Leisure Consumption Research Articles

Sprinting to success?: F1 fans’ excitement towards change in sport competition formats

ABSTRACT Driven by an increasing digitalised consumption of leisure, and consumer preferences evolving to favour speed and immediate gratification during consumption, new shorter formats of sport competitions are being introduced. Since 2021 Formula One have been discussing complementing their traditional race format, with alternative shorter formats to re-ignite the excitement of their fans. In this study, we explore the proclaimed excitement of fans towards the three different proposed formats of F1 races through a large-scale survey (N = 2,107), showing in fact negative effects that proposed format changes have on F1 fans’ anticipated excitement. What emerges instead is the importance of the length of fandom in influencing fans’ receptivity to format changes, rather than the generation in which they belong, stressing thus the significance of intra rather than inter-generational exploration of fandom.

Mental Health and (Online) Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain: A Network-Based Approach.

The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to the increase in mortality and morbidity rates globally, but it has also led to a generalized worsening of mental health and risk behaviors in different population groups regardless of the measures adopted by different governments. In this paper, using data from a Spanish survey of emotional well-being, we aim to explore through mixed graphical models the complex structure of relationships between the mental health of populations, their lifestyles, and forms of cultural and leisure consumption during the pandemic. The results bring to light some interesting findings, such as the association between teleworking and greater rest or greater stress with the use of social media, a variable that enables the connection with other mental health problems of greater severity. Increased physical activity and the consumption of streaming content at home, as well as increased care for family, friends, and neighbors, are some of the variables that show relevant associations. These findings highlight the usefulness and versatility of this network approach for the study of health behaviors and health outcomes, which offer the researcher a holistic and organic view of the relational structure of complex data characterized by high dimensionality and variables with different levels of measurement.

The Experiential Leisure Behaviors of Camper’s According to Their Leisure Consumption Tendencies

The Experiential Leisure Behaviors of Camper’s According to Their Leisure Consumption Tendencies

A study on the Relationship between Motivation for Using Social Media and Conspicuous Leisure Consumption Focusing on Consumers in their 20s in Korea and Brazil

A study on the Relationship between Motivation for Using Social Media and Conspicuous Leisure Consumption Focusing on Consumers in their 20s in Korea and Brazil

Analisis Efektivitas Strategi Pemasaran dalam Meningkatkan Ketertarikan Konsumen di Cerita Rasa Nusantara Resto, Jakarta

In this digital age, marketing is the key to the success of a company, the role of marketing itself is increasingly crucial when the competition is getting tighter plus market conditions tend to change. This intense competition will make consumers face many choices in determining the products they want to buy and consume. Consumers have turned into what is referred to as leisumers (leisure consumers). Experience-based consumption such as vacations, dine-outs, hanging out in cafes, watching concerts, gyms, yoga, to online games is increasing rapidly making the leisure sector grow so fast that it surpasses other sectors, including the restaurant sector which is now improving the quality of its services to meet consumers who have changed their behavior. The purpose of this research is to find out how the effectiveness of the restaurant strategy of cerita rasa nusantara restaurant in marketing its products with the culinary concept of the archipelago when the rise of restaurants rebranding with modern concepts today. This study uses a descriptive quantitative method using a Likert scale on the research instrument. The research population was all customers of the Nusantara flavor story restaurant with a total sample of 96. The results showed that marketing strategy had a significant and positive effect on consumer attraction. This shows that the marketing efforts made by the restaurant have a positive impact on attracting consumer interest, which can lead to an increase in visits and sales of the restaurant.

Public hospital reform, family health consumption and health inequality: evidence from China Family Panel Studies.

In 2017, China launched a comprehensive reform of public hospitals and eliminated drug markups, aiming to solve the problem of expensive medical treatment and allow poor and low-income people to enjoy basic health opportunities. This study attempts to evaluate the policy impact of public hospital reform on the health inequality of Chinese residents and analyze its micro-level mechanism from the perspective of household consumption structure. Studying the inherent causal connection between public hospital reform and health inequality is of paramount significance for strengthening China's healthcare policies, system design, raising the average health level of Chinese residents, and achieving the goal of ensuring a healthy life for individuals of all age groups. Based on the five waves of data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) conducted in 2012-2020, We incorporates macro-level statistical indicators such as the time of public hospital reforms, health insurance surplus, and aging, generating 121,447 unbalanced panel data covering 27 provinces in China for five periods. This data was used to explore the impact of public hospital reform on health inequality. Logical and empirical tests were conducted to determine whether the reform, by altering family medical care and healthy leisure consumption expenditures, affects the micro-pathways of health inequality improvement. We constructed a two-way fixed model based on the re-centralized influence function (RIF_CI_OLS) and a chained mediation effects model to verify the hypotheses mentioned above. Public hospital reform can effectively improve the health inequality situation among Chinese residents. The reform significantly reduces household medical expenses, increases healthy leisure consumption, promotes the upgrading of family health consumption structure, and lowers the health inequality index. In terms of indirect effects, the contribution of the increase in healthy leisure consumption is relatively greater. Public hospital reform significantly alleviates health inequality in China, with household health consumption serving as an effective intermediary pathway in the aforementioned impact. In the dual context of global digitization and exacerbated population aging, enhancing higher education levels and vigorously developing the health industry may be two key factors contributing to this effect.

Identities without Products: When the Preference for Self-Linked Products Weakens

Abstract Extant literature and common marketing practices converge around the idea that stronger self-links to a brand and its products lead to increased brand loyalty. In this article, we challenge this conventional notion by revealing situations where the preference for self-linked brands diminishes, despite the self-links remaining unchanged. We introduce a key distinction between two types of consumer identities based on whether identity expression relies on specific products: product-dependent (e.g., chef) and product-independent (e.g., foodie). Our theory posits that self-links to products exert less influence on preference when a product-independent identity is prominent. Across five studies examining consumer leisure identities, we find that priming a product-independent (vs. product-dependent) identity reduces preference for self-linked products/brands. Interestingly, it can also enhance preference for negatively self-linked (dissociative) products/brands among materialistic consumers. In a sixth experiment and a real-world Facebook study, we illustrate that the extent to which consumers’ identity is chronically product-independent can be assessed either directly or indirectly from social media interests, allowing for more effective targeting of brand-switching appeals. Adding to the literature on the symbolic role of products in identity expression, our research uniquely investigates the functional role of products in identity expression and its profound impact on product/brand preference.

A Study on Consumer Behavior in Non-face-to-face Leisure Activities Applying the PPM Model: Focusing on Online Music Performances

Purpose: This study applied the PPM model to study consumer behavior in non-face-to-face leisure activities in the era of the coronavirus pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: In order to achieve the purpose of this study, literature research and empirical research were conducted to derive primary measurement items, and an online questionnaire survey was conducted with consumers who had experience in participating in non-face-to-face leisure activities during the coronavirus pandemic using the initially derived PPM model-based factors. Through factor analysis, 5 push factor items, 4 pull factor items, and 3 mooring factor items were derived, and regression analyses were conducted separately for leisure satisfaction and leisure recommendation intention to identify non-face-to-face leisure consumers' behavior intentions. Findings: As a result, it was found that some items of PPM factors had significant influencing relationships with non-face-to-face leisure consumers' leisure satisfaction and recommendation. In addition, satisfaction with non-faceto- face leisure was found to have a positive (+) influencing relationship with recommendation intentions. Research limitations/implications: This study is significant as it is the first to attempt to analyze the leisure behavior of consumers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study presents motivators and intervening factors that affect leisure behavior from a new perspective based on the changed leisure environment due to the pandemic. However, the study only focused on online music performances when examining non-face-to-face leisure behavior. Therefore, the behavior intentions of other non-face-to-face leisure consumers were not comprehensively understood, and the results of this study cannot be generalized. Originality/value: This study is significant in that it presented non-face-to-face leisure behavior motivation and constraint factors from a new perspective based on the leisure environment changed due to COVID-19, and it is expected that the application of the PPM model and leisure behavior intention can be applied to various tourism and leisure behavior studies hereafter to bring about theoretical expansion.

청년과의 여가 격차에 대한 시니어의 인식과 경험

As South Korea is predicted to become a super-aging society in 2025, utilizing leisure time for many older adults is becoming an even more important issue. According to the Korean National Leisure Activities Survey, older adults have more leisure time than younger adults, but their satisfaction with leisure activities is lower, and the generation gaps in leisure activity diversity, leisure consumption, and leisure awareness are widening. Not only policymakers and researchers but also seniors themselves must recognize and proactively address the problem of the leisure gaps so that more effective and practical solutions can be devised. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore older adults' perceptions and experiences of the leisure gaps with younger adults. By adopting the photovoice research method, which is a participatory research method, this study sought to understand the problem of the leisure gaps faced by the senior generation through their own voices. From eight seniors in their 60s or older, statement data were collected through photographs taken by the research participants themselves, focus group interviews (FGI), and individual in-depth interviews. Data analysis revealed a total of six high-level thematic categories, or leisure gaps, as follows: the gaps in trying new activities, consumption perception, leisure perception, relationship perception, care conditions, and adaptability. From the results, the leisure reality faced by older adults was derived, and solutions to the leisure gaps were organized into the following six categories: developing inexpensive and diverse leisure programs, expanding access to leisure information, supporting the formation of leisure communities, developing and supporting leisure education programs, supporting leisure for family caregivers, and operating detailed multi-level programs. By applying the photovoice method, this study enabled a deeper understanding of the experiences of the leisure gaps as perceived by older adults, captured various perspectives of theirs, and demonstrated that seniors were able to consider and contemplate the issue of the leisure gaps on their own and derive improvement measures.

A longitudinal study on changes in weekend leisure time by age groups in Korea (1999–2019)

BackgroundData analysis was conducted on 20 years (1999–2019) of the Korean Time Use Survey (KTUS) to identify differences and characteristics among each types by extracting latent clusters of weekend leisure activities.MethodsUsing data from the KTUS, we classified weekend leisure time activities into 6 distinct categories. To identify the latent clusters for each year's KTUS data, we utilized latent profile analysis (LPA). Furthermore, independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA were conducted to investigate the characteristics of each latent cluster.ResultsAs a result of leisure time analysis by survey period, media use accounted for the largest share in all three age groups. The results of the LPA, which included media, sports, culture, and tourism, revealed that the distribution of leisure time for these activities was lower throughout the entire study period.ConclusionBased on the results of this study, it is recommended to explore constructive leisure activities and to develop policy measures to promote the domestic leisure industry and leisure consumption.

Coupling development of sports industry and tourism industry based on internet of things.

This study investigates the positive coupling between the sports industry and tourism, exploring the ways to promote their interconnection. Under state guidance, the integration of sports industry services is facilitated to attract sports culture and tourism fairs, leveraging regional economic development advantages to enhance the industrial market appeal. The emerging leisure consumption mode of sports tourism injects vitality into the economy, fostering the core sports service industry. The coupling of the education and tourism sectors is strategically aligned with long-term national policies. Using IoT technology, this paper employs a grey relational analysis to assess the coupling between the sports industry and tourism, revealing a significant correlation. Experimental results demonstrate a positive coupling trend, likened to conjoined twins with a natural material basis and technical support. This coupling not only aligns with industry trends but also resonates with the "environmental protection era," "green era," and "ecological era," marking a pivotal aspect of industrial development. The study contributes valuable insights into the symbiotic relationship between the sports and tourism industries, emphasizing their interconnectedness and the positive implications for economic and environmental sustainability.

Totally Administered Heteronomy: Adorno on Work, Leisure, and Politics in the Age of Digital Capitalism

This paper aims to demonstrate the contemporary relevance of Adorno’s thought for business ethicists working in the critical tradition by showing how his critique of modern social life anticipated, and offers continuing illumination of, recent technological transformations of capitalism. It develops and extrapolates Adorno’s thought regarding three central spheres of modern society, which have seen radical changes in light of recent technological developments: work, in which employee monitoring has become ever more sophisticated and intrusive; leisure consumption, in which the algorithmic developments of the culture industry have paved the way for entertainment products to dominate us; and political discourse, in which social media has exacerbated the anti-democratic tendencies Adorno warned of in the mid-twentieth century. We conclude by presenting, as a rejoinder to these developments, the contours of an Adornian ethics of resistance to the reification and dehumanisation of such developments.

The spatial distribution of carbon footprints and engagement in pro-climate behaviors – Trends across urban-rural gradients in the nordics

Climate change mitigation to the 1.5 °C calls for significant and extensive climate actions. Nordic countries are showing high engagement to climate change mitigation while the consumption and lifestyle-based carbon footprints are among the global highest. Majority of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are connected to household consumption where various behavioral changes have been presented in order to reduce the personal carbon footprints. Previous research has shown how behaviors are connected to the living environment and urban structure, which have shown having an impact in forming variations in our lifestyles and behavioral patterns. In this study, with a survey dataset of ∼8000 respondents across the five Nordic countries, the engagement of respondents to different climate and carbon mitigation actions were analyzed and linked to their calculated carbon footprints. Three types of behavioral clusters were found among the respondents, one presenting conscious pro-climate behavior, one relating to frugality behavior, and one cluster related to self-sufficient behavior. The pro-climate behavioral intentions were present more in urbanized areas together with high climate motivation, whereas frugality behavior was level across the urban gradient, and finally respondents from less urbanized areas emphasized self-sufficient behavior. The stated behavioral intentions of the respondents were in contrast to their carbon footprints. Carbon footprints related to leisure consumption were highest in the urban regions and everyday consumption related footprints in the rural regions. Interestingly, only frugality behavior was associated with lower carbon footprints both in everyday and leisure consumption categories, whereas climate conscious behavior was positively related to leisure consumption footprint but negatively related to everyday consumption. The findings emphasize the variation of lifestyles based on different actions in different urban forms where the engagement to climate change mitigation presents differently. The results underline the importance of understanding the role that the built environment plays in being linked to the behavioral patterns and the need to increase the knowledge of the climate impacts of behavioral choices.

진지한 여가와 아웃도어 브랜드 체험의 관계에서 레저 소비자 관여도의 매개효과

진지한 여가와 아웃도어 브랜드 체험의 관계에서 레저 소비자 관여도의 매개효과

Unlocking the power of leisure: Associations between leisure activity and social integration of family and individual migrants

As living standards improve, leisure activities are increasingly important as they create windows of opportunity for migrants to use urban space and mingle with local residents. However, few migrant studies have examined the associations between leisure activity and social integration. Based on survey data in China, this study explores such associations with a comparative perspective (family migration vs. individual migration). Generally, leisure spaces within and outside the community are linked to social integration with a positive relationship between leisure consumption and social integration. We further compare these two migration types and find that family migrants have higher social integration than individual migrants. Individual migrants are more integrated into the city through consumption, while family migrants’ integration depends on space and consumption. This study contributes to the current literature on social integration and reveals migrants’ daily life from a leisure perspective.

A gender perspective analysis of Chinese nationals’ leisure time allocation: Family life cycle versus demographic determinants

Family life cycle and gender have a great impact on people’s leisure time allocation. This study uses a nationwide survey to examine the influence of family life cycle and demographic characteristics on Chinese nationals’ leisure time allocation from a gender perspective. We found that Chinese nationals in the life stage of “family with infants” have the least leisure time among the study subjects. Men have more leisure time than women at any stage of the life cycle. Marriage has the greatest negative effect on women’s educational leisure (amateur learning, non-formal education, and reading) and men’s physical leisure (physical exercises and fitness activities). Leisure time first decreases when income increases, but after income reaches a certain level, leisure time increases with increasing income. Education level positively affects leisure time allocation and has a particularly obvious effect on educational leisure. This study panoramically analyzes the factors that influence Chinese nationals’ leisure time. The findings have policy and industry implications in leisure consumption in other developing countries.

Leisure Time Prediction and Influencing Factors Analysis Based on LightGBM and SHAP

Leisure time is crucial for personal development and leisure consumption. Accurate prediction of leisure time and analysis of its influencing factors creates a benefit by increasing personal leisure time. We predict leisure time and analyze its key influencing factors according to survey data of Beijing residents’ time allocation in 2011, 2016, and 2021, with an effective sample size of 3356. A Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) model is utilized to classify and predict leisure time, and the SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) approach is utilized to conduct feature importance analysis and influence mechanism analysis of influencing factors from four perspectives: time allocation, demographics, occupation, and family characteristics. The results verify that LightGBM effectively predicts personal leisure time, with the test set’s accuracy, recall, and F1 values being 0.85 and the AUC value reaching 0.91. The results of SHAP highlight that work/study time within the system is the main constraint on leisure time. Demographic factors, such as gender and age, are also of great significance for leisure time. Occupational and family heterogeneity exist in leisure time as well. The results contribute to the government improving the public holiday system, companies designing personalized leisure products for users with different leisure characteristics, and residents understanding and independently increasing their leisure time.

Happy city for everyone: Generational differences in rural migrant workers’ leisure in urban China

Everyday leisure creates opportunities for migrant–local encounters and these encounters play important roles in urban migrants’ lives as they further their integration into the city. However, migrant workers are not homogeneous, with prominent identifiable differences between generations. This current paper analyses migrant workers’ leisure patterns and constraints in Guangzhou, China, with a particular focus on generational differences. Based on survey data collected in 2018, we have identified three leisure patterns, namely Transformed (i.e., higher leisure consumption and longer travelled distance for leisure), Prolonged (i.e., longer leisure time) and Traditional (i.e., lower leisure consumption, shorter leisure time and shorter travelled distance). In addition, significant generational differences are observed: first, while the Transformed Pattern is predisposed to be the new generation’s choice, almost half of the first generation retains the Traditional pattern; second, the first generation tends to report more substantial leisure constraints subjectively, but their leisure patterns are contrarily more affected by objective constraint indicators, such as gender, working hours, living with family members and residential location. The new generation is more influenced by subjective constraint indicators such as their attitude towards leisure, lack of like-minded companions or mobility choices. This study contributes to the extant literature by offering a typology of leisure patterns considering multiple dimensions of leisure behaviours, and further revealing the diversification of migrant workers’ leisure life in the dynamic urban context. Findings suggest that the two generations may value leisure differently, indicating inevitable lifestyle changes of the newcomers in Chinese cities. Our findings may also provide some suggestions for policymakers.

Impact of Covid-19 on leisure consumption in the US

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way time is allocated towards market and non-market activities. This paper looks at the effect of the pandemic on a key category of non-market activity – leisure. We use micro-data from the American Time Use Survey to see how the pandemic affected leisure in the United States. A seemingly unrelated regression system is deployed to examine how the pandemic affects various leisure activities such as television viewing, socialising, reading/writing, active sports, games, and computer use. Apart from socialising, which was actively discouraged during the pandemic, all major leisure activities saw an increase, which resulted in overall leisure going up in the Covid year 2020 by 5%, compared to 2019. However, the impact is statistically significantly different for different types of leisure activities. Active leisure is being consumed less while passive leisure is being consumed more – pointing towards an increased sedentarization of lifestyles. Since previous studies have shown passive leisure to be negatively associated with health, our result has important implications for the health and well-being of Americans, and if the trend continues, policymakers should actively incentivise the consumption of active forms of leisure.

Production and reconstruction of food cultural spaces from a glocalization perspective: Evidence from Yanji City

ABSTRACT This study constructs a theoretical framework for the production and reconstruction of food cultural space from a glocalization perspective. Through a qualitative analysis, we analyse the practice and representation of food cultural space in Yanji City. The results show that food cultural spaces have evolved from commercial residential to open urban leisure consumption spaces through a leap from a quantitative to a qualitative change.It integrates fashionable cultural consumption elements into the optimisation and expression of urban space extension, thus achieving the spatial image of symbolic communication. As the representational space of residents’ daily life, the evolution of food cultural space is accompanied by capital multiplication, power cultivation, and class mobility, which play an important role in promoting urban space expansion and social structure renewal. The results enrich the research on food cultural space under the background of glocalisation and provide a reference for the sustainable development of urban cultural space.