Lehigh University Research Articles

Real-time large-scale hybrid testing for seismic performance evaluation of smart structures

Numerous devices exist for reducing or eliminating seismic damage to structures. These include passive dampers, semi-active dampers, and active control devices. The performance of structural systems with these devices has often been evaluated using numerical simulations. Experiments on structural systems with these devices, particularly at large-scale, are lacking. This paper describes a real-time hybrid testing facility that has been developed at the Lehigh University NEES Equipment Site. The facility enables real-time large-scale experiments to be performed on structural systems with rate-dependent devices, thereby permitting a more complete evaluation of the seismic performance of the devices and their effectiveness in seismic hazard reduction. The hardware and integrated control architecture for hybrid testing developed at the facility are presented. An application involving the use of passive elastomeric dampers in a three story moment resisting frame subjected to earthquake ground motions is presented. The experiment focused on a test structure consisting of the damper and diagonal bracing, which was coupled to a nonlinear analytical model of the remaining part of the structure (i.e., the moment resisting frame). A tracking indictor is used to track the actuator ability to achieve the command displacement during a test, enabling the quality of the test results to be assessed. An extension of the testbed to the real-time hybrid testing of smart structures with semi-active dampers is described.

Science's twin taboos

In October 2007, the Nobel laureate and co‐discoverer of DNA, James D. Watson, was hounded out of the UK during a book tour for comments he made to the effect that Western development aid to Africa was wasted because of the relatively low intelligence of its recipients (Milmo, 2007). He was subsequently forced to resign from one of the leading US biomedical research facilities, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, which he had directed for 35 years of its most notable growth. Almost exactly two years earlier, Michael Behe, a tenured Professor of Biochemistry at Lehigh University (Bethlehem, PA, USA), had testified under oath in the Third US Circuit Court that the scientifically credentialled form of creationism known as ‘intelligent design’ deserved a place in the public high‐school science curriculum alongside neo‐Darwinian evolution as an explanation for the origin of life. Not only did his side lose the case, but Behe himself has been subsequently subjected to personal vilification, abetted by the official—and continuing—dissociation of his department from his views (Lehigh University Department of Biological Sciences, 2007). > The rhetorical genius of Darwin lay in his refusing to take a clear stand on the matters that divided the creationists and racists of his day… These two cases touch on the twin taboos of science: race and religion. It seems that science, especially biological science, cannot live with—or without—them. Together they define the limits of respectable public scientific discourse. To be sure, race and religion breach scientific respectability from opposite directions: racism makes a fetish out of the persistent diversity of the human population, whereas creationism overplays the importance of our common descent from a deity in whose ‘image and likeness’ we are supposedly created. Hence, racists and creationists propose alternative utopian visions for humanity: the former project an ideal …

Use of monitoring extreme data for the performance prediction of structures: Bayesian updating

Sensors of modern monitoring systems used in structural engineering provide data used for reliability assessment and maintenance planning. The storage and evaluation of sensor information are space and time-consuming activities. Therefore, it is necessary to process only the monitored data indicating a violation of defined performance thresholds. However, this process should not discard the knowledge gained from past monitored data and should allow the updating of prediction functions incorporating this knowledge. The objectives of this paper are to present: (a) a procedure for the effective incorporation of monitored data for the reliability assessment of structural components, (b) an approach for the updating of prediction functions and criteria for the interruption of monitoring, and (c) an effective use of the Bayesian approach for the incorporation of historical data in the structural reliability assessment. The proposed procedures and concepts are applied to the monitoring data obtained from the I-39 Northbound Bridge over the Wisconsin River in Wisconsin, USA. A monitoring program on that bridge was performed by the ATLSS Center at Lehigh University.

The twenty-fifth anniversary of experiments in fluids

These three items of the journal’s aims and scope described well the situation of experimental research on fluid flow. The availability of lasers and computers promoted the development of new measurement techniques, and the demand for resolving three-dimensionality and time dependence of fluid flows was increasing rapidly. Furthermore, the need for quantitative data associated with visualized flow phenomena was strong, especially with the rapid growth of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). However, the description of experimental methods was scattered amongst very diverse journals, which led, in some cases, to parallel developments in different fields without noticeable interchange and interdisciplinary communication. Furthermore, numerous experimentalists had the impression that fluid mechanics journals of that era tended to emphasize theoretical aspects, in comparison to experimental approaches, in understanding fluid-flow phenomena. There was therefore clear interest in a dedicated journal, which could serve as a forum for documenting and exchanging experiences and advances in the area of experimental methods, as well as the role of these methods in providing new physical insight into flow phenomena. The founding of Experiments in Fluids intended to fill this gap. The journal was cautiously launched into the market with a moderate number of pages for the very first volumes. A high quality of production provided by Springer-Verlag made the journal immediately attractive for the publication of experimental results from the community. The attractiveness of our journal was enhanced by the distinguished membership of the initial Editorial Advisory Board (26 in number), providing advice to the two Founding Editors and ensuring a high technical and scientific standard of published articles. The Founding Editors, Wolfgang Merzkirch and Jim Whitelaw, served as the sole editors from 1983 to 1990, when they were joined by Ron Adrian, and in 1995 by Donald Rockwell. Subsequently, retirements brought to the team Mory Gharib, Alex Taylor, and in 2002, Cam Tropea. In 2003, the present Editors-in-Chief were joined by Associate Editors Kenneth Kihm, Ellen Longmire, Jerry Westerweel, and Minami Yoda, and shortly thereafter by Jacques Boree and Koichi Hishida. This evolution of the structure of the editorship of Experiments in Fluids, from its founding in 1983 to the present, reflects the strongly international orientation of the journal, which was envisioned and initiated by the Founding Editors, as they engaged authors and referees from around the world. The composition of the Editorial Advisory Board has continuously evolved as well, and the journal has continued to benefit from the expertise and advice of leading colleagues. The Board currently numbers 33 and, remarkably, still includes four of the original members, namely Ron Adrian, Marcel Escudier, Tom Mueller and Felix Weinberg. W. Merzkirch D. Rockwell (&) C. Tropea Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, P. C. Rossin College of Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA e-mail: dor0@lehigh.edu

Delivery and activation of nano-iron by DC electric field

This study demonstrates that by integrating electrokinetics with nanotechnology, the transport of nano-particles can be electrokinetically enhanced for subsurface remediation of tight clay soils where transport time and process efficiency may be an issue. Polymer coated dispersed nano-iron developed at Lehigh University, were used in the experiments reported here. The particles possessed positive zeta-potential below pH 8.3 and remained suspended in solution rather than settling or agglomerating over time as it may occur with bare nano-iron. The injection of nano-iron particles in the lab tests showed a positive shift in the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) where the effectiveness of nano-iron as an environmental catalyst was demonstrated. The presence of nano-iron and applied electric field together pushed the system ORP to higher positive values than the electrokinetic effects or nano-iron alone. The diffusion of nano-iron without the electrical field showed no activation of the iron, as indicated by little or no change in the ORP. These results showed that nano-iron was both transported and activated by the applied electrical field. The enhanced reaction was analyzed in terms of possible Faradaic processes in clay diffuse double layer, DDL, in presence of electric field.

Can students in technology entrepreneurship courses help foster start‐ups by the unemployed?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate Lehigh University's demonstration program integrating technology entrepreneurship courses with state and federal employment and economic development agencies. The article aims to detail program goals, activities, resources and structure.Design/methodology/approachThe demonstration involved three stages over 30‐months in the context of Lehigh's Integrated Product Development Program. IPD engages students and faculty from business, engineering and design arts. Multidisciplinary student teams worked with unemployed clients with entrepreneurial new product ideas. The authors report results of several surveys and lessons learned from a comprehensive assessment process.FindingsOne year after participating, compared to a control group of non‐participants, clients with student teams had made statistically significantly more progress in launching businesses and generated more economic activity. Family support and market knowledge were the strongest predictors of entrepreneurial progress.Research limitations/implicationsSample size is small and follow‐up timeframe only one year post‐participation. Larger controlled studies over longer periods would be valuable.Practical implicationsFindings suggest both students and unemployed early‐phase entrepreneurs gain from such academic collaboration. Resources were substantial in the context of curriculum. Partnerships with economic development agencies were instrumental.Originality/valueDespite a large literature on the value of multidisciplinary and project‐based experiential learning, there is little empirical evidence about the extent of commercial benefits to client companies, particularly early phase entrants. Specifically lacking is evidence on the utility to start‐up entrepreneurs of working with student teams. This paper begins to fill that assessment gap.

John Doyle Klier: the scholar and the teacher†

Nations and NationalismVolume 14, Issue 2 p. 215-219 John Doyle Klier: the scholar and the teacher† JOANNA B. MICHLIC, JOANNA B. MICHLIC Department of History, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USASearch for more papers by this author JOANNA B. MICHLIC, JOANNA B. MICHLIC Department of History, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 10 April 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2008.00343.x † † I would like to thank Athena Leoussi, Maxim Shrayer, Steven Zipperstein and Theodore R. Weeks for giving me their permission to cite them. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Volume14, Issue2April 2008Pages 215-219 RelatedInformation

Reading and Riding: Hachette's Railroad Bookstore Network in Nineteenth‐Century France. By Eileen S. DeMarco. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 2006. Pp. 172. $38.50.

<i>Reading and Riding: Hachette's Railroad Bookstore Network in Nineteenth‐Century France</i>. By Eileen S. DeMarco. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 2006. Pp. 172. $38.50.

Intervention for Young Children With, and At–Risk for, ADHD

Free AccessIntervention for Young Children With, and At–Risk for, ADHDLee Kern and George J. DuPaulLee KernKern can be contacted at Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015.Search for more papers by this author and George J. DuPaul1 Graduate Student in the College of Education at Lehigh University. ([email protected]).2 Professor in the Department of Counseling Psychology, School Psychology, and Special Education at Lehigh University and is a member of the Editorial Board of The ADHD Report.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:March 2008https://doi.org/10.1521/adhd.2008.16.1.6PDFPDF PLUS ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations About Previous article Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 16Issue 1Feb 2008 Information© The Guilford PressPDF download

Do CEOs Worry About Being Fired When Making Investment Decisions?

Academy of Management PerspectivesVol. 22, No. 1 Do CEOs Worry About Being Fired When Making Investment Decisions?James A. Largay, III and Ran ZhangJames A. Largay, IIIProfessor of Accounting, Lehigh University, and Assistant Professor of Accounting, Guanghua School of Management, Peking University and Ran ZhangProfessor of Accounting, Lehigh University, and Assistant Professor of Accounting, Guanghua School of Management, Peking UniversityPublished Online:1 Feb 2008https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2008.31217513AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsDownload CitationsAdd to favoritesTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail View articleFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 22, No. 1 Permissions Metrics in the past 12 months History Published online 1 February 2008 Published in print 1 February 2008 Information© Academy of Management JournalKeywordsEMPLOYEES -- Dismissal ofCHIEF executive officersINVESTMENTS -- ManagementSTOCKHOLDERSEXECUTIVE compensationRISK aversionDownload PDF

NCAA Division I Recruiting: Identifying and Mitigating Institutional Risk Associated with the Official Visit

In 2006, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) celebrated 100 years of providing opportunities for students to participate in intercollegiate athletics. During that time intercollegiate athletics underwent tremendous transformation. Beginning as student-run endeavors on Ivy League campuses, it has now evolved into a multibillion-dollar industry within the United States. "Intercollegiate athletics is now so entrenched in American society that in 2004 the United States House of Representatives Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection held two special hearings to address their concerns about the recruitment of student-athletes" (Lawrence, Merckx, & Hebert, 2008, p. 4). The concerns addressed in the hearings centered on the negative culture of the official visit (U.S. House of Representatives, 2004a; U.S. House of Representatives, 2004b). A prospective student-athlete or recruit is an individual who has begun ninth grade and has an interest in playing college sports (NCAA, 2007, p. 28). As of the first day of their senior year in high school, prospective student-athletes are allowed to take up to five official visits to college campuses (NCAA, p. 30). NCAA Division I Bylaw 13.02.15.1 states that an "official visit to a member institution by a prospective student-athlete is a visit financed in whole or in part by the member institution" (NCAA, n.d.a.). Additionally, the Division I on-campus official visit is limited to 48 hours and is governed by over 300 bylaws that contain the words "official visit" in the NCAA Legislative Services Database (NCAA). With intercollegiate sports taking on competitive business characteristics in recent years, success in recruiting student-athletes has become critical to coaches in all divisions of the NCAA. The official recruiting visit is one part of an increasingly complex recruiting process that engages collegiate coaches and high school athletes year-round. NCAA Division I institutions have received more negative publicity about recruiting practices in recent years than their counterparts in Division II or III (Anderson & Dohrmann, 2004; Jacobson & Suggs, 2004; Landman, 2005; Wieberg, 2005). The media and the United States Congress have publicized allegations of recruits being involved with alcohol, drugs, strippers, sex, vandalism, and violence during their official visits (Anderson & Dohrmann; Jacobson & Suggs, 2004; Landman, 2005; U.S. House of Representatives, 2004a, U.S. House of Representatives, 2004b; Wieberg, 2005). These incidents raise questions as to the level of legal responsibi ty that NCAA institutions have for the actions of recruits during the official visit. The official visit is an inherently risky venture for an institution. To date, no statutory law exists and few cases are available to guide institutions as to the duty they owe prospective student-athletes during the official visit. In most cases, recruits are under the age of 18 (minor) or between 19 and 20 (underage) when they are invited to campus for an official visit. Occasionally a prospect over the age of 21 (adult) may participate in an official visit. Current case law has established that college students are adults in the eyes of the legal system and finds no special duty owed by institutions under normal circumstances (Booker v. Lehigh University, 1993). However, courts have held that student-athletes are owed a special duty of care when they are engaged in athletic endeavors, especially if they have been actively recruited by the institution (Kleinknecht v. Gettysburg College, 1993). Because prospective student-athletes are not yet college students, it is unclear as to how they would be viewed by the legal system as it relates to duty. To establish duty and determine if a defendant's action has breached that duty, the circumstances of time, place, and person must be examined (West & Ciccolella, 2004).Additionally, legal precedent also will contribute to the establishment of duty in state law-based cases. The purpose of this article is to examine in detail the liability exposure an institution may assume during the official visit, emphasizing Division I. Specifically, we explore (a) the risks associated with the official visit, (b) the institutions' duty to protect prospective student-athletes during the official visit, (c) if the age of the prospect alters the standard of care owed to the prospective student-athlete, (d) the potential for tort liability resulting from injuries sustained by prospective student-athletes on and off campus, as well as whether such liability may transfer to the institution through the student-athlete host, and (e) mitigation strategies to reduce institutional exposure to risk related to the official visit.

Data Model for Large-Scale Structural Experiments

Large-scale laboratory experiments are carried out to evaluate and improve the performance of structural members, connections, and assemblies. The information related to these large-scale structural laboratory experiments, such as pseudo-dynamic tests and hybrid pseudo-dynamic tests, is often complicated and stored in various documents, drawings, photos, and other computer-based files. A data model is needed to organize this information and the related data from the structural experiments, so that this information and data can be accessed, shared, and used efficiently. This paper describes a data model for large-scale structural laboratory experiments developed at the Real-Time Multi-Directional (RTMD) testing facility at the ATLSS Center at Lehigh University. The RTMD facility is an equipment site within the George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES). The data model is called the Lehigh Model. For typical structural experiments, the Lehigh Model has a class hierarchy consisting of the project, experimental task, test condition, and test classes to organize and represent information about structural laboratory experiments. For hybrid pseudo-dynamic tests, the model also has the hybrid experimental task class and related classes to represent the communications among the simulation coordinator at a site, the analytical substructures at one or more sites, and the physical substructures at one or more sites. The test condition class provides more detailed information on the setup of a structural experiment including the geometries, materials, and locations of the components of the specimen. An application of the classes of the Lehigh Model is presented using steel moment connection tests as an example.

Introducing Smart Structures Technology into Civil Engineering Curriculum: Education Development at Lehigh University

Most of today's civil engineering students are unaware of the potential use of smart structures technology in the design, construction, and maintenance of civil infrastructure systems. This paper presents recent education development in the area of smart structures technology at Lehigh University. The goal of this education development is to prepare the future engineer of society for this cutting-edge technology, for which they may see broad application in their professional practice. An overview of the smart structures technology in civil engineering applications, from a systems perspective, is first given in the paper. Educational activities incorporating smart structures technology into civil engineering curriculum are next presented in this paper.

Out of the Ivory Tower Endlessly Rocking: Collaborating across Disciplines and Professions to Promote Student Learning in the Digital Archive

This article shows how digital archives can enrich the humanities classroom; I trace the collaborative creation of “I Remain”: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera at Lehigh University, demonstrating how the archive engaged students' different learning styles, causing them to interrogate the way history is represented and processed.

Media and the American Mind: 25 Years Later

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsJack LuleJack Lule is Associate Editor of Critical Studies in Media Communication and the Joseph B. McFadden Distinguished Professor of Journalism at Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Penn

The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967: Forty Years Later

"The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967: Forty Years Later." Critical Studies in Media Communication, 24(4), p. 357 Additional informationNotes on contributorsJack LuleJack Lule is Associate Editor of Critical Studies in Media Communication and the Joseph B. McFadden Distinguished Professor of Journalism at Lehigh University

A ‘Proving Ground’ for Spiritual Mastery: The Chishti Sabiri Musical Assembly

The Muslim WorldVolume 97, Issue 4 p. 657-677 A ‘Proving Ground’ for Spiritual Mastery: The Chishti Sabiri Musical Assembly Robert Rozehnal, Robert Rozehnal Lehigh University Bethlehem, PennsylvaniaSearch for more papers by this author Robert Rozehnal, Robert Rozehnal Lehigh University Bethlehem, PennsylvaniaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 October 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2007.00206.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume97, Issue4October 2007Pages 657-677 RelatedInformation

Experimental Evaluation of a Large-Scale Buckling-Restrained Braced Frame

As buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) have been used increasingly in the United States, the need for knowledge about BRBF behavior has grown. In particular, large-scale experimental evaluations of BRBFs are necessary to demonstrate the seismic performance of the system. Although tests of buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) have demonstrated their ability to withstand significant ductility demands, large-scale BRBF tests have exhibited poor performance at story drifts between 0.02 and 0.025 rad. These tests indicate that the large stiffness of the typical beam-column-brace connection detail leads to large flexural demands that cause undesirable failure modes. As part of a research program composed of numerical and experimental simulations, a large-scale BRBF with improved connection details was tested at the ATLSS Center, Lehigh University. During multiple earthquake simulations, which were conducted using a hybrid pseudodynamic testing method, the test frame sustained story drifts of close to 0.05 rad and BRB maximum ductility demands of over 25 with minimal damage and no stiffness or strength degradation. The testing program demonstrated that a properly detailed BRBF can withstand severe seismic input and maintain its full load-carrying capacity.

Seismic Response and Performance of Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames

As the use of buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) has increased in the United States, the need has grown for knowledge about member and system behavior under seismic loads and for implementing this knowledge into design provisions. In particular, methods for designing BRBFs and predicting seismic response require validation. To address this need, along with the need for experiments demonstrating system-level BRBF performance, a research program composed of numerical and large-scale experimental simulations was initiated at the ATLSS Center, Lehigh University. This paper describes the nonlinear dynamic analyses that were conducted as part of this research program. Numerical simulations of BRBF response were conducted using ground motion records scaled to two seismic hazard levels. The performance of the prototype BRBF was acceptable and performance objectives were met in terms of structural damage. It is shown that the currently accepted deflection amplification factor underestimates mean inelastic lateral displacements under design-level earthquakes and the system overstrength factor may be unconservative. The current method for predicting BRB maximum ductility demands is also shown to be unconservative and a more rigorous method for predicting BRB maximum ductility demands is provided.

Agile supply chain transformation matrix: an integrated tool for creating an agile enterprise

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a tool, the Agile Supply Chain Transformation Matrix (ASCTM), and the implementation methodology for a systematic approach to achieve agility in the supplier‐buyer supply chain.Design/methodology/approachThe conceptual framework for agile capability creation is developed based on literatures in the supply chain management and manufacturing agility field and the ASCTM tool is constructed using the quality function deployment (QFD) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique. The implementation methodology including the tools to support the implementation of the ASCTM tool are developed based on the QFD/AHP approach and the agility concepts established through the Agility Program at Lehigh University. A practical case study is used to illustrate the applicability of the ASCTM tool.FindingsThis tool can help companies create and improve their agility by relating the business changes with the appropriate approaches for supplier‐buyer supply chain configuration and supplier‐buyer relationship establishment and determine the business processes and the infrastructures needed to support the creation of agile capability.Research limitations/implicationsThe ASCTM tool constitutes an important effort to bridge the gap between theory and practice as it is used to achieve supply chain agility in practice. Additional case studies need to be conducted to validate the practicability of the ASCTM tool.Originality/valueThe ASCTM tool is developed with the aim to help companies identify the most appropriate way to improve their supply chain agility by contrasting the environmental dynamics and changes to the company's ability to keep pace using the systematic approach. This tool is necessary because different companies experience different sets of changes and require different degree of agility and combination of strategies and practices to achieve agility. For practitioners, the ASCTM tool provides a basis for assessing their business situations and a guideline for identifying capability required for creating/improving supply chain agility.