Lemuru Fish Research Articles

Aplikasi kombinasi penggunaan POC ikan lemuru dan pupuk anorganik NPK pada budidaya tanaman padi

Soil productivity that declines due to the continuous use of inorganic fertilizers for a long period of time has an impact on decreasing the production of rice produced. The need to use organic fertilizers such as liquid organic fertilizer made from lemuru fish to balance soil properties. This study aimed to determine the combination of the use of lemuru fish LOF and NPK fertilizer in rice plant cultivation. The experiment was conducted using a non-factorial complete randomized design with the addition of lemuru fish LOF concentrations as a treatment consisting of 0 ml/l water (P0), 30 ml/l water (P1), 40 ml/l water (P2), 50 ml/l water (P3), and 60 ml/l water (P4). The results showed that the addition of POC lemuru fish with a concentration of 0 ml/l of water gave the best results on all observation variables, namely the number of the productive tiller (21.47), panicle length (21.40 cm), the number of grain per panicle (130.40 grains), the weight of dry rice fields (56.08 g), and the weight of filled grain (4.68 g). It can be concluded that the low nutrient content and little frequency of application were suspected to cause a significant increase in rice crop production.

Production of omega-3 concentrate from lemuru fish (Sardinella longiceps) oil by two-step urea complexation

Lemuru fish (Sardinella longiceps) oil is a by-product containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that is important for the prevention of several diseases. For daily intake, saturated fatty acids should be removed from fish oil to obtain PUFA concentrates. Various methods have been observed in producing omega-3 concentrates. The objective of this study was to produce the omega-3 concentrate from lemuru fish oil using a two-step urea complexation method and to characterize the omega-3 product. Lemuru fish oil was saponified and purified to produce fatty acids and urea was added to the fatty acids to obtain crystal complexes. In this study, crystallization was carried out at -20 °C for 24 h with an oil-urea ratio of 1:0.625, 1:1.25, and 1:2.5. The results showed that the highest content of omega-3 (ALA, DHA, EPA) was reached at a ratio of fish oil-urea of 1:0.625. Based on the FTIR spectrum analysis, omega-3 concentrate contained the specific spectrum indicated by HC=CH trans, -C=O (ester), and -C-O (acid) groups. UV-Vis spectra analysis showed that light exposure affected the stability of omega-3 concentrate, as is evident by the hypsochromic shift of the resulting spectrum.

Chitosan and Drying Temperature Optimization on the Quality of Bage Lemuru Fish using RSM Methods

Bage is a traditional fermented fish in Sumbawa made from lemuru fish (Sardinella lemuru). The aims of this study were to determine the chemical properties (moisture content and crude protein), microbial properties, and the panellist’s preferences for bage fish products after the addition of chitosan during the process. Optimization analysis using Response Surface Methodology showed that the temperature acquired was 60.93˚C. The chitosan concentration amounted to 3.51%, resulting in a water content of 23.47% and protein content of 49.91%. The number of microbial colonies in all treatments did not exceed the maximum limit of salted fish category product, based on SNI 8273 – 2016, but the fungal growth was found in samples with a temperature of 53 and 55˚C on the 20th day. The highest level of panellist preference for taste and aroma of bage fish was at a treatment temperature of 60 ° C with the addition of chitosan 4.62%, whereas the best texture was obtained by treatment at a temperature of 53˚C with the addition of 4.62% chitosan

Effect of supplementing cellulase, carnitine and lemuru fish oil in feed on chemical composition of Muscovy duck meat

Muscovy duck in Indonesia has good potential to be developed as a meat producer, but currently its production and performance are still relatively low. additional feed is needed to increase it, such as cellulase enzymes, L-carnitine, and lemuru fish oil. where this combination, enzymes can increase nutrient digestibility, fish oil which is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and L-carnitine as a metabolic facilitator needed to oxidize long chain fatty acids. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementing cellulase, carnitine and fish oil in feed on performance, EPA and DHA composition of Muscovy duck meat. In total, 120 Muscovy ducks in grower period were allocated to 4 dietary treatments with 5 replicates of 6 ducks. The treatments consisted of T0 = basal ration, T1 = T0 supplemented with 0.1% cellulase, T2 = T1 supplemented with L-carnitine 40 ppm, and T3 = T2 supplemented with 4% lemuru fish oil. The dietary treatments were fed for 90 days. The results of study showed that the effects of supplementing fish oil and L-carnitine in rations containing cellulase enzyme have a significant value (P<0.01) on the performance (feed consumption, daily body weight gain, feed conversion and IOFC) of male Muscovy duck grower phase and have a significant value (P<0.01) on EPA and DHA level in Muscovy duck meat. The supplementation can decrease feed consumption, meanwhile it increase daily body weight gain, improve feed conversion ratio, increase IOFC value, EPA and DHA level.

EFFECT OF EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY (ELF) MAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE OF 700µT AND 1200µT INTENSITIES ON THE DEGREE OF ACIDITY (pH) AND MASS OF LEMURU FISH (Sardinella lemuru)

The Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic field is included in electromagnetic waves which have a frequency range of 0-300 Hz. In foodstuffs, the use of magnetic fields can be used for food security. Lemuru fish is a fish that is consumed by many people. In general, lemuru fish will last approximately 8 hours after arriving from capture. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exposure to the ELF magnetic field on the degree of acidity (pH) and density in lemuru fish. The research design used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic field exposure treatment is used to increase lemuru fish resistance by inhibiting pathogenic bacteria. The research sample was 110 lemuru fish and divided into 5 groups. One group served as a control, 2 experimental groups were exposed to an ELF magnetic field intensity of 700µT for 60 minutes and 120 minutes, and the other 2 groups were exposed to an ELF magnetic field with an intensity of 1200µT for 60 minutes and 120 minutes. The variables studied included the pH value and the density of lemuru fish. Measurements of pH and density were carried out at the 8th and 20th hours after exposure to the ELF magnetic field. The research data were analyzed using statistical analysis, namely the Kruskall Wallis Test. The results of this study indicated that the intensity of 1200µT for 60 minutes was effective for maintaining the pH value of lemuru fish, while the intensity which was effective for maintaining the density value was 1200µT for 60 minutes and 120 minutes until the 20th hour.

Chilli Sauce Medium Reformulation of Lemuru Fish in Cans at Teffa Canning Politeknik Negeri Jember

Teaching Factory is a concept of a production-based teaching process that refers to the standards and procedures applicable in the industry, which is carried out in an atmosphere like what happens in the industry. One of the Teaching Factory in Jember State Polytechnic majoring in Agricultural Technology is the Teaching Factory Canning (Canning Factory). The fish canning product produced at the Teaching Factory Canning, Jember State Polytechnic is canning lemuru. The raw material for lemuru fish is obtained directly from fish collectors in Puger. Tefa Canning Jember State Polytechnic only has 1 medium flavor variant, namely medium chili sauce with tomato paste as the main ingredient. However, the use of tomato paste is considered less cost-effective, because the price of tomato paste is not cheap. This is why the researchers tried to create a new variation medium with the addition of maltodextrin, which is expected to reduce the cost of production (Cost of Production) of lemuru fish products in cans at Tefa Canning Politeknik Negeri Jember

Pengaruh Imbangan Minyak Ikan Lemuru dan Minyak Kelapa Sawit terhadap Karkas dan Komposisi Kimia Daging Ayam Broiler

The purpose of this research was to analyze effect of the balancing lemuru fish oil and palm oil on the carcass of broiler and chemical composition of breast of broiler. 200 broilers reared from DOC to 35 days old. Broilers were divided into 4 treatment groups and 5 replications. The treatment consisted of: P0 = diet with 3% crude palm oil, P1 = diet with 1% lemuru fish oil + 2% crude palm oil, P2 = diet with 2% lemuru fish oil + 1% crude palm oil, P3 = diet with 3% lemuru fish oil. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with Duncan's significant difference test. Treatment with lemuru fish oil up to 3% had significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on decreasing carcass but increasing the proportion of thigh. The use of lemuru fish oil feed as much as 2% and palm oil as much as 1% is more effective than control diet on carcass and meat chemistry composition.

Sustainability Analysis of Lemuru (Sardinella lemuru) Commodity Resources in Bali Strait

Potential of resource commodities contained in the waters of the Bali Strait needs to be studied for the level of utilization and the level of sustainability. This research aimed to analyze the conditions for the utilization of lemuru fish resources commodities and the sustainability status of lemuru fisheries in the Bali Strait based on four aspects, namely ecological, economic, social, and technological dimensions. Commodity condition of resources is carried out with Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) analysis, while the sustainability status of resource commodities uses Rappid Appraisal for Fisheries (RAPFISH) analysis. Data used in this study is based on data from PPN Pengambengan, Bali and PPP Muncar, Banyuwangi. The questionnaire was distributed to 55 respondents with purposive sampling techniques. The results of the analysis on the CPUE of the commodity condition of lemuru fish resources in 2013-2017 experienced a decrease and the occurrence of over-fishing in the Bali Strait. Meanwhile, based on the status of sustainability, it shows that the status is less sustainable in a multidimensional manner with a value of 36.47.

Estimation Pendugaan CPUE (Catch Per Unit Effort) dan Potensi Maksimum Lestari Ikan Lemuru (Sardinella lemuru) yang Didaratkan di PPN Pengambengan, Jembrana-Bali

Lemuru is one of the highest catches landed in PPN Pengambengan. PPN Pengambengan is a strategic fishery port owned by Jembrana with a function as a center or center for marine fisheries landing. Improvement of fishing technology will be related to the problem of abundance or availability of fishery resoure stocks, so it is necessary to study CPUE, MSY and JTB so that they can utilize the resources with optimal but still maintain its preservation in nature. This research has a purpose, which is to know the tren of CPUE, MSY and JTB of lemuru fish (Sardinella lemuru) landed in PPN Pengambengan. The method used is a quantitative descriptive method using a surplus production analysis from Schaefer. The data used in this study are catch and fleet data from 2014–2019 obtained directly from the PPN Pengambengan office. The results showed the highest CPUE in 2015 amounted to 6,15 tons/fleet, but after that the CPUE tren tended to decline, especially since 2016 while the MSY value was obtained at 9.598,49 tons/year with a maximum sustained effort of 4.545,45 fleets/year. Furthermore, the JTB value is 80% of the MSY value, a figure of 7.678,8tons/year is obtained. This indicates overfishing and over-exploitation in the PPN Pengambengan area. To prevent overfishing and over-exploitation, prevention can be done, such as limiting fishing capacity and effort can also apply fisheries management models, such as co-management and EBFM (eco-based fisheries management).

The Knowledge Enhancement of Stunted Children’s Parentals Through Training on Processing Additional Foods with White Oyster Mushroom, Taro Flour, and Fish Raw Materials

The problem of malnutrition that has received much attention recently is the problem of chronic nutrition in the form of stunting. One of the factors that cause stunting in toddlers is food intake. The provision of supplementary food containing complete nutrition can be used as an effort to prevent stunting in children. This community service was carried out in Bangun Rejo Village, Tanjung Morawa District, Deli Serdang Regency with the target community being the PKK Cadre group and mothers with stunting children. The purpose of this community service activity is to convey information about stunting children and how to prevent it, as well as train the target community to utilize and process food ingredients such as white oyster mushrooms, taro flour, catfish, rebon shrimp and lemuru fish into nuggets as a snack for children. stunting. The results of community service activities showed an increase in the participants' knowledge about stunting and how to prevent it, as well as skills to make catfish, rebon shrimp, lemuru fish, and oyster mushroom nuggets as snacks for stunted children.

Physical and chemical quality of chicken eggs (Lohman brown strains) feed conventional feed with the addition of lemuru fish oil

This study aims to determine the quality of chicken eggs of the Lohman Brown has given fish oil in rations. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with a total of 160 chickens with 4 treatments and 4 replications and each replication consisted of 10 chickens. P0: Ration without fish oil, P1: Ration using 0.2% fish oil, P2: Rations using 0.3% fish oil, P3: Rations using 0.4% fish oil. The feed used is composed of feed ingredients, namely corn, bran, concentrate, mineral, and fish flour. The variables observed included egg weight, egg white weight, egg yolk weight, shell thickness, shell weight, yolk color, Haugh units, yolk index, fat content, protein content, and cholesterol. The results showed that the use of fish oil of 0.2% in the ratio gave significantly different results (P&lt;0.05) on egg weight, yolk weight, shell thickness, Haugh unit, or yolk index, while the results showed no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) on white weight, shell weight, yolk color, fat content, protein content, cholesterol in eggs.

Effectiveness of Lemuru Fish (Sardinella longiceps) Oil Supplementation on Nutrient Digestibility, Fiber Fraction and Rumen Fluid Fermentability

Effectiveness of Lemuru Fish (Sardinella longiceps) Oil Supplementation on Nutrient Digestibility, Fiber Fraction and Rumen Fluid Fermentability

Training on Making Nugget from Lemuru Fish with the Addition of Durian Seed Flour for Stunting Students Mother

Fish has been widely known for its usage in increasing the growth of children, due to its nutritional contents, such as protein and zinc that can accelerate the increase of children’s heights and weights in the growth period. This community service activity aims to increase fish consumption in elementary school students, especially those suffering from stunting through processing fish into nugget products. The activity carried out was in the form of training on processing fish nuggets using lemuru fish with the addition of durian seed flour to mothers with stunting children at SDN 104255 Paluh Sibaji Village, Pantai Labu District, Deli Serdang Regency. This activity then was continued by offering the students to consume nuggets of lemuru fish durian seeds flour. As a result, the nuggets were considered favorable by the students. The post test involving questions about stunting was conducted to measure the knowledge of each parent in this case. The data showed that parents had high enthusiasm in solving stunting issues due to the increase on average of post test points (8.03), which was two times higher than before (4.81). The outcome of this training was to gain new skills and knowledge to students’ mothers in decreasing stunting cases by serving affordable nutrient-rich food to their children.

Morphological and molecular characters of Lemuru fish (Sardinella lemuru) from Tanjung Luar Waters, East Lombok

Lemuru fish from the Clupeidae family in various countries have many similarities that are difficult to distinguish between one species and another. This study aims to determine the morphological and molecular characteristics, genetic diversity, and kinship of lemuru fish in Tanjung Luar waters with lemuru fish species in countries. The molecular feature of lemuru fish used in this study was a marker for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene. The lemuru fish sample used in this study was lemuru caught in the waters of Tanjung Luar by small-scale fishermen. Lemuru fish sampling method using random, totaling 100 individuals. Firstly, the lemuru fish samples were grouped based on morphological characters. Next, segregation and augmentation of the CO1 gene DNA in five lemuru fish samples using a pair of primers. The amplification of DNA about 700 bp in size was sequenced. CO1 gene sequence data of lemuru samples were analyzed using MEGA 11 Software (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis) Version 11. The phylogenetic relationships obtained showed that the lemuru samples from Tanjung Luar waters, East Lombok, is in the same clade as Sardinella Jussieu from Malaysia and has a very close kinship relationship.

PENGELOLAAN BERKELANJUTAN PERIKANAN TANGKAP IKAN SARDINELLA DI PERAIRAN JEMBRANA BERDASARKAN ANALISIS SWOT DAN ANALYTICAL HIERARCHICAL PROSESS (AHP) DI KABUPATEN JEMBRANA

This research aimed to examine and analyze the problems that occur in the management of sustainable captured fisheries, especially Sardinella fish in Jembrana Regency, in order to determine alternative strategies in management through SWOT analysis and Priority scale through Analytical Hierarch Process (AHP). The alternative determination of the sustainable management strategy of lemuru fish based on SWOT analysis includes IFAS matrix, with a strength score of 1.51 and a weakness of 1.26, the difference between a strengths and weaknesses value of 0.25 (x). The EFAS matrix has an opportunity score of 1.59 and a threat score of 1.30, the difference between the opportunity and threat factors is 0.29 (y). SWOT analysis diagram is located in quadrant one, which is a progressive strategy or SO Strategy using all the power available to echieve or get the greatest opportunity. Policy Determination based on AHP for sustainable management of lemuru fish in Jembrana Regency, Criterion 7 becomes the first priority with a value of 22%, namely cooperating with relevant agencies related to data and information collection of reliable and integrated capture fisheries in accordance with technological developments, in order to streamline activities and maximize the catch.&#x0D; Keywords: AHP, Fisheries Management, Sustainable, SWOT analysis.

Effectivity of lemuru fish oil (sardinella longiceps) protection in periodontal tissue wistar rats induced by diabetes mellitus

Objective: To determine the effect of lemuru fish oil extract (Sardinella longiceps) on the number of fibroblasts in periodontal tissue of Wistar rats induced by diabetes mellitus using streptozotocin.&#x0D; Material and Methods: Thirty-two Wistar rats male, were divided into 4 groups, group K0 (negative control), K1 (4ml/kgBB), K2 (8ml/kgBB), and K3 (4ml/kgBB). Rats were induced with nicotinamide and streptozotocin to create a state of diabetes. The experiment of giving lemuru fish oil extract was carried out for 21 days.The number of fibroblast cells in periodontal tissue with HE staining was performed. The data were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA and Post-Hoc LSD test.&#x0D; Results: The LSD test showed a significant difference between the group without treatment and the group using treatment lemuru fish oil. Group with Lemuru fish oil can increase the number of fibroblasts and the most effective dose is 8ml/kgBB.&#x0D; Conclusion: Lemuru fish oil extract (Sardinella longiceps) can increase the number of fibroblasts in periodontal tissue of Wistar rats induced by diabetes mellitus.

KOMBINASI MINYAK IKAN LEMURU DAN MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PERFORMA DAN ORGAN DALAM AYAM BROILER

The aim of this research was to evaluate the use of lemuru fish oil as palm oil substitution in ration on broiler performance. This research used 200 Ross broilers day old chick (DOC) is divided into 4 treatments and 5 replications. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD), where the treatments level of palm oil and lemuru fish oil were respectively P0 = rations containing 3% palm oil and 0% lemuru fish oil, P1 = rations containing 2% palm oil and 1% lemuru fish oil, P2 = rations containing 1% palm oil and 2% lemuru fish oil, P3 = rations containing 0% palm oil and 3% lemuru fish oil. The variables observed were feed intake, final body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality, and income over feed and chick cost (IOFCC). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significant result (P&lt;0,05) were followed by Duncan test. The results showed a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) in decreasing FCR in the starter period with a higher level of use of lemuru fish oil, increasing body weight gain and decreasing FCR in the finisher period with a lower level of use of lemuru fish oil, but the treatments did not significantly effect on performance broiler during the age of 35 days. Weight and percentage of internal organs and digestive tract under normal conditions, except liver weight.&#x0D; The conclusion of this study was the use of 3% lemuru fish oil can improve FCR in the starter phase, but the different level of palm oil and lemuru fish oil until 3 % in broiler rations does not affect on broiler performance during the age of 35 days.&#x0D;

LIPID METABOLISM OF PAJAJARAN DUCKS FED POMACEA CANALICULATA AND MANIHOT ESCULENTA CRANZT LEAF MEAL IN RATIONS CONTAINING SARDINELLA OIL LEMURU

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of utilizing local feed ingredients, namely Golden Snail (Pomacea Canaliculata) as a source of protein and Cassava Leaf Meal (Manihot Esculenta Cranzt) in rations containing Lemuru Fish Oil (Sardinella Lemuru) against cholesterol reduction and lipid metabolic profile in Pajajaran ducks. This study uses 28-week Pajajaran ducks with an average body weight (bw) of 1648 grams as many as 180 ducks. The diet contains cassava leaf meal and lemuru fish oil with protein 14.26-18.53 energy level 3905-4172 kcal kg-1. The study design used was Factorial 3x2 completely randomized design, with the first factor being the use of cassava leaf meal (0%, 5% 10%) and the second factor being the use of golden snail (0%, 5%).&#x0D; The results showed that the administration of 10% (D10K0) cassava leaf meal was significant (P&lt;0.05) increasing feed consumption by 5.78%, the use of 5% golden snail increased the ration palatability by 5.17%. There was a significant interaction (P&lt;0.05) between cassava leaf and golden snail meal to meat fat and cholesterol consumption, the treatment was able to reduce meat cholesterol level (27.98%). The treatment had no significant effect on blood lipid and egg profiles. The use of 5% golden snail can reduce egg MDA 37.03%, the use of 5% cassava meal decreases MDA eggs by 47.98% while at 10% use cassava leaf meal reduces egg MDA levels by 57.60% and egg fat 2.43%.

Pendampingan Pembuatan Nata De Fish Dari Limbah Rebusan Lemuru Sebagai Diversifikasi Produk Berbasis Zero Waste and Halthy Food di Desa Bomo Banyuwangi

Bomo Beach or commonly called Ria Bomo Beach is one of the beach destinations that has begun to be famous in Banyuwangi Regency since the last three years. One of the marine life commodities caught by fish that is still often found is lemuru fish. Lemuru that is caught is usually sold to the market or sold to local residents at a low price, but if it still does not sell well, the local community reprocesses it into several processed lemuru, one of which is commonly found is pindang lemuru. The decoction of lemuru from household industrial food (PIRT) in making lemuru pindang is usually thrown in the sewer that empties into the sea, thus impacting water pollution. Lemuru decoction actually still contains protein, fat, and omega 3, it can still be reused into processed fish products to increase the added value of a commodity, namely nata de fish. Program Kemitraan Masyarakat Programe (PKM) activities are carried out with the aim of increasing the level of fishermen's income by making nata de fish products based on product diversification "zero waste and healthy food" whose main source of ingredients used is lemuru stew (waste from making lemuru pindang). The first step taken by the team was preliminary research aimed at obtaining the right formulation in making nata de fish. The formulation became the standard for making nata de fish to become the latest superior product based on "zero waste and healthy food" for the people of Bomo Banyuwangi. During the focus group discusion, training and socialization of nata de fish making, product packaging, and socialization of PIRT permit certificate registration were carried out. To support the bomo community in the process of making nata de fish, the team provided a fermentation incubation that functions to minimize pathogenic bacteria so that contamination does not occur during the fermentation process. The final result in socialization and training activities, the Bomo community succeeded in making nata de fish with raw materials for lemuru stew waste.

Reproductive Performance of Ewes, Fed Flushing Diet at Different Management Feeding Program.

&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; There is very rare information regarding data of reproduction performance of small ruminant with different management flushing program in Asian countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of flushing diet program containing lemuru fish oil with time management difference, by evaluating the reproductive performance of local Garut ewes. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Twenty of garut ewes (average body weight 30.06±6.20 kg) were used in this experiment using Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD), in four treatments with five animals of each treatment. The treatments were without flushing (F0 as control), flushing at the beginning of mating (F1 = 2 weeks pre-mating until 2 weeks just after-mating), two times flushing (F2 = F1 plus 4 weeks flushing during mid gestation) and three times flushing (F3 = F2 plus 2 weeks flushing at the end of gestation and 2 weeks after parturition). The ratio of flushing or basal concentrate to forage was 70:30. Basal concentrate was given during untreated. Nutrients consumption, body condition score (BCS), average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and reproduction parameters were evaluated. The data of sex ratio and birth type were expressed descriptively. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The results showed that the treatment had significant effect (p<0.05) on crude fat consumption, total digestible nutrients (TDN) and changes of BCS values, but had no effect on other nutrients consumptions. All treatments did not affect to total birth weight, the number of embryo, litter size, gestation period and sex ratio. The percentage of ewes pregnancy with the flushing treatment was 25% higher than the control. The flushing treatments were significantly effect on partus weight of ewes (p<0.05). &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; It was concluded that three times flushing program at early, middle and late of gestation could improve the nutritional status and reproductive performance of ewes, such as fat intake, partus weight, improved percentage of pregnancy and type of birth, but did not affect to total birth weight, litter size, pregnant period and sex ratio.