Arm Length Research Articles

The Relationship between Anthropometric, Biomotor, and Psychomotor Factors on the Performance of Paralympic 100 Meters Freestyle Swimming Athletes in National Paralympic Committee Indonesia

This research aims to relationship the anthropometric, biomotor, and psychomotor factors with disabled athlete's swimming speed in the National Paralympic Committee (NPC) (Indonesian) 100-meter freestyle competition in 2022. This research was a cross-sectional study conducted by the National Paralympic Committee (NPC) (Indonesia). The sample used in this research was 15 disabled athletes from NPC Indonesia with the S7-S10 classification who got medals at the ASEAN Para Games event in 2022. The data collection includes seven independent variable tests there are anthropometric factors (height, weight, body mass index, arm length, and leg length); biomotor factors (abdominal muscle strength and arm muscle power); psychomotor factors by measuring balance using Balance Tests; and dependent variables by measuring swimming speed using the 100-meter freestyle swimming ability test. Statistical analysis used the Pearson correlation coefficient test with a significance level of 5%. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis show that swimming speed was negatively related to body height, body weight, arm length, abdominal muscle strength, and arm muscle power indicating a moderate correlation between variables (p ≤ 0.001). However, unfortunately, other anthropometric variables such as leg length and age showed a weak negative correlation with swimming speed (p ≤ 0.05). Meanwhile, body mass index and balance did not show a significant correlation with swimming speed (p ≥ 0.05). Based on the research results, it was concluded that anthropometric and biomotor factors showed a negative relationship with swimming speed, while psychomotor factors did not. Keyword: Anthropometry, biomotor, psychomotor, disabled athletes, swimming speed, achievement.

The Effect of Unequal Crank Arm Lengths and Cycling-Specific Prostheses for Recreational Riders with a Transtibial Amputation.

We determined the effects of shorter affected side (AS) crank arm lengths and cycling with two different prostheses on joint and crank power, asymmetry, and net efficiency. Twelve participants with a TTA rode at 1.5 W·kg -1 with equal (175 mm) and shorter AS crank arms (160, 165, 170 mm) using a daily-use prosthesis and CSP. We used statistical parametric mapping to determine differences in instantaneous joint and crank power between prostheses and linear mixed-effects models to compare average joint and crank power, asymmetry, and net efficiency. Shorter AS crank arm lengths reduced the magnitude of peak positive ( P ≤ 0.001) and negative ( P < 0.001) crank power on the AS. Use of a CSP increased the magnitude of peak positive knee power ( P < 0.001) and decreased the magnitude of peak negative crank power ( P < 0.001) on the AS compared with a daily-use prosthesis. Shorter AS crank arm lengths while using a CSP reduced average hip joint ( P = 0.014) and hip transfer ( P = 0.025) power asymmetry from 35% to 20% and 118% to 62%, respectively. However, we found no significant differences in AS average joint or crank power, knee joint or crank power asymmetry, or net efficiency. Cycling at 1.5 W·kg -1 with unequal crank arm lengths and CSP improves hip joint power and hip transfer power asymmetry but does not alter crank asymmetry or net efficiency for recreational cyclists with a TTA.

Numerical simulation and experimental study on the compression performance of a double layer cross-lattice-core sandwich structure

Lattice sandwich structures are widely used in many engineering fields for their excellent mechanical properties, such as aerospace, transportation, construction and so on. In this paper, a new type of double layer cross-lattice-core sandwich structure is proposed. Firstly, based on the nonlinear finite element software ABAQUS, a finite element numerical simulation analysis is processed to the sandwich structure unite cell under flat compression. The deflection pattern, load-displacement curve and internal energy-displacement curve are obtained to discuss the compression performance of the unite cell with some specific geometric parameters, such as arm length ratio, clamped angle and thickness of the cross-lattice-core. It is found that the compression performance of the lattice sandwich structure with an arm length ratio of 1 and an included angle of 90° is optimal. The energy absorption effect decreases slightly with the increases of the arm length ratio increases, which will be greatly reduced when the core angle is lower than 90°. Then the unite cell model of the structure is prepared using 3D printing technology, and its compression performance is investigated by flat compression tests and verified in comparison with the numerical analysis results. Finally, the load-bearing property of the structure is further verified by compression analysis of a plate structure consisting of several unite cells. The results provide a reference for the design and engineering application of the structure.

New Design and Prototype of Two Degrees-of-Freedom Planar Parallel Manipulator for Use in Creating an Infinite 3D Printer

Abstract This paper presents a novel two degrees-of-freedom planar parallel manipulator (PPM) designed for infinite-axis 3D printing, alongside tools for facilitating future design iterations. Unlike traditional gantry-supported designs used in infinite-axis 3D printing, which impose significant mass movement requirements, the examined new design prioritizes reducing overall weight to enhance speed potential at the cost of a reduced work area. In this innovative approach, the PPM effectively reduces weight by decoupling the motion of the hot end from that of the motor. Motors are attached to the frame, controlling a system of pulleys, and connecting arms to drive the hot-end's motion. Due to the length of the arms, the hot end will be unable to fully explore the entire printing plane. Verification of the angled PPM for 3D printing involved developing kinematic and dynamic equations, conducting finite element analysis on critical components, and testing a completed prototype. A metaheuristic optimization method was employed to derive optimal design parameters, focusing on optimizing the arm length of the connectors while maximizing dynamic performance. Considerations included the usable workspace and the angle between the connecting arm and end-effector. The final prototype validated the stability and rigidity of the PPM during movement, indicating its viability for 3D printing. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the capabilities of using an angled PPM in infinite 3D printing, providing fundamental knowledge crucial for future designs involving this innovative mechanism.

Finite Element Analysis of Bicycle Crank Arm on the Mechanical Aspect

The demand for increased performance both in the professional and amateur sectors and the inclusion of the bicycle in the city as a clean, silent, inexpensive, and healthy personal transport, is responsible for the technological growth of the industry. This study aims to analyze the effect of the design parameters on the bicycle crank arm and to find the best design value within the range for minimal defects. The strength of the structure design is significant to ensure the performance of the bicycle crank arms. To solve this problem, several design structures and parameters were studied. The selected parameters in this study are crank arm length, width, thickness, number of cranks spider, and rib design. Von-misses stress, strain, and displacement are selected as dependent variables. Aluminium Alloy 6061-T6 is the selected material in this study. The external load of 1000 N force was applied in the y-direction. The length analysis results show that 160 mm length, 30 mm width, and 10 mm thickness with five crank spiders and pocket design arm have the lowest stress, strain, and displacement. By bringing a new alternative to the crank's arm structure, the cost of the manufacture will be reduced. At the same time, it can help precisely improve the rigidity of producing complex 3D shapes.

An interactive gesture control system for collaborative manipulator based on Leap Motion Controller

Gesture control is often used for the control of robotic manipulators. However conventional methods always focus on position control of robotic manipulators and use a fixed position to place gesture detection devices, which limits the flexibility to control and interact. This paper presents an interactive gesture control system based on Leap Motion Controller that can overcome these shortcomings. A coordinate transformation is performed between the position of the left palm detected by Leap Motion Controller and the tool center point (TCP) of the collaborative manipulator to obtain gesture data first. This gesture data is used to control the posture of a six-joint collaborative manipulator-Lite6. The position of gripper is controlled by grip level of the right palm. A controller is designed to manipulate a lift table on which Leap Motion Controller is placed to achieve adaptive ascending and descending movements to meet the needs of operators of different heights and arm spans. A modified Kalman filter is used to filter noise and smooth the signal captured by Leap Motion Controller. The experiments demonstrate that the system can operate stably and accurately control the position, posture, and gripper position of a collaborative manipulator in real time using human palms’ gestures.

A Biomechanical Comparison of the Back Squat and Hexagonal Barbell Deadlift.

Stahl, CA, Regni, G, Tanguay, J, McElfresh, M, Trihy, E, Diggin, D, and King, DL. A biomechanical comparison of the back squat and hexagonal barbell deadlift. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 815-824, 2024-Coaches often use different exercises to encourage similar strength adaptations and limit monotony. Anecdotally, the hexagonal barbell deadlift (HBD) exhibits similarities to the back squat (BS). To date, research has not examined the empirical differences between these exercises. This study examined kinematic and kinetic differences between the BS and the HBD across different loads. Sixteen resistance-trained individuals (6 men and 10 women) volunteered to participate. Subjects performed 1-repetition maximum (1RM) testing under BS and HBD conditions. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected during performance of both exercises at submaximal (warm-up sets) and maximal (1RM) loads using a 3D motion capture and force-plate system. Results showed that subjects lifted greater 1RM loads in the HBD relative to the BS (p < 0.05; d = -1.75). Kinematic data indicated that subjects exhibited greater maximum forward lean of the trunk and decreased maximum knee flexion while performing the HBD compared with the BS. The BS resulted in higher maximum extension moments at the hip joint than the HBD. Maximum extension moments at the knee joint showed no difference between the exercises. Data suggest that bar design and position facilitate balanced moment arm length at hip and knee joints during performance of the HBD. By contrast, bar position during performance of the BS increases moment arm length at the hip joint, making it a hip-dominant exercise. The present data have implications for the programming of both exercises. Future research should examine differences in muscle-activation strategies between the 2 exercises.

Three-Point-Star Deoxyribonucleic Acid Tiles with the Core Arm Length at Three Half-Turns for Two-Dimensional Archimedean Tilings and Beyond.

2D Archimedean tiling and complex tessellation patterns assembled from soft materials including modular DNA tiles have attracted great interest because of their specific structures and potential applications in nanofabrication, nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, biomedical sensing, drug delivery, therapeutics, etc. Traditional three- and four-point-star DNA tiles with the core arm length at two half-turns (specified as three- and four-point-star-E previously and abbreviated as 3PSE and 4PSE tiles here) have been applied to assemble intricate tessellations through tuning the size of inserted nT (n = 1-7, T is thymine) loops on helper strands at the tile center. Following our recent findings using a new type of four-point-star tiles with the core arm length at three half-turns (specified as four-point-star-O previously and abbreviated as 4PSO tiles here) to assemble DNA tubes and flat 2D arrays, we report here the cross-hybridization weaving architectures at the tile center to construct three new 3PSO tiles with circular DNA oligonucleotides of 96-nt (nucleotides) serving as the scaffolds, further the monotonous and combinatory E- and O-tilings on one type of 3PSO tiles to create 2D Archimedean tiling patterns (6.6.6) and (4.8.8), and finally, the combination of 3PSO with 4PSO as well as 2PSO tiles to tile into complex tessellation patterns. The easy realization of regular and intricate DNA tessellations with 2-4PSO tiles not only richens the fundamental DNA modules and complex DNA nanostructures in types but also broadens the potential application scopes of DNA nanostructures in nanofabrication, DNA computing, biomedicine, etc.

Comparison of Regression Analysis and Mathematical Methods for Stature Estimation from the Upper Limb Measurements of the Modern South Indian Population

This study aimed to establish reliable mathematical and regression analysis (RA) methods for estimating stature using upper limb (UL) anthropometric parameters in the modern South Indian (MSI) population. This study was conducted on a sample size (117 men and 97 women) from the MSI population. Dead bodies within 3 hours of death were included in this study, as the study outcome is meant to apply to the dead and dismembered UL parts. Mathematical and linear RA methods were used to derive multiplication factors (MFs) and regression equations (REs) for the estimation of stature from UL measurements (arm length [AL], forearm length, palm length, and middle finger length [MFL]) and assess their prediction accuracy. A statistically significant correlation was found between UL measurements and stature, indicating their potential use for stature estimation. Both genders showed a statistically significant positive relationship between UL measurements and stature. Both MF and RA methods exhibited reasonable goodness of fit, albeit the RA method yielded a closer estimate of the actual stature than the former. The derived RE showed reasonable goodness of fit and precision in both genders, as evidenced by high R2 values and low standard errors. The RA and MF methods slightly over- and under-estimated the actual stature, respectively. The MFL and AL showed the strongest and weakest relationship with the stature. Both methods have practical significance though the precision is higher with RA methods. The MF method is simpler, as it is independent of statistical resources, while the RA method may be more useful in cases where there is a large amount of variation in the data. The outcome of this study has significant implications for the forensic and anthropology fields. The derived RE and MF provide a reliable framework for estimating stature from anthropometric measurements of dismembered UL remnants. This information can be valuable in forensic investigations, unidentified remains cases and archaeological studies.

A double-pass optical beam deflection instrument for the measurement of diffusion, thermodiffusion and Soret coefficients in liquid mixtures and its application to polymer analysis

Abstract We have developed a new double-pass optical beam deflection instrument for the measurement of diffusion, thermodiffusion and Soret coefficients in liquid mixtures. The increased sensitivity of the instrument results from a second passage of the readout laser beam through the Soret cell containing the sample. An elegant description of the total beam deflection is achieved by means of a transfer matrix formalism. The higher sensitivity allows for a reduction of the length of the detection arm and a compact and stiff design of the instrument. The performance of the new apparatus is demonstrated by its application to polymer analysis for the determination of the molar mass distribution of the polymer from the distribution of diffusion rates by means of the CONTIN algorithm.

Нормированная система оценки предрасположенности к различным видам плавания

The article presents the results of a study conducted in the period from 2021 to 2023, involving 147 athletes - swimmers. The following morphometric body build indices were selected for normalization and identification of children's predisposition to swimming in different styles: body mass index (BMI), relative arm length index (RALI), ARE index (ARE), relative leg length index (RLI), Scelia index (SI), relative shoulder width index (RWI), Pinier index (PI), Erisman index (EI). As a result of the research the following results were obtained: for the butterfly style the most informative indices are ARE, SSPI, IE; for the backstroke method - IODR, IODN, IS; for the breaststroke method: IODN, IS, SSPI; for the freestyle: BMI, ARE, IP, IODR. Quantitative normalization of the obtained indices was carried out to identify high and low level of predisposition to the above mentioned styles of swimming-82B0-4

Scalable Approach to Molecular Motor-Polymer Conjugates for Light-Driven Artificial Muscles.

The integration of molecular machines and motors into materials represents a promising avenue for creating dynamic and functional molecular systems, with potential applications in soft robotics or reconfigurable biomaterials. However, the development of truly scalable and controllable approaches for incorporating molecular motors into polymeric matrices has remained a challenge. Here, it is shown that light-driven molecular motors with sensitive photo-isomerizable double bonds can be converted into initiators for Cu-mediated controlled/living radical polymerization enabling the synthesis of star-shaped motor-polymer conjugates. This approach enables scalability, precise control over the molecular structure, block copolymer structures, and high-end group fidelity. Moreover, it is demonstrated that these materials can be crosslinked to form gels with quasi-ideal network topology, exhibiting light-triggered contraction. The influence of arm length and polymer structure is investigated, and the first molecular dynamics simulation framework to gain deeper insights into the contraction processes is developed. Leveraging this scalable methodology, the creation of bilayer soft robotic devices and cargo-lifting artificial muscles is showcased, highlighting the versatility and potential applications of this advanced polymer chemistry approach. It is anticipated that the integrated experimental and simulation framework will accelerate scalable approaches for active polymer materials based on molecular machines, opening up new horizons in materials science and bioscience.

On-Chip Broadband, Compact TM Mode Mach-Zehnder Optical Isolator Based on InP-on-Insulator Platforms.

An integrated optical isolator is a crucial part of photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Existing optical isolators, predominantly based on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform, face challenges in integrating with active devices. We propose a broadband, compact TM mode Mach-Zehnder optical isolator based on InP-on-insulator platforms. We designed two distinct magneto-optical waveguide structures, employing different methods for bonding Ce:YIG and InP, namely O2 plasma surface activation direct wafer bonding and DVS-benzocyclobutene (BCB) adhesive bonding. Detailed calculations and optimizations were conducted to enhance their non-reciprocal phase shift (NRPS). At a wavelength of 1550 nm, the direct-bonded waveguide structure achieved a 30 dB bandwidth of 72 nm with a length difference of 0.256 µm. The effects of waveguide arm length, fabrication accuracy, and dimensional errors on the device performance are discussed. Additionally, manufacturing tolerances for three types of lithographic processes were calculated, serving as references for practical manufacturing purposes.

Scissor Arm for Cambered Snow: Mechanical Theory

In this study, a novel cambered snow removal device is designed to achieve automatic snow removal in large curved areas, such as the south roof of a Chinese solar greenhouse. The theory of structural parameters and shear force is ambiguous. People are not based on the greenhouse structure parameters for the selection of snow removal devices. Therefore, the quantitative relationship between the structure of the greenhouse span and the number of scissor arm-length knots is analysed, and the relationship between the material strength and application distance is determined. This study’s objectives are (1) to establish a theoretical model of scissor arm motion and (2) to analyse the force distribution of the scissor arm using multi-body dynamics. The results show that the scissor arm of a round-arch greenhouse has fewer sections but a larger arm length, whereas the scissor arm of a traditional solar greenhouse has more sections but a smaller arm length. Based on the shear force of the scissor structure, the optimised wall thickness reduces the force of the node by 17%.

Study on the influence of orthogonal double pendulum on the ice shedding of transmission lines

ABSTRACT Ice shedding and vibration of ice-covered transmission lines can pose a serious threat to the safe operation of power lines in heavy ice areas. However, the common preventative practice of installing anti-vibration hammers, spacers and other devices on the line has limited effects on the safe operation of transmission lines. This paper focused on the simulation and experimental study of the influence of orthogonal double pendulum damper, a new type of anti-vibration device for transmission lines, on the ice shedding and vibration reduction of transmission lines. The 3-DOF calculation model of the orthogonal double pendulum damper was established, and the influence of the parameters of orthogonal double pendulum damper on the ice shedding of the line was simulated and analysed. In addition, natural ice shedding tests of lines were carried out at Xuefeng Mountain National Field Station, and ice shedding and vibration displacement response of lines was measured after the installation of orthogonal double pendulum dampers. The results showed that The three main structural parameters of mass, pendulum length and arm length can affect the maximum amplitude of ice shedding and vibration of transmission lines. The mass of the hammerhead has an effect on the vibration in both vertical and horizontal directions; the pendulum length mainly affects the vibration of the line in the horizontal direction; the arm length mainly affects the vibration in the vertical direction.

Quest for a stable Cu-ligand complex with a high catalytic activity to produce reactive oxygen species.

Metal ion-catalyzed overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is believed to contribute significantly to oxidative stress and be involved in several biological processes, from immune defense to development of diseases. Among the essential metal ions, copper is one of the most efficient catalysts in ROS production in the presence of O2 and a physiological reducing agent such as ascorbate. To control this chemistry, Cu ions are tightly coordinated to biomolecules. Free or loosely bound Cu ions are generally avoided to prevent their toxicity. In the present report, we aim to find stable Cu-ligand complexes (Cu-L) that can efficiently catalyze the production of ROS in the presence of ascorbate under aerobic conditions. Thermodynamic stability would be needed to avoid dissociation in the biological environment, and high ROS catalysis is of interest for applications as antimicrobial or anticancer agents. A series of Cu complexes with the well-known tripodal and tetradentate ligands containing a central amine linked to three pyridyl-alkyl arms of different lengths were investigated. Two of them with mixed arm length showed a higher catalytic activity in the oxidation of ascorbate and subsequent ROS production than Cu salts in buffer, which is an unprecedented result. Despite these high catalytic activities, no increased antimicrobial activity toward Escherichia coli or cytotoxicity against eukaryotic AGS cells in culture related to Cu-L-based ROS production could be observed. The potential reasons for discrepancy between in vitro and in cell data are discussed.

Preparation of ultra-sensitive anti-carbendazim antibodies based on new haptens and their application in lateral flow immunoassay

To overcome limitations with respect to the low sensitivity of rapid immunoassay methods due to dilution of the extract in extraction solution, ultra-sensitive antibodies are needed. The linker-tethering site between the target and carrier protein, the length of the spacer arm, and the atomic charge of the linker-tethering site between the target and spacer arm in haptens design play a pivotal role in the preparation of ultra-sensitive antibodies. In this study, carbendazim (CBZ), a systemic broad-spectrum fungicidal pesticide, was used as model compound. 2-Aminobenzimidazole was chosen as the common skeletal structure and reacted with different groups, such as alkanes and urine groups, to form haptens H1 (previously reported), H2 (novel), and H3 (novel), respectively. Subsequently, eight monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated using these three haptens, which exhibited notable variation in sensitivity. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of mAb 4B11 based on hapten H3 against CBZ was 0.04 ng/mL, which was seven times better than that of mAb 5B10 (IC50 value of 0.28 ng/mL) prepared using hapten H2 and 129 times better than that of mAb 6D5 (IC50 value of 5.15 ng/mL) prepared using hapten H1. Finally, the optimal antigen–antibody combination was employed to establish a sensitive colloidal gold lateral flow immunoassay (CG-LFA) for CBZ detection in vegetables and fruits with convenient sample pretreatment. The developed CG-LFA shows promising practical utility and prospects for application due to its low limit of detection (0.10–0.18 ng/mL) and high recovery ratios (76.0%–96.1%) in six different samples.

Biointerfaces with ultrathin patterns for directional control of cell migration

In the context of wound healing and tissue regeneration, precise control of cell migration direction is deemed crucial. To address this challenge, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) platforms with patterned 10 nm thick TiOx in arrowhead shape were designed and fabricated. Remarkably, without tall sidewall constraints, MC3T3-E1 cells seeded on these platforms were constrained to migrate along the tips of the arrowheads, as the cells were guided by the asymmetrical arrowhead tips which provided large contact areas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the use of thin TiOx arrowhead pattern in combination with a cell-repellent PDMS surface to provide guided cell migration unidirectionally without tall sidewall constraints. Additionally, high-resolution fluorescence imaging revealed that the asymmetrical distribution of focal adhesions, triggered by the patterned TiOx arrowheads with arm lengths of 10, 20, and 35 μm, promoted cell adhesion and protrusion along the arrowhead tip direction, resulting in unidirectional cell migration. These findings have important implications for the design of biointerfaces with ultrathin patterns to precisely control cell migration. Furthermore, microelectrodes were integrated with the patterned TiOx arrowheads to enable dynamic monitoring of cell migration using impedance measurement. This microfluidic device integrated with thin layer of guiding pattern and microelectrodes allows simultaneous control of directional cell migration and characterization of the cell movement of individual MC3T3-E1 cells, offering great potential for the development of biosensors for single-cell monitoring.

Do all short stem types restore biomechanical parameters of the hip? Comparison according to femoral neck osteotomy levels.

There is no consensus on ideal short femoral stem design. A classification system proposed by Feyen and Shimmin divides short stems in two types according to femoral neck osteotomy levels: subcapital (IIIA) and standard (IIIB). The study aims to determine which design type is more successful in restoring native biomechanical parameters and whether stem type has an impact on clinical results. In this retrospective comparative study, patients that have undergone short stem hip arthroplasty were evaluated according to stem types: type IIIA (n = 52, 66.7%) (Mathys Optimys) and IIIB (n = 26, 33.3%) (Implantcast Aida and Smith & Nephew SMF). Pelvis X-rays were assessed in terms of femoral neck length, horizontal and vertical hip centres of rotation, horizontal and vertical femoral offsets, abductor lever arm lengths, leg lengths, and stem-shaft angles. Improvement in Harris hip scores, differences between post-operative and pre-operative measurements, and stem-shaft angles were evaluated and compared between two groups. Mean femoral neck resection (8.27 ± 6.68mm in IIIA and 15 ± 6.33mm in IIIB) was significantly different between both groups (p < 0.001). Harris hip scores were increased at post-operative six months in both groups with no difference (84.4 ± 6.4 and 84.6 ± 5.5, p = 0.4). The absolute values of differences between pre-operative and post-operative horizontal centres of rotation (p = 0.63), vertical centers of rotation (p = 0.75), horizontal femoral offsets (p = 0.78), vertical femoral offsets (p = 0.83), abductor lever arm distances (p = 0.63), and leg length (p = 0.21) measurements were not different between both groups. Stem positions were both varus with no statistically significant difference between groups (p = 0.14). We found no difference regarding restoration of biomechanical parameters between short stem designs with different levels of neck osteotomy. Additionally, short stem can mostly result in varus component positioning regardless of the level of neck osteotomy.

Comparison of Transfer Pricing methods and their application in disputed tax cases in Indonesian courts

Transfer pricing is a trending topic of taxation in various worlds, not least in Indonesia. Directorate General of Taxation is very aggressive to supervise and monitor the practices of transfer pricing conducted by the taxpayer, because it is not just a case of fictitious tax refunds and tax realtor practices that erode the potential for state revenue from taxes, but the practice of tax evasion in the process transfer pricing is also considered a lot of harm to tax revenue. Transfer pricing practice is actually a common practice and commonly practiced by companies group companies. However, this can be a crucial issue when setting transfer prices is not in accordance with the principle of fairness and business prevalence (PKKU / arm's length principle) which regulated in the Indonesian transfer pricing regulations.. The taxpayer is given the freedom to use their own discretion in deciding the most appropriate method of measuring the transfer price. However, this leads to inconsistencies in the methods applied to arm's length transactions similar by entities from similar industries. Loopholes in this area are vulnerable to tax evasion practices since decades ago. This paper aims to compare the available methods for measurement transfer pricing.