought.

Will selenium increase lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) yield and seed quality?

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik), a nutritious traditional pulse crop, has been experiencing a declining area of production in South East Asia, due to lower yields, and marginal soils. The objective of this study was to determine whether selenium (Se) fertilization can increase lentil yield, productivity, and seed quality (both seed Se concentration and speciation). Selenium was provided to five lentil accessions as selenate or selenite by foliar or soil application at rates of 0, 10, 20, or 30 kg Se/ha and the resulting lentil biomass, grain yield, seed Se concentration, and Se speciation was determined. Seed Se concentration was measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) after acid digestion. Seed Se speciation was measured using ICP-mass spectrometry with a high performance liquid chromatography (ICP-MS-LC) system. Foliar application of Se significantly increased lentil biomass (5586 vs. 7361 kg/ha), grain yield (1732 vs. 2468 kg /ha), and seed Se concentrations (0.8 vs. 2.4 μg/g) compared to soil application. In general, both application methods and both forms of Se increased concentrations of organic Se forms (selenocysteine and selenomethionine) in lentil seeds. Not surprisingly, the high yielding CDC Redberry had the highest levels of biomass and grain yield of all varieties evaluated. Eston, ILL505, and CDC Robin had the greatest responses to Se fertilization with respect to both grain yield, seed Se concentration and speciation; thus, use of these varieties in areas with low-Se soils might require Se fertilization to reach yield potentials.

Improving breeding efficiency through application of appropriate experimental designs and analysis models: A case of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris) yield trials

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris) is an important staple pulse and rich source of protein, especially to the economically resource-poor consumers of the developing world. Experimental and analytic technology and statistical tools are needed to enhance lentil breeding progress. One of the concerns of field experimentation is to design experiments in suitable block designs and model the data to account for any left-over trend in the field layout and for correlations in the plot errors. Elite breeding lines of lentil developed through conventional breeding methods at ICARDA were evaluated in three contrasting environments in northern Syria and Lebanon during 1999–2005. This study examines the data on seed and straw yields from 226 trials conducted in randomized complete block (RCB) and in square lattice designs. Suitable models incorporating blocking structures, linear trends and spatially correlated plot-errors were fitted to the individual datasets. The results indicated that the spatial analysis model, which accounts for the spatial pattern of the field, was better than the commonly used RCB design model. The spatial analyses gave substantial increases in precision of predicted means for the genotypes. An average efficiency of pairwise genotype means comparison over RCB was 141% for seed yield and 158% for straw yield from the trials conducted in incomplete blocks and where found superior to RCB. It also enhanced estimates of broad sense heritability on mean-basis, with an average of 72% for seed and 70% for straw yield under the superior models, compared to 62 and 55% for RCB model, respectively. The percentage genetic gain due to selection at 10% intensity was 26% for seed and 20% for straw yield based on those models, which were 2–3% higher than those from the RCB model. In general, it is recommended to continue the use of incomplete block designs for variety trials in lentils and use the most suitable spatial pattern for statistical analysis to assist field crop breeders to enhance precision in selection of desirable genotypes. These results are consistent with findings of a number of other variety trials in lentil.

Legumes can reduce economic optimum nitrogen rates and increase yields in a wheat–canola cropping sequence in western Canada

Inclusion of legumes in crop rotations is a sustainable approach to reducing nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirements and increasing subsequent crop yields. However, the magnitude of the benefit will depend on the specific legume, the subsequent crop and site-specific conditions. This study compared the effects of preceding legumes and non-legumes on yields and economic optimum N rates (EONR) in a Hard Red Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–hybrid canola (Brassica napus L.) cropping sequence. Field pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik), faba bean (Vicia faba L.; faba bean-seed), canola and wheat grown for grain, and faba bean grown as green manure (faba bean-GRM) were the preceding crops and were direct-seeded at six locations in western Canada in 2010. Wheat was seeded in 2011 and canola in 2012, with N fertilizer applied at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120kgNha−1 in each year. Averaged across preceding crops, N application increased crop yields at all sites. Wheat grain yield was greater, with a corresponding lower EONR, following legumes than non-legumes due in part to increased N availability. Greater non-N benefits to wheat following legumes than non-legumes were also evident at all but one site, with non-N benefits being lowest for preceding wheat. While preceding legumes had no effect on canola seed yield across sites, EONR for canola were >50% lower for legume-wheat than non-legume-wheat rotations. Among the legumes, growing faba bean-GRM, field pea and lentil were most likely to increase crop yields and reduce EONR as compared to faba bean-seed. Overall, growing legumes for seed before a wheat–canola cropping sequence in conventional cereal cropping systems can increase crop yields, reduce EONR and improve the long-term sustainability of cereal cropping systems.

Discrimination of geographical origin of lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.) using isotope ratio mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics

The aim of this study was to predict the geographic origin of lentils by using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) in combination with chemometrics. Lentil samples from two origins, i.e. Italy and Canada, were analysed obtaining the stable isotope ratios of δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, δ18O, and δ34S. A comparison between median values (U-test) highlighted statistically significant differences (p<0.05) for all isotopic parameters between the lentils produced in these two different geographic areas, except for δ15N. Applying principal component analysis, grouping of samples was observed on the basis of origin but with overlapping zones; consequently, two supervised discriminant techniques, i.e. partial least squares discriminant analysis and k-nearest neighbours algorithm were used. Both models showed good performances with external prediction abilities of about 93% demonstrating the suitability of the methods developed. Subsequently, isotopic determinations were also performed on the protein and starch fractions and the relevant results are reported.

Some morphological traits and grain yield of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) affected by ascorbic acid application and salinity stress

In order to investigate the effects of different salinity levels and ascorbic acid application on morphological traits and grain of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), an experiment with randomized complete block design in three replications was conducted in 2014 in the greenhouse. Two ascorbic acid levels (Control and application of 50 ppm ascorbic acid) were tested in pot experiment under different salinity levels (0 (control), 4, 8 and 12 dS.m -1 NaCl). Results indicated that salt stress severely reduced morphological traits and grain yield of lentil as compared with control, particularly at high NaCl level (12 dS.m -1 ). Morphological traits of lentil were decreased as a result of salt stress, leading to reductions in plant growth and final grain yield. Ascorbic acid application enhanced the morphological traits and grain yield, but it did not change the harvest index of the salt stressed plants and control treatment. In general, it was become clear that application of seed priming with ascorbic acid in lentil ameliorated the adverse effects of salt stress and improved morphological traits and grain yield of this plant.

Production potential of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) in East Africa

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) could possibly become a major crop in East Africa due to its many uses as a food and feed. Also, its ability to undertake symbiotic nitrogen fixation is an advantage over cereal crops. This study simulated lentil yield potential in order to determine the geographical areas in East Africa that offer potential for consistent lentil production. Results show that there is potential to further expand the geographical area in which lentil is currently grown in East Africa into Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and even Somalia. Response to a change in management practices on potential yield of lentil as a result of different sowing dates was also examined. In addition, the effect of phenology on yield potential was examined by comparing a short-season type vs. a long-season type. Delaying sowing alone or in combination with a long-season genotype can result in a high probability of crop yield increase in East Africa. For the long-season genotype, an optimum sowing window was found between June and July (152–229 day of year) for areas to the north of the Rift Valley. Later sowing dates (229–243 day of year) were found to be optimal in southern areas of East Africa. These simulations indicated that selection and breeding for lentil accessions in East Africa should consider changes in plant phenology and/or sowing dates.

Stable inheritance of excellent agricultural traits induced by &lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sup&gt;6+&lt;/sup&gt; heavy-ions in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)

The lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) belongs to the most important leguminous plants in Asia. It is a very popular and highly nutritious food. However, small pod size and low yield limit its agricultural use. Through irradiation mutagenesis of dry lentil seeds by 12C6+ ion beam, we found some lines with excellent agricultural traits in M2 progeny at doses of 90 Gy (grey), such as height increase and improvement of the number of branches and three-seed pods as well as seeds with increased grain yield. Six generations of irradiated lentils were screened for these traits. In the M8 generation, the grain yield of three high-yielding lentil lines (lines hyl-1, hyl-2, and hyl-3) reached 212.4%, 195.3% and 190.8%, respectively, of the non-irradiated controls. The results indicated that crop improvement was stable inherited across the generations. Statistical analysis revealed that the increase in grain yield was due to increased total pod number and seeds per pod. Fortunately, adverse effects of irradiation (e.g. reduced germination rates and poor pollen vitality) disappeared over the eight generations. In conclusion, we present a practical method for the improvement of lentils through radiation breeding, leading to high yielding cultivars, which could support the use of this crop in agriculture.

Effects of plant growth regulators on lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is an annual pulse legume crop of immense economic importance. This study reports use of 16 lentil cultivars' shoot tips, internode, hypocotyl, cotyledon and root explants cultured on MS medium containing 3 mg/l BAP-0.5 mg/l 2,4-D or 0.25 mg/l IBA for shoot regeneration. The results showed maximum shoot regeneration from cv. Yesil 21 on internode explants on 3mg/l BAP-0.5 mg/l 2,4-D. Best shoot regeneration on MS medium containing 0.25 mg/l IBA was noted on internode explants of cv. Seyran 96. In general shoot regeneration on 0.25 mg/l IBA was better compared to 3mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D. Well developed shoots from all cultivars regenerated on both types of culture media were rooted on MS medium containing 0.19 mg/l NAA. A system to regenerate lentil is established that will help in easy genetic transformation in future. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i1.22727 Bangladesh J. Bot. 44(1): 79-84, 2015 (March

Anatomical changes of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) under phosphorus deficiency stress

Phosphorus deficiency in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) resulted in the development of abundant long root hairs which were rudimentary in plants fed with phosphorus. Root and stem diameter as well as thickness of leaf reduced under phosphorus deficiency. The cortical zone of the stem and root was found to decrease under phosphorus deficiency. Vascular area became smaller with less number of xylem vessels and smaller size of the cavity due to phosphorus deficiency. The pith area was increased in the stem under phosphorus deficient condition. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i1.22726 Bangladesh J. Bot. 44(1): 73-78, 2015 (March)

Selenium fertilization on lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) grain yield, seed selenium concentration, and antioxidant activity

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for mammals but has not been considered as an essential element for higher plants. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is a cool season food legume rich in protein and a range of micronutrients including minerals (iron and zinc), folates, and carotenoids. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of field application of two Se forms on lentil grain yield, seed Se concentration, and antioxidant activity. The experiment was conducted at Carrington Research and Extension Center, ND, USA in 2012 and 2013 with five lentil genotypes and three Se treatments (control, 30gha−1 of selenite, and 30gha−1 of selenate) applied at seeding and at 50% flowering. Application of selenite and selenate increased the lentil grain yield by 10% and 4%, respectively, compared to the control. Seed Se concentration was significantly higher in lentils treated with selenate (1.4mgkg−1) compared to selenite (0.9mgkg−1) and the control (0.6mgkg−1). Selenate increased the antioxidant activity (66% inhibition) of lentils compared to the selenite (64% inhibition) and control (59% inhibition). Overall, Se fertilization is beneficial in increasing lentil seed yield; however selenate will be more beneficial in increasing seed Se concentration.

Sequence determination by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of an insecticidal lentil peptide of the PA1b type

Mature seeds of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) were previously reported to contain an insecticidal cysteine-rich peptide, likely of the albumin-1 subunit b type. The purpose of this work was to determine the amino acid sequence of this insecticidal lentil peptide in an Eston lentil extract by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), after reduction of the disulfide bridges, alkylation of the cysteine residues and hydrolysis by pronase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and endoproteinase Asp-N. Sequences of key fragments were supported by monoisotopic mass measurements and by sequence ions from collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments with a MALDI-TOF/TOF analyzer (MS/MS analysis). The new 37 amino acid sequence revealed strong similarities to a histidine-containing pea PA1b peptide and to soybean leginsulins but with a unique segment of RSSA in the middle. The lentil PA1b peptide sequence agreed completely with that derived from a L. culinaris genomic DNA sequence.

Kochia Suppression with Cover Crops in Southwestern Kansas

Kochia (Kochia scoparia L.) is a well‐adapted weed found throughout the semiarid Great Plains and has increased in concern because biotypes with resistance to numerous herbicide modes of action are present, thus reducing options for control. The objectives of the research were to determine if cover crops growing during the fallow phase of a no‐till winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–fallow cropping system could reduce kochia density and biomass without reducing subsequent winter wheat yields. Five fall‐sown cover crops of Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), winter triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.), and mixtures of Austrian winter pea‐winter triticale and hairy vetch‐winter triticale were evaluated and compared with chemical fallow and to five spring‐sown cover crops of spring lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), spring pea (Pisum sativum L.), spring triticale, and mixtures of spring lentil‐spring triticale and spring pea‐spring triticale. Fall‐sown triticale alone or in mixture reduced kochia density by 78 to 94% and reduced kochia biomass by 98% compared with kochia in chemical fallow. Spring‐sown cover crops and kochia emerged together in early March; thus kochia density and biomass were not affected by these cover crops. Fall‐sown cover crops that produced more biomass were most effective at suppressing kochia density and biomass. All cover crops were terminated by either forage harvest or chemical application by June 1. Subsequent winter wheat yields varied by cover crop across years, and in general winter wheat after cover crops yielded comparable to or less than chemical fallow.

Genetic variability for root and shoot traits in a lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) recombinant inbred line population and their association with drought tolerance

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is usually grown under rainfed environments and often encounters drought stress from limited rainfall. Little information is available about shoot and root traits in association with drought tolerance. We studied variability for root and shoot traits related to drought tolerance using an F6–8 population of 133 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross ILL6002 × ILL5888. We found important variation between genotypes and also high variation in heritability values for root and shoot traits at 38 days after sowing the parents and RILs under both well-watered and drought-stressed treatments during two consecutive seasons in the greenhouse. The higher heritability values were obtained under drought stress treatment and suggest that selection in water-limited environments would be more effective in achieving genetic gains. Drought had reduced trait values, except root–shoot ratio that was likely to be enhanced underlying the importance of this trait for drought tolerance. The quantitative and continuous distributions of variation are the evidence for polygenic control of these traits and the possibility of mapping the quantitative trait loci (QTL). Statistically significant associations between root and shoot traits such as dry shoot biomass and chlorophyll content were noted, highlighting the reliability of indirect selection for underground traits (root) based on these aboveground traits in breeding programs. Significant correlations and regressions were demonstrated between dry root biomass, lateral root number, root surface area, dry shoot biomass, root–shoot ratio, chlorophyll content and drought tolerance as estimated by wilting severity from limited water supply. This shows the importance of a well-developed root system and early biomass development for drought tolerance. Identification and mapping of QTL related to studied traits in this population would be a first step for starting marker-assisted selection.

Effect of Manure and Foliar Application of Growth Regulators on Lentil (Lens Culinaris) Performance in Semi-Arid Highland Environment

Abstract Semi-arid environments are characterized by low soil organic matter, lack of sufficient precipitation and occurrence of high temperatures at the terminal of growing season. Effects of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) and ascorbic acid (AS) during vegetative and reproductive stages at three farmyard manure (FYM) rates (zero (FYM1), 15 (FYM2), 30 (FYM3)t·ha-1) were studied on the growth and yield components of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) under supplemental irrigation of semi-arid highland in the north-west of Iran. The results revealed that application of farmyard manure especially at high level could significantly increase the morp-ho-physiological traits such as plant height, first pod height, plant canopy spread, rooting depth, the number of root nodules, ground cover, chlorophyll content and relative water content. Although improving effects of SA and AS on growth parameter were less than FYM, plants treated with SA showed better performance than plants treated with AS. A similar status was observed for grain yield and yield component. So the highest grain yield was recorded at FYM by foliar application of SA. It can be concluded that FYM3 as the most promising manure application rate was adopted to improve both root and total above-ground plant growth. Also this work highlights the importance of exogenous application of growth regulators in lentil cropping systems in semi-arid region with the Mediterranean climate.

Microbiological Assay of Folic Acid Content in Some Selected Bangladeshi Food Stuffs

Folic acid concentration in six common food samples of Bangladesh including lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) and bengal gram(Cicer arietinum), representatives of legumes; spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and basil (Ocimum basilicum), representatives of green leafy vegetables; milk, representative of a common animal source food and topa boro rice (Oryza sativa), a representative of cereal-grains were measured in the present study by microbiological assay using a new trienzyme folic acid extraction method. In this experiment, we estimated that, lentil, bengal gram, spinach, basil, milk and topa boro rice contained about 63 µg, 48 µg, 195 µg, 131 µg,10 µg and 42 µg of folic acid per 100 g of food sample respectively. For the assay of this water-soluble vitamin, Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 7469) was employed as test organism. Trienzyme treatment was performed to release bound folic acid using protease, and a-amylase with chicken pancreases as the conjugase. The highest folic acid content was recorded for spinach (Spinacia oleracea), the well-known richest source of folic acid, followed by basil (Ocimum basilicum). The lowest value was recorded for milk. Topa boro rice, a kind of parboiled rice was also found to be a fair source of folic acid. For these six types of Bangladeshi foods studied, the content of folic acid ranged from 10 to 195 µg/ 100 g, indicating a very wide range of folic acid content in foods.

Effect of ascorbic acid application on yield and yield components of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) under salinity stress

In order to investigate the effects of different salinity levels and ascorbic acid application on yield and yield components of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), an experiment with randomized complete block design in three replications was conducted in 2013 in the greenhouse. Two ascorbic acid levels (Control and application of 50 ppm ascorbic acid) were tested in pot experiment under different salinity levels (0 (control), 4, 8 and 12 dS.m-1 NaCl). Results indicated that salt stress severely reduced yield components and grain yield of lentil as compared with control, particularly at high NaCl level (12 dS.m -1 ) exception of grain number per pod. Pods per plant were decreased as a result of salt stress, leading to reductions in yield components and final grain yield. Ascorbic acid application enhanced the grain yield and yield components, but it did not change the grain per pods of the salt stressed plants and control treatment. In general, it was become clear that application of seed priming with ascorbic acid in lentil ameliorated the adverse effects of salt stress and improved grain yield of this plant.

GABA metabolism and ROS induction in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) plants by synthetic 1,2,3-Thiadiazole compounds

In this study, we investigated the physiological effects of three synthetic 1,2,3-thiadiazole compounds (compound I: 4-[1,2,3]-Thiadiazole-4-yl-phenol, compound II: 1,3-Bis[4-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-4-yl)phenoxy]propane, compound III: 4-(4-{2,3,4,5,6-Penta[4-(1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-yl)phenoxymethyl]benzyloxy}phenyl)-1,2,3-thiadiazole) treatments on plants via the characterization of γ-aminobutyric acid metabolite level, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), total protein contents, total carbohydrate contents, fresh weight and dry mass in two lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) cultivars (Jordan 1 and Jordan 2). In response to the three synthetic 1,2,3-thiadiazole compounds (I, II and III) treatments. A significant increase in γ- aminobutyric acid (GABA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and a significant reduction in carbohydrates and protein levels and fresh weight and dry mass were obtained in both lentil cultivars. Jordan 2 cultivar showed the highest GABA and MDA accumulation and significant reduction in the carbohydrate and protein levels under the various thiadiazole compounds treatments. This suggests that GABA molecule may act as a defense mechanism and signaling molecule in carbohydrate metabolism and other physiological systems in lentil. In conclusion, our results revealed that the synthetic 1,2,3-thiadiazole compound ІІ (1,3-Bis[4-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-4-yl)phenoxy]propane) had the strongest physiological inhibitory effect on lentil.

Fragmenta excerpti de thesauri leguminosarum: Three of the world's first domesticated plants in the Indo-European languages of Europe

The words denoting lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in the modern Indo-European languages show a high level of uniformity in morphology and semantics and reveal the traces of mutual borrowings among the languages of different Indo-European branches and the exchanges with the neighbouring non-Indo-European languages. Nearly all modern Indo-European languages derived their words denoting lentil and faba bean from the Proto-Indo-European roots *lent- and *bhabh-, with the same primeval meaning. Among the Proto-Indo-European roots related to pea are *erəgw[h]-, *g'er[a]n-, *ghArs-, *kek- and *pis-. The collected results offer another testimony how important grain legumes such as lentil, pea or faba bean were in the everyday life of the forefathers of the modern Indo-European nations of Europe and their non-Indo-European neighbours.