Stipe Length Research Articles

Vermicompost-enriched Substrate Improves the Production of Milky Mushroom (Calocybe indica)

Aims: We investigated most suitable substrate (wheat and rice straw) enriched with vermicompost and their different levels (10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) for enhancing production of milky mushroom. 
 Study Design: The experiment was designed by following single factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). 
 Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in a mushroom culture house to observe the growth and productivity of highly potential milky mushroom by using different vermicompost enriched substrate during March-October, 2017
 Methodology: Based on the different treatment combinations the quantity of substrate and vermicompost on volume basis were used per packet with 5% spawn. Coco dust was used as casing material. After incubation, matured fruiting bodies were harvested and data were recorded on growth and yield parameters.
 Results: The addition of vermicompost with rice substrates improved the diameter of pelius 32-74%, thickness of pelius 26- 60%, diameter of stipe 24-55% and length of stipe 25 to 95% relative to the unsupplemented substrate. Similarly, vermicompost supplementation with wheat straw substrates increased the diameter of pelius 27-71%, thickness of pelius 11- 40%, diameter of stipes 21-56% and length of stipe 17- 72% relative to the unsupplemented substrate at any harvest. Supplementation of vermicompost reduced the duration for spawn run 11-55% in wheat straw and 11- 49% in rice straw compared with non-supplemented one. Furthermore, pin head initiation became quicker 26- 66% in wheat straw and 15- 61% in rice straw. In addition, total number of fruiting body increased from 6- 82% in wheat straw supplemented with different doses of vermicompost, while rice straw increased total number of fruiting body ranged from 17- 39% compared to unsupplemented one. The addition of 10%, 25%, 50% and 75% levels of vermicompost with wheat straw increased the fresh yield of C. indica by 23%, 54%, 121% and 73%, respectively compared to wheat straw alone; however, similar levels of vermicompost with rice straw increased the fresh yield of C. indica by 31% , 63%, 112% and 87%, respectively compared to rice straw alone. The biological efficiency of C. indica also did exhibit significant differences ranged between 65-160% among different levels of vermicompost supplementation with rice and wheat straw substrates.
 Conclusion: The result revealed that increasing the vermicompost level lead to a less biological efficiency and yield, but it remains higher than the control (straw alone). It is additionally conceivable that the application of vermicompost to substrates with lower levels would provide an even better yield, without adversely affecting the bioefficiency of the harvested mushrooms. These judges, however, need more work to validate reliability.

Population Genetics of Sugar Kelp Throughout the Northeastern United States Using Genome-Wide Markers

An assessment of genetic diversity of marine populations is critical not only for the understanding and preservation of natural biodiversity but also for its economic potential. As commercial demand rises for marine resources, it is critical to generate baseline information for monitoring wild populations. Furthermore, anthropogenic stressors on the coastal environment, such as warming sea surface temperatures and overharvesting of wild populations, are leading to the destruction of keystone marine species such as kelps. In this study, we conducted a fine-scale genetic analysis using genome-wide high-density markers on Northwest Atlantic sugar kelp species, Saccharina latissima and putative species, Saccharina angustissima . The population structure for a total of 149 samples from the Gulf of Maine (GOM) and Southern New England (SNE) was investigated using AMOVA, Fst, admixture, and PCoA. Genome-wide association analyses were conducted for six morphological traits, and the extended Lewontin and Krakauer (FLK) test was used to detect selection signatures. Our results indicate that the GOM region is moderately more heterogeneous than SNE. While admixture was observed between regions, these results confirm that Cape Cod acts as a biogeographic barrier for sugar kelp gene flow. We detected one significant SNP (P-value=2.03×10 -7 ) associated with stipe length, and 243 SNPs with higher-than-neutral differentiation. The findings of this study provide fundamental knowledge on sugar kelp population genetics for future monitoring, managing and potentially restoring wild populations, as well as assisting in selective breeding to improve desirable traits for cultivation and bioenergy production.

Evaluation of Different Leaf Litters for Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus) Cultivation in Nekemte City, Western Ethiopia

Cultivation of mushrooms using locally available substance is a very cheap and environmentally friendly alternative for producing foods with high nutritional value. The consumption and familiarity of mushrooms to people has been limited in Ethiopia largely due to poor knowledge on the methods of production. The aim of this study was to evaluate different locally available leaf litters and their combinations for their productivity and biological efficiency (BE) for cultivation of an edible mushroom strain, oyster ( Pleurotus ostreatus ); in Nekemte, east Wollega, Ethiopia between January, 2017 and September, 2017. An experiment was conducted to cultivate edible mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus ) using four different leaf litters: namely, Cordia africana , Croton macrostachyus , Catha edulis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis and their combinations to determine their biological efficiency for the selected mushroom species.The results showed that, mycelial extension, the highest and lowest mean value 0.521 cm/day and 0.323 cm were measured from Catha edulis and combination of Catha edulis, Croton macrostachyus and Cordia africana , respectively. The results revealed that differences in mean incubation periods and duration of pinning-to-maturation, pileus diameter, and stipe length were insignificant (p>0.05) among substrates. The first pinning took 34.66 days, followed by 9.66 to 10.66 days between different flushes. Mean durations from pinning-to-maturation ranged from 3.66 to 4.33 days. The mean pileus diameter of mushrooms ranged from 4.77 to 5.03 cm, whereas the mean stipe length ranged from 1.98 to 2.16 cm. In this study, the highest biological efficiency for the studied mushroom species was recorded from Croton macrostachyus leaf litter ((94.45%) followed by Eucalpytus camaldulis leaf litters (89.72%). All the substrates that gave over 50% BE could be recommended for oyster mushroom cultivation. The findings generally suggest that the mushrooms species when grown on locally available leaf litters may have the potential to solve the problem of food insecurity in Ethiopia and can also create job opportunity to youngsters. Keywords : Biological efficiency, Edible mushrooms, Spawn, Substrates DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/11-13-05 Publication date: July 31 st 2020

Four Species of True Morels (Morchella) Recorded from Poonch District (Azad Jammu and Kashmir)

A study was carried out in three administrative units (tehsils) of Poonch district of Azad Jammu and Kasmir (AJK) state to record the presence of true morels belonging to genus Morchella of class Ascomycetes. A periodic random survey was carried out during the year 2015-16. Distribution of four species of morels Morchella esculenta (40%), M. elata (30%), M. deliciosa (20%) and M. semilibera (10%) was recorded during survey period from February 15 to March 30. During rest of months of survey period no morel was observed in the same locations. The temperature during collection ranged between 3-7 °C. Morels were found growing under plant canopies, tree shades and on disturbed grass lands. To isolate, morels were dug out with the help of shovel and spade. Detailed macro and microscopic features such as stipe, pileus, spore shape and size were recorded. The minimum pileus diameter measured was about 1.0-2.5 cm in M. semilibera, while the maximum measurement of pileus diameter was 7.0-7.5 cm in M. elata. The minimum stipe length was about 1.5-5.0 cm in M. deliciosa, while the maximum measurement was observed 7.0-10.0 cm in M. semilibera. In addition, spore print (yellow, pale and black) was observed, while the maximum spore size was found in case of M. semilibera. The findings of this study showed the presence of four different species of morels in Poonch district of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

Estimating Fresh Weight of Individual Pea Shoots Using Measurable Morphological Characteristics

Nondestructive estimation of individual shoot fresh weight (FW) from its measurable morphological traits is useful for a wide variety of purposes in pea shoot production. To predict individual shoot FW, nine regression models in total were developed, including two power models using stem diameter (SMD) or stem length (SML) as a variable, and seven linear models using part or all the following variables: SMD, SML, leaflet length (LL), leaflet width (LW), stipule length (SEL), and stipule width (SEW). Among the nine models, the 6-variable linear equation had the highest coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.92, indicating it is most effective at explaining the variation in FW. The linear equations including only one variable, SMD or SML, were equally the least effective as nonlinear equations (i.e., power models). This finding suggests that there was a linear rather than nonlinear relationship between FW and the morphological variables. During stepwise regression, SEW and LW together were first removed from the 6-variable linear models without reducing the R2, and then SEL, SMD, SML were further removed one-by-one, which reduced the R2 from 0.92 to 0.90, 0.85, and 0.71, respectively. The result suggests that SMD, SML, SEL, and LL were the most important four predictor variables for multivariable linear regression models to estimate FW, an idea that was also supported by path analysis. For the four linear models with 1–4 predictor variables from stepwise regression, the prediction accuracy of FW was evaluated based on the agreement between the predicted and measured values using another independent dataset. The 4- and 3-variable linear models (i.e., FW = −1.437 + 0.276 SMD + 0.010 SML + 0.022 LL + 0.013 SEL and FW = −1.383 + 0.308 SMD + 0.011 SML + 0.030 LL, respectively) were selected for their more accurate prediction than 1- and 2-variable linear models and relatively simpler forms than a 6-variable linear model. Although the prediction accuracy can be potentially affected by air temperature, light conditions, and harvesting time, the multilinear regression model is an effective approach for estimating fresh weight of individual pea shoots using its measurable morphological traits.

Use of Different Agro-wastes in the Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) Kummer

Agro-wastes are abundant in both rural and urban areas and when carelessly disposed off to the environment by dumping or burning, they lead to environmental pollution, and consequently to health hazards. Growing of edible mushroom on these wastes can contribute to decrease in environment pollution. This work investigated the growth and yield of Pleurotus ostreatus on different agro-wastes: plantain midrib (PM), corn straw (CS), sugarcane bagasse (SB) and their combinations (PM+CS, PM+SB, CS+SB, CS+PM+SB) with a view to finding the best substrate for the growth of P. ostreatus. The experiment was carried out using completely randomized design with seven treatments and three replications. Results revealed that mycelia growth period and days to pinhead formation were faster in corn straw (7 and 11 days, respectively from the day of inoculation), this was followed by CS+SB (8 and 12 days, respectively) while CS+PM+SB recorded the longest days (13 and 17, respectively). Stipe length ranged from 2.6 cm in PM to 3.3 cm in CS+PM while the pileus diameter was between 3.3 cm in CS and PM and 4.3 cm in PM+SB. Number of fruiting bodies, fresh and dry weights of the mushroom were significantly higher in CS than in the other substrates. The least number of fruiting bodies, fresh and dry weights were recorded in CS+PM+SB.

Molecular and elemental characterizations and taxonomic notes of three endemic Lathyrus L. species

In this study, the morphological, genetical (molecular) and elemental compositions of morphologically similar three endemic Lathyrus L. species such as L. phaselitanus Hub.-Mor. & Davis, L. lycicus Boiss. and L. belinensis N. Maxted & D. J. Goyder belong to genus Lathyrus in Turkey were investigated. In the morphological part, some important parameters such as stem shape, plant height, leaflet number, leaflet length, leaflet width, stipule shape, stipule length, stipule width, fruit length, fruit width, fruit shape, number of flowers and standard were investigated. In the genetical part of the study, chloroplast intergenic spacer trnH-psbA was used to reveal the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship among the three endemic Lathyrus species to decide whether they were systematically similar or not. Additionally, the concentration of some elements such as Nickel (Ni), Iron (Fe), Copper(Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Magnesium (Mg), Zinc (Zn), Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) were also determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry to observe the similarities and/or differences among these three endemic Lathyrus species based on elemental composition. The results revealed that there was also a genetic similarity of 99% between morphologically similar L. belinensis and L. lycicus species but they were previously placed in different sections.

Transcriptome analysis of the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes in response to blue light.

Lentinula edodes is one of the most popular edible mushrooms worldwide and contains important medicinal components such as lentinan, ergosterol, and eritadenine. Mushroom metabolism is regulated by the mycelia and fruit body using light; however, in mushrooms, the underlying molecular mechanisms controlling this process as well as light-induced gene expression remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we compared morphological changes and gene expression in the fruit bodies of L. edodes cultivated under blue light and continuous darkness. Our results showed that blue light primarily induced pileus growth (diameter and thickness) compared to dark cultivation. Alternatively, stipe length development was promoted by dark cultivation. We also performed RNAseq on L. edodes under the blue light/dark cultivation conditions. A total of 12,051 genes were used for aligning the Illumina raw reads and 762 genes that showed fold change cut-offs of >|2| and significance p-values of <0.05 were selected under blue light condition. Among the genes which showed two-fold changed genes, 221 were upregulated and 541 were downregulated. In order to identify blue light induced candidate genes, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected according to 4-fold changes and validated by RT-PCR. We identified 8 upregulated genes under blue light condition, such as DDR48-heat shock protein, Fasciclin-domain-containing protein and carbohydrate esterase family 4 protein, FAD NAD-binding domain-containing protein that are involved in morphological development of primordium and embryonic muscle development, cell adhesion and affect the structure of cellulosic and non-cellulosic cell walls of fruit body development, and photoreceptor of blue light signaling for fruit body and pigment development, respectively. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of blue light in mushroom growth and development and can thus contribute to breeding programs to improve mushroom cultivation.

Comparing the effectiveness of twine- and binder-seeding in the Laminariales species Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima

The continuing expansion of seaweed cultivation could assist in ensuring future global food security. The Laminariales species Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima are each cultivated for food across their European ranges. The predominant method for cultivating European kelps involves growing juveniles on twine within a hatchery which is then deployed at a farm site. The associated hatchery and deployment cost of this approach are relatively high. A new and innovative methodology—called binder-seeding—can reduce these costs, but, has yet to be validated. We compare the biomass yield and morphology of A. esculenta and S. latissima cultured using either the traditional twine-longline method or binder-seeding onto AlgaeRope and AlgaeRibbon, specially designed textiles. In a controlled growth experiment, A. esculenta had a similar biomass yield on all materials, but fronds were shorter (23 ± 7%) and thinner on the AlgaeRibbon (42 ± 4%) due to a 3–4-fold higher density of developing sporophytes compared to the twine-longline. In contrast, S. latissima gave a 4-fold higher biomass yield on the AlgaeRibbon in June (4.0 kg m−1), but frond morphology was not different between materials, despite a 4-fold higher sporophyte density on the AlgaeRibbon. The stipe length of both species also increased at the higher sporophyte density on the AlgaeRibbon. The AlgaeRope gave an intermediate response or was similar to the twine-longline. These results show that binder-seeding onto the AlgaeRibbon significantly increases the achieved biomass yield in S. latissima. These results can assist cultivators to select the most appropriate method of kelp cultivation depending on morphological/yield requirements of the end use. Further study is needed on the optimisation of the binder-seeding density and its impact on thallus morphology.

Record of Oldenlandia hygrophila Bremek. (Spermacoceae: Rubiaceae), a lesser known herb from Palghat Gap of Western Ghats, Kerala, India

Oldenlandia hygrophila Bremek., a lesser known taxon has been relocated from the type location in the Palghat (Palakkad) gap region of southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India, and is described. Setiform cuticular protuberances all over the plant, branching pattern, stipule length, axillary solitary blue flower, corolla lobes not spreading during anthesis, size of flower, presence of hyaline hairs inside corolla tube, calyx lobe reaching one-fourth of the corolla tube, exerted anthers with glabrous filaments, sub - globose capsule and seed surface pattern are some of the peculiar features which makes this taxa different from other Oldenlandia species. After its type collection in 1972, this endemic taxa could not be relocated from its type locality till date.

Screening of Agaricus bisporus strains and casing variables for improving the yield potential of mushrooms

Eight Agaricus bisporus strains, A-15, Delta, 459, U3, AB-P, AB-B, PB-5 and S11, with six casing variables were analyzed in order to study their effect on the yield, texture and colour of mushrooms. Physiochemical properties of casing mixtures were quite variable where highest porosity (%) was observed in FYM+CP with highest potassium (1.16%) and carbon (12.22%) content. Among all the casing variables, FYM+CP (4:1) showed highest yield as well as number of fruiting bodies after 30 days for all the selected strains that is A-15 (17.3 kg/q), Delta (19.6 kg/q), 459 (21.8 kg/q), U3 (16.3 kg/q), AB-P (14.6 kg/q), PB-5 (14.6 kg/q), AB-B (13.5 kg/q) and S11 (17.5 kg/q). Strains A-15, Delta and 459 showed maximum colour (L-value), while Delta, 459 and AB-B strains showed higher texture (N) value that inferred their good quality parameters. The pileus diameter was maximum in Delta (4.5 cm) and PB-5 (6.0 cm) for the entire casing variables, however, the stipe length was maximum in PB-5 (2.5 cm), U3 (2.5 cm) and S11 (2.9 cm). FYM+CP casing combination were found to be the best for yield potential followed by FYM+VC and FYM+ BC. Strains, 459, followed by Delta, A-15 and U3 were found to be the most potential strains for cultivation under Punjab conditions.

Effects of Crude Oil on the Growth of Oyster Mushroom; &lt;i&gt;Pleurotus ostreatus&lt;/i&gt; (Jacaum ex.fr. Kummer)

: The effect of crude oil on polluted sawdust on the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus was evaluated. The experiment was laid in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replicates. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANVOA) and the mean separation was done using Duncan Multiple Range test (DMRT) at the probability of 5%. Result showed that micro-morphological characteristics of P. ostreatus grown on sawdust polluted with crude oil at varying concentrations of 50 ml, 100ml and 150ml and allowed to be contaminated for 8, 10 and 12 day respectively before sowing the mycelia in the polluted sawdust. Marco-Morphological at 10ml level of crude oil polluted sawdust significantly reduced the marco-morphological features of the P. ostreatus mushroom harvest at different days compared to 50ml crude oil polluted sawdust, in 8 days, the cap length measurement are (4.43cm±1.10 – 6.55cm±1.10), for stipe length (3.31cm ± 0.01 - 7.41cm ± 0.02) while the fresh fruit body weight (115.2g ± 2.01 - 175.3g ± 2.01). It is observed that the growing of P. ostreatus using wastes will help to reduce the huge agricultural wastes within our environment that sometimes when not properly managed caused serious environmental pollution. The research therefore recommended for the use of sawdust in the growing of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom species, since sawdust and mushroom are good remediators of crude oil pollution. The summary of the result indicated that increase in crude oil pollution significantly (P≤0.5) affected the macro morphological features of the oyster mushroom production.Keywords: Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, morphological parameters and crude oil.

Optimization of agro-residues as substrates for Pleurotus pulmonarius production

The “replacing wood by grass” project can partially resolve the conflict between mushroom production and balancing the ecosystem, while promoting agricultural economic sustainability. Pleurotus pulmonarius is an economically important edible and medicinal mushroom, which is traditionally produced using a substrate consisting of sawdust and cottonseed hulls, supplemented with wheat bran. A simplex lattice design was applied to systemically optimize the cultivation of P. pulmonarius using agro-residues as the main substrate to replace sawdust and cottonseed hulls. The effects of differing amounts of wheat straw, corn straw, and soybean straw on the variables of yield, mycelial growth rate, stipe length, pileus length, pileus width, and time to harvest were demonstrated. Results indicated that a mix of wheat straw, corn straw, and soybean straw may have significantly positive effects on each of these variables. The high yield comprehensive formula was then optimized to include 40.4% wheat straw, 20.3% corn straw, 18.3% soybean straw, combined with 20.0% wheat bran, and 1.0% light CaCO3 (C/N = 42.50). The biological efficiency was 15.2% greater than that of the control. Most encouraging was the indication that the high yield comprehensive formula may shorten the time to reach the reproductive stage by 6 days, compared with the control. Based on the results of this study, agro-residues may be used as a suitable substitution for sawdust and cottonseed hulls as the main cultivation substrates of P. pulmonarius. These results provide a theoretical basis for the “replacing wood by grass” project on edible mushroom cultivation.

Trait acclimation of the clonal fern Selliguea griffithiana to forest epiphytic and terrestrial habitats

AbstractAlthough epiphytic habitats are more stressful and heterogeneous than terrestrial habitats, how facultative epiphytes acclimate to such contrasting environments has been poorly understood. Our study focused on the variation of functional traits between epiphytic and terrestrial individuals of Selliguea griffithiana, and provided considerable functional acclimation of this species to such contrasting environments. We sampled ramets of S. griffithiana from epiphytic and terrestrial habitats of a subtropical montane moist forest, SW China. Morphological and anatomical traits, photosynthesis, biomass and ramet density of S. griffithiana were measured and it was found that these traits differed significantly between the two habitats. Frond length, stipe length, spacer length (interramet distance), stomatal density, vein density, maximal chlorophyll fluorescence and relative chlorophyll content of fronds, and biomass per ramet were all lower in epiphytic habitat than those in terrestrial habitat, whereas frond thickness and ramet density were higher in the former. Photosynthetic light–response curves revealed a higher carbon assimilation capability of individuals in terrestrial habitat than in epiphytic habitat, whereas cumulative water loss curves showed a lower water loss rate in the latter. The findings demonstrate acclimation of S. griffithiana to both habitats, that is, epiphytic ramets can mitigate water scarcity at some cost of a reduced photosynthetic capacity, whereas terrestrial ramets can afford to improve the light capture to a higher photosynthetic capacity without any water stresses.

Opening the black box: microspatial patterns of zoospore dispersal, parentage, and selfing in the kelp Ecklonia cava as revealed by microsatellite markers

We examined the early life stage process of the kelp Ecklonia cava from zoospore settlement to juvenile sporophyte in the field. The microspatial genetic structure of an E. cava population in a 4 m × 4 m area was analyzed using microsatellite markers to evaluate the spatial distribution of individuals. Within this area, 169 adults and 87 juveniles were analyzed, and the distributional pattern was aggregated for juveniles, uniform for adults, and random for all individuals. The kinship coefficient decreased with increasing distance and reached zero at approximately 2 m. Using a parentage analysis, the parents of 8 and 46 juveniles in the study area were identified at the 95% and 80% confidence levels, respectively. Among the juveniles, selfing was confirmed in 3 and 7 individuals at the 95% and 80% confidence levels, respectively. Although the selfing juveniles that survived appeared to grow normally, the frequent occurrence of selfing may drive the distributional change between juveniles and adults. Most of the parents had two or fewer juvenile offspring within 2.5 m in the study area. Although the stipe length of the parents did not affect the dispersal distance of the zoospores, each parent appeared to release zoospores in a specific direction. In E. cava, the local population may be maintained by the short dispersal distance of most spores and the occurrence of selfing, and the rare zoospore settlement in distant areas may allow low levels of gene flow among local populations.

USE OF THE INAJÁ STIPE (Attalea maripa (AUBL.) MART.) FOR THE GENERATION OF BIOENERGY

The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioenergetics aptitude of Inaja stipe. The samples were collected in five sites in the northeast of Pará State: Cametá, Abaetetuba, São João de Pirabas, São Caetano de Odivelas and Capitão Poço. In each area, 25 matrices were identified and evaluated. The breast circumference (CAP) and the stipe length (AE) were collected for physical, chemical and energetic analysis, and a composite sample was collected from three random stipes from each zone. The analyzes were in accordance with the recommended Brazilian standards: ABNT 11940 (1983) for the physical analysis, ABNT 8112 (1986) for chemical analysis, and ABNT 8633 (1983) for energetic analysis. Regarding CAP, an average of 132.43 cm was obtained (CV = 27.81%), and AE had an average of 314.89 cm (CV = 30.67%). These variations may be explained by the different bioclimatic conditions in each region where the populations are located, as well as the different ages of each palm tree. The average values of the physical variables, moisture content and basic density were 50.09% and 0.34 g.cm-³, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended to perform a drying process, and it may be outdoors for the equilibrium moisture content with the region. The chemical tests indicated an average volatile matter of 82.46%, with an ash content of 0.83% and a fixed carbon of 16.76%. The higher calorific value was, on average, 4586.25 kcal.kg-1. The results indicate that Inaja stipe can be suitable for energetic uses, such as heat generation.

Effect of Carbon-Nitrogen Ratios of Lignocellulosic Substrates on the Yield of Mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius)

Mushrooms are fungi that are unique in the recycling of plant biomass through decomposition in the process of which they also serve as food for man. These functions are carried out through the extracellular digestion of plant biomass with a consortium of enzymes. This study examined the effect of carbon-nitrogen ratios (C/N) of three lignocellulosic substrates, namely, corncob (C/N 120:1), sawdust (C/N 325:1) and waste paper (C/N 400:1) on the yield of Pleurotus pulmonarius. The experimental design was factorial laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Tissue culture was made on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) which was transferred to boiled sorghum grains for spawn making. The substrates were pasteurized and then inoculated with P. pulmonarius. Substrates were pasteurized (immersed in hot water for 3 hours) and inoculated with P. pulmonarius. Proximate analysis of the fruiting bodies was done to determine crude protein, crude fat, moisture content, dry matter, ash, crude fiber and carbohydrate. Carbon-nitrogen (C/N) ratio of the substrates was also determined. Corncob has C/N ratio of 120:1. The yield performance of corncob was the highest for weight (86 ± 0.01 g), length of stipe (3.55 ± 0.04 cm) and diameter of pileus (7.3 ± 0.07 cm). Means separation by least significant difference (LSD) showed that the yield parameters for corncob were statistically different from other substrates used. The proximate analysis of dried P. pulmonarius showed that corncob had a protein content of 17.37% ± 0.80% and moisture content of 0.69% ± 0.01% respectively, while sawdust and corncob had crude fibre contents of 1.79 ± 0.02 and 1.79 ± 0.01 respectively. Conclusively, having an idea of the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate to be used for mushroom cultivation, manipulating the nutritional composition of mushrooms can be enhanced by enriching the growth substrates/media.

Production of Oyster Mushroom (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Pleurotus ostreatus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) on Substrate Composed from Wheat Straw, Waste Paper and Cotton Seed Waste

Due to the recent insights of the mushroom nutritional and medicinal advantages, interests in mushroom production and consumption have been increasing. The main aim of this paper is to report the effect of substrates’ composed from different mix ratio of wheat straws, waste paper and cotton seed waste on growth, yield and yield related parameters of oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushroom. The experiment was conducted from December 20017 to March 2018. There were five treatments (T1-T5) with two replications in randomized complete design. The quantitative data were collected and analyzed. The results of this experiments indicated that, the fastest mycelia run was recorded from T4 (19.5 days) for complete colonization and the slowest from T1 (28 days) for complete colonization. Fewer days from colonization to primordial formation was taken for treatment T3 and T4 (2.5 days), while more days taken for T5 (4 days. Larger cap diameter (11.19 cm) was recorded for the mushroom grown on T1. While smaller cap diameter 96.23) was recorded for the mushroom grown on T4, shortest stipe length was recorded from the mushroom on T5 while longest stipe length was recorded for T2, (4.11); highest number of fruits recorded for T3 (41.44) while lowest number of fruits recorded for T5 (22.07). Highest number of aborts recorded for T2 (18.78, while the lowest was recorded for T5 (10.37); Highest number of bunches recorded for T4, (4) while the lowest number of bunches recorded for T5 (1.38). Maximum number of fruits 41.44 (T3), highest biological efficiencies 191.745 (T5), were produced from the different substrate composed from wheat straw, waste paper supplemented with cotton seed waste. Treatments T3 and T4 of this experiment gave maximum total biomass and Biological efficiency so that it could be recommended for pilot or large scale production of oyster mushroom.

Effect of Sesbania sesban on cultivation of Agaricus bisporus, Basidiomycota, and properties of spent mushroom compost outcome

AbstractBecause wheat straw has a high cost as a feed for livestock, this work aims to use straw of Egyptian pea (Sesbania sesban) in compost preparation as an alternative for the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus. Six composts were used within this study on two mushroom strains A. bisporus (C9 and F599 strains). The type of compost has a significant (p&lt;0.05) effect on the size of button mushroom fruits. WHS1 compost exhibited the best diameter of pileus at 5.28 cm while WCS1 compost showed the lowest diameter reaching 4.68 cm. A. bisporus C9 had the longest stipe while A. bisporus F599 has the greatest cap diameter.A. bisporus F599 showed a larger ratio of the diameter of pileus to the length of stipe (DP/ LS ratio) (1.14) compared with C9 (1.07). C:N ratios of compost decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) after cultivation of mushrooms because of the high increase of nitrogen content in spent mushroom compost (SMC). Finally, the straw of S. sesban is suitable as a supplement for the cultivation of A. bisporus.

English

A mushroom is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above the ground on soil. The nutritional value of mushrooms is greater than one may think. Generally, it is a nature&#39;s hidden treasures of nutrition. The aim of this study was to access the suitability of available agro wastes of some lignocelluloses materials containing five different types of main substrates namely, sawdust (Sd), cow dung (Cd), teff straw (Tfs), corn cobs (CbZ) and chat left over (ChC). During this study, rate of mycelia invasion, cap diameters, stipe length, fresh weight per flush and total yield of Pleurotus ostreatus were recorded, accordingly. Results indicate that, CbZ alone, CbZ*Tfs, CbZ*Sd and Cd*CbZ showed highest biological efficiency of 83.62, 72.8 to 87.5, 62.6 to 7 and 63.4 to 63.8%, respectively, while the lowest yield &nbsp;was obtained from Cd*ChC and Tfs*ChC (46 to 50.16%). Moreover, CbZ alone as well as in combination with other agro wastes (Tfs*CbZ and CbZ*SdC, Cd*Tfs and Chat (Catha edulis)) enhanced the yield of P. ostreatus. Thus, the currently used agro wastes, such as corn cobs, teff straw, sawdust and cow dung are promising substrate for domestic as well as industrial production of mushroom.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Key words: Agro wastes, oyster mushroom, spawn, substrate, yields.