Legislation Law Research Articles

Heavy Metals Contaminants in Honey and Dry-Cured Meat Sold in Northern Nigeria Markets

Honey and dry-cured meat are common products for consumption and export in Nigeria but with a paucity of reports on their chemical contamination status. The occurrence of heavy metal residue in honey and dry-cured meat (Kilishi) for export in Kano and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria and their safety status were investigated. The toxic metals profile in ninety samples of each animal product was established by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS, M5 Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The mean prevalence of Copper (Cu) in the honey samples from Kano Central was statistically higher than from other locations. Cadmium (Cd) contaminants occurred in the products at a range of 0.001-0.041 mg kg-1. Lead (Pb) and Cobalt (Co) were below detectable levels in all the samples. Due to the relatively high profile of Cu in both products, Cr in honey and Cd in the dry-cured meat, which was slightly higher than the permissible level in humans by the World Health Organization, there is a health risk concern. The Nigerian regulatory entities should always routinely monitor and enforce the set legislative laws to ensure a safe animal product for local consumption or export in Nigeria.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHARIA ECONOMIC LAW IN THE CONSTELLATION OF INDONESIAN NATIONAL LAW

Islamic law is a living law that operates in the midst of society. Thus, Islamic law is a law that cannot be separated from Indonesian society, to build an economic system that is in accordance with existing norms and traditions. Starting in the 1940s and decades later, the concept of Sharia Economic Law began to emerge in various countries. The very high growth of sharia economic practices, sharia economic law legislation in Indonesia was born as a logical consequence of the dialogue and intersection of Islamic teachings with the social environment. Therefore, the formulation, characteristics and expression of sharia economic law legislation is realized by the diversity of local values (local policies) that surround the growth of sharia economic law. The historical development of sharia economic law legislation in Indonesia displays a dynamic character that is uniquely Indonesian. Socio-political and cultural values are important elements that influence the pace and direction of sharia economic law legislation in Indonesia. This article proves that Islamic economic law has appeared as a sub-system in the Indonesian national legal order with the birth of various instruments in the formation of laws. . law, as Indonesian national law.

Implementation of the Association Agreement with the EU by adapting Ukrainian legislation to EU law

Ukraine’s integration into the European Union (EU) is one of the most important areas of the State’s development, and therefore one of the conditions for rapprochement between Ukraine and the European Community, as well as a condition for accession to the EU, is the adaptation of Ukrainian domestic legislation to the EU acquis. The purpose of the study was to identify the peculiarities and problematic aspects of the implementation of EU law in national legislation. The research methods used were: historical, periodisation, formal legal and problem analysis methods. The study examined the peculiarities and problems of adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to EU law. The study found that the legislation is being adapted on the basis of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, which includes the European Atomic Energy Community and its member states. The implementation process involves the transposition of EU norms into national legislation, while adaptation is the alignment of national law with EU legislation. The current legislation provides for three stages of adaptation of legislative norms, which aim to harmonize with EU law as much as possible. As implementation is a rule-making process, it involves a certain sequence of actions. In particular, it includes the establishment of the acquis communautaire, the creation of a list of legislative acts to be adopted and their preparation for adoption, monitoring of implementation and other sequential actions. In addition, the process of adaptation should be based on the principles of compliance with EU directives, the principle of voluntariness, clarity of terminology and completeness. Among the factors that are obstacles to implementation are the following: Russian aggression, institutional failure of state bodies, high level of corruption, numerous conflicts in legislation

HOW CULTURE AFFECTS ABORTION LAWS AND ITS IMPACTS

The Supreme Court's role in shaping reproductive rights for women in the United States has been significant since the landmark ruling in Roe v. Wade in 1973. However, the ongoing debate over access to reproductive healthcare and abortion rights persisted, leading to the recent overturning of Roe v. Wade in 2022. This research explores the impact of legislative laws on abortion in the United States, focusing on the Dobbs v. Jackson case and its aftermath. This research discusses how trigger bans and gestational bans have resulted in a rapid decline in access to abortion services, particularly for marginalized communities. It also highlights the impact of these laws on young pregnant girls, who already face limited abortion options due to existing restrictions. This research further examines the role of culture in shaping views on abortion, including religious beliefs, stigma, and geographical location. It concludes by discussing the shift from pro-life to pro-choice views among Americans and the need for increased media coverage and advocacy campaigns to challenge stigma and humanize the abortion experience.

PATTERN OF MANDIBULAR FRACTURES IN A NIGERIAN TERTIARY HEALTH INSTITUTION; A 4-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Background: According to surveys, mandibular injuries aetiology varies between countries and even between centers in the same country. Mandibular fractures are the second most frequent facial injury, accounting for 15.5% to 59% of all facial fractures globally. The study aimed to find out if there were predictable patterns of fractured in the north central part of Nigeria.
 Materials and Methods: Mandibular fracture patients treated during a 4-year period were identified in a retrospective analysis and examined based on factors including age, sex, mode of trauma, month and day of the week of presentation, number and anatomic location, treatment method and sequelae.
 Results: The study reviewed 75 participants between the ages of 2 and 70. The mean age was 30.69 ± 11.22 years, and the gender split was 70 males (93.20%) and 5 females (6.80%), with a p-value of 0.09. The main cause was motorbike accident (68%) and head on collision was the major mechanism of trauma road traffic accidents (RTAs, 68.8%) and none of motorbike riders nor did passengers wear crash helmet. A total of ninety-nine fractures out of one hundred and six fractures were observed in males. A small percentage of patients (33%) exhibited altered consciousness, however there was no statistically significant link between the aetiology and level of consciousness (p=0.818).
 Conclusion: The mandibular body was most severely impacted and the primary mechanism of injury was head-on collision between two motorbikes. Speed restrictions and legislative law should be placed on the use of crash helmet.

중국 사이버안보 패러다임 변화와 시사점

Korea announced the ‘National Cybersecurity Strategy’ in April 2019, and ‘Strengthening national cyber security response capabilities’ was also included in the ‘110 Key Policy Tasks’ released in May 2022. However, the legislation of basic cybersecurity law to establish a legal foundation is at a standstill due to several concerns raised. This is why there is no cybersecurity control tower.
 In the case of China, three laws(Cyber Security Law, Data Security Law, and Personal Information Protection Act) were enacted on the basis of the National Security Law(2015), which expanded the scope of national security to cyberspace, thereby establishing basic legal systems for cybersecurity. Through this, the legal basis for data governance centered on the Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization of the Chinese Communist Party(CCP), and the Cyberspace Administration of China was provided. To ensure that core technologies of the 4th industrial era do not pose a threat to cybersecurity, the Anti-Espionage Law(2023) expanded the scope of the law to include data related to national security. In addition, generative AI was regulated through the implementation of the Interim Administrative Measures for Generative AI Services. Following these legislative changes, governance was expanded from the Central Leading Group for Cybersecurity and Informatization of the Chinese Communist Party(CCP) → National Security Commission of the CCP → Central Science and Technology Commission. At the center of this paradigm shift is the CCP, providing the impetus for the shift.
 If we apply the implications of China's paradigm shift to our situation, first, Korea must establish a basic cybersecurity law and quickly establish a cybersecurity control tower based on the law. Considering that cybersecurity issues must be supported by the ability to govern all ministries, the structure of a Presidential Council is appropriate. Additionally, considering that AI technology is closely related to cybersecurity and that discussions on AI regulation are taking place together, a governance system that encompasses both cybersecurity and AI must be established.
 In other words, the Presidential Council will be responsible for ‘cybersecurity and AI’ must be established. Through the Presidential Council, the fragmented cybersecurity command system should be integrated, and it must become the control tower that considers and decides on diplomatic, security, economic, and technological policies regarding AI. In-depth discussions on establishing governance that embraces the two values of ‘cybersecurity’ and ‘AI’ should be conducted during the legislative process of the basic cybersecurity law and AI law in order to reach the result. In order to improve transparency, a review of processes that can be checked by the National Assembly regarding the Presidential Council’s major policies, budget, etc. must also be conducted.

KETERLIBATAN ANAK DALAM TINDAK PIDANA DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF HUKUM PIDANA ANAK DI INDONESIA

Children are the next generation of the nation so they need maximum coaching, guidance and protection so that the child will not commit an act that violates the law. The involvement of children, who in this case are perpetrators of a criminal Children are the next generation of the nation so they need maximum coaching, guidance and protection so that the child will not commit an act that violates the law. The involvement of children, who in this case are perpetrators of a criminal act, must be given the rights and protection of children as vulnerable legal subjects as regulated in the applicable laws and regulations. Through a normative legal approach, this research analyzes legal regulations that regulate the rights and protection of children involved in criminal contexts. The aims of this research are firstly to find out the meaning of children in Indonesian laws and regulations, secondly to find the concept of children's criminal law legislation in Indonesia which regulates children's involvement in criminal acts according to a normative approach, and thirdly to find out the procedures for handling cases of involvement. children in juvenile crimes from the perspective of juvenile criminal law in Indonesia through the principles of child human rights and the principles of the best interests of the child. The results of this research are that the handling of cases of child involvement in juvenile crimes from the perspective of juvenile criminal law in Indonesia is by placing more emphasis on the principles of children's human rights and the best principles for the interests of children because although there has been progress, challenges remain, and improvements Continuous harmonization of policies, consistent implementation, and strengthening the rehabilitation system can optimize the protection and development of children involved in the context of juvenile criminal justice.
 Keywords: Child Involvement, Child Crime, Child Criminal Law

CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR BIGAMY IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

The purpose of the research. The article attempts to analyze foreign experience in terms of offenses against family values, for which criminal prosecution is required. As practice shows, at the present stage of development of many states, the marriage and family institution are the most vulnerable element of society, requiring comprehensive political, socio-economic protection. In particular, we will be talking about such a traditional institution, since ancient times, as bigamy (polygamy), which has recently become very widespread, especially in connection with increased migration processes in order to earn money. Results. Having analyzed the problem in the course of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that in the modern world the problem of bigamy (polygamy) is relevant, as it finds its manifestation in countries and cultures with different levels of development. Therefore, the current state of affairs allows each State individually, relying on its traditional values, to approach the issue of legitimacy or its absence in matters of bigamy, taking into account the socio-demographic situation. We also come to the conclusion that foreign legislation, with the help of criminal law norms, protects such an important institution as the institute of family values in a more thorough and pragmatic way. In this connection, it is possible to borrow positive experience in the domestic criminal law legislation of the norms of foreign law in terms of regulating such an institution as bigamy (polygamy).

Bank’s Liability in Electronic Fund Transfers and its Legal Effects

The bank, as a legal person, can typically be held legally liable under civil, penal, and administrative law for actions it performs. Liability, in general, arises from contractual obligations or tort. The electronic fund transfer process (EFT) is an example of the bank's contractual obligation. The applicable law and its specificity determine electronic contracts' legality and probative value. This research aims to clarify the position of the Jordanian legislator regarding the EFT payment process and the legal consequences and risks related to this process. It also aims to determine banks' liability for executing EFT operations in case of tort or negligence. The researchers employed the analytical and deductive approach. The results indicated that the Jordanian legislation in Electronic Transactions Law No. (15) of 2015, the system of payment and electronic transfer of funds 2017, and the Banking Law No. (7) of 2019 have granted electronic bonds the same probative value as the traditional bond. However, numerous legislative texts still require revision or replacement to accommodate the demands of commercial and economic transactions. For example, specific regulations for banking e-payment and funding operations and transfers should be included.

Antonín Švehla a pozapomenuté diskuze, osnovy a návrhy realizovaných i nerealizovaných zákonodárných projektů jeho doby

The article deals with selected forgotten discussions on legal and sub-legal projects in period 1918–1929 when Antonín Švehla held important state executive positions. It draws attention to the importance of Antonín Švehla for the legislation and interpretation of law, and also tries to highlight specific significant projects from that period that are important for the trends in the development of legal sectors, especially in the sectors of labour law and social security in Czechoslovakia. The article provides some new insights into the history of law in the Czech lands in the first half of the 20th century, e.g., the considerations on the creation of the Labour Code as early as in the 1920s, the public law aspects of labour law and their abandonment, efforts to unify social security legislation, etc. It refers to the important institutions that were to influence the shape of commercial and trade law, as well as labour relations, at the beginning of the Czechoslovak Republic. The efforts to abolish the death penalty are also mentioned in the article. The article does not limit itself to normativity, but also considers interest, socio-economic and other extra-legal influences on the shape of the legal order.

When migration meets private international law: issues of private international law in divorce actions of Syrian migrants under temporary protection before the Turkish courts

The extended stay of Syrian nationals under temporary protection in Türkiye for more than a decade has caused an increase in their involvement in private law actions before the Turkish courts. Even though their substantive rights have mostly been regulated following their arrival, the private international law legislation has not yet been reviewed. This research, focusing on the most recent judgments of Turkish courts in divorce actions of Syrian migrants identifies important issues of private international law. These include questions on determination of international jurisdiction of Turkish courts, their access to legal aid and the obligation to provide security, questions of applicable law concerning marriage (including the recognition of the marriages validly celebrated in Syria), determination of the law applicable to divorce and the content of Syrian law. The study demonstrates that some of these questions arise because of the ongoing unfamiliarity of Turkish courts with “temporary protection status” as a relatively new concept in Turkish law, whereas others are related to application of general provisions to temporary protection beneficiaries and highlights the urgent need to review the Turkish private international law legislation considering the status of these persons to provide uniformity in court decisions and to ensure predictability.

Dispositivity in Russian Business Law

The principle of dispositivity is developed based on the concept of party autonomy that is characteristic of civil law regulation that covers business activities and is realised through the application of, in addition to directly applicable imperative norms, dispositive norms that imply the freedom of the parties to perform (to acquire, realise and dispose of) their rights on their own discretion. Particularly in respect of the civil law relations the law provides the parties with large possibilities to determine their relations in accordance with their autonomy of will and in default of such determination offers the applicable rules. Essentially important in realisation of the principle of dispositivity in the civil law are also initiative norms through the application of which the civil law relations emerge, change and cease. Related particularly to the contract and corporate law regulation in Russia, the traditional totality of the legislative law has been challenged in the pragmatic approach supported by the Russian highest judicial body. According to the Ruling of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitrazh Court of 2014, the norm that determines the rights and obligations of contractual parties but does not include the expressed provision of its dispositivity or imperativity, ought to be recognised as dispositive or imperative in accordance with the interpretation of its aims, and this indicates of favourable attitude towards business activities as well as of reasonable implementation of the pragmatic attitude that is characteristic to common law to Russian law. In particular, the favouring of the principle of dispositivity in respect to business law regulation, by the concentration of the valuation of the dispositivity of a legal norm in the sphere of successive control, instead of previous control, actually promotes the real freedom of business activities, and makes the regulation flexible. This is particularly important for small and family enterprises that are very common in Russia. Keywords: Dispositive Norm; Initiative Norm; Contract Law; Corporate Law; Pragmatic Approach

СТАНДАРТ ОРИГІНАЛЬНОСТІ В АВТОРСЬКОМУ ПРАВІ ЄС ТА УКРАЇНИ: ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АСПЕКТ

Background. In the article, a comparative study of the criterion of the originality of the author's work according to the copyright legislation of the EU and Ukraine is carried out in the context of the harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with EU law in this area. Relevance of the study is determined by the active process of harmonization of copyright legislation of Ukraine with EU copyright law, as a result of which the determination of the criterion of originality of the work and its compliance with the provisions of EU copyright law deserves special attention. Purpose of the article is a comprehensive comparative study of the criterion of originality of the work according to the copyright legislation of Ukraine and EU law in this area. Methods. During the work on the research, a number of general scientific and special research methods were used. In particular, the concept of originality of the work was defined using the method of dialectics. Approaches to understanding the concept of "originality of a work" under Ukrainian copyright law and EU law in this area were analyzed on the basis of methods of analysis and synthesis. Approaches to understanding the concept of "originality of a work" in copyright legislation of Ukraine and EU law were compared using the comparison method. Based on the method of generalization, conclusions and proposals were formulated based on the conducted research. Results. Based on the results of the research, the conceptual proximity of the provisions of the current copyright legislation of Ukraine and the EU law regarding the definition of the originality criterion was established, and the specificity of each of the outlined approaches was also noted. In addition, the national judicial practice and the practice of the EU Court were analyzed regarding the definition of the criterion of originality of the work and the granting of copyright protection to the latter. Conclusions. Thus, one cannot speak of complete identity in the understanding of the standard of originality of a work in the copyright legislation of Ukraine and EU law, because there are certain nuances that indicate the uniqueness of each of the approaches. However, in general, the legislative consolidation of the criterion of the originality of the work in the copyright legislation of Ukraine is a noticeable step on the way to the harmonization of Ukrainian legislation in the field of copyright and related rights with EU law in this area. Thus, EU and Ukraine certainly share a common conceptual framework in their approaches to understanding it.

THE COVID-19 CONTAINMENT IN INDONESIA AND SOFT LAW: A RISK-TO-OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS

This article illustrates how Basel III, a soft law legal framework guiding how regulators supervise financial institutions in order to prevent and mitigate systemic financial crises, especially the requirement regarding the governance of sovereign debt, is being implemented in Indonesia. The analysis was done by scrutinising the relevant authority’s responses and monetary policy during COVID-19. Also, it examines whether the applicable regulations and other related policies align with the grand objectives of the financial sector. This article provides several important takeaways. First, benefiting from the soft traits of Basel III, the oversight authorities (OJK and BI) have tried to enshrine the government’s resilient and prudent financial state through flexibility. Second, instead of taking expansionary legal measures to stimulate the state’s income and limit the state’s expenses, BI and the government have worked together to contain the damage of the pandemic through a quasi-fiscal program (burden-sharing program, BSP). Third, the legislation of Law No. 3/2023 did not make the BI’s objective less risky. It also suggests that more could have been done to prevent the fiscal deficit, especially by the government, through fiscal consolidation (limiting or decreasing the state’s expenses).

Legislative Laws Forcing Outing in Public Schools: Attacks on LGBTQ Rights

The subject of this paper highlights the alarming direction taken by legislative laws in the US public schools forcing LGBTQ students to out their identities. Through reviewing the constitutional rights of these students despite such legislation, especially the freedom of expression and privacy that the students are guaranteed in the First Amendment, the paper easily underlines such infringements. These reforms also confront the major risks that the young LGBT population faces due to the laws being introduced. Based on recent trials and statistics, the goal of this work is to shine a light on the critical implications of such legislation on the social and educational lives of LGBTQ learners. In this evaluation, it forwards the policies that harmonize inclusivity, equality, gender identity, and sexual orientation. The coming out of the LGBTQ students in public school exposes them to risks that ensure their privacy is a major challenge, as well as the shouldering of different forms of discrimination. This is a hostile and damaging setting that wrecks the feelings of safety and belonging as a part of the mental health degradation that leads to depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. At the same time, these laws jeopardize LGBTQ students’ educational progress by hampering them from reaching the desired educational level and developing their sense of social well-being. These challenges can be redressed only by bringing together policymakers, teachers, and advocates to do away with such laws and replace them with policies that grant rights and dignity to LGBTQ youth. A society that is handling stigma and discrimination this way will be more equal and supportive to all students enabling them to achieve and be what they are meant to be.

ЦІННІСНО-СМИСЛОВІ АСПЕКТИ КОНЦЕПТУ «ГІДНІСТЬ» У СУЧАСНОМУ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ГУМАНІТАРНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

The article provides a detailed analysis of the process of developing the value aspects of the category of dignity in the corpus of socio-philosophical, social, and humanitarian sciences. The main principles of the individual-subjective, national-specific, and political implementation of the concept of dignity in modern humanitarian sciences, legislation of many countries, international law, and social practices are considered. Current approaches to working out the problem of active participation of the individual in establishing humanistic norms of behavior and social relations are established. In the context of the aggression of the Russian Federation and the long-term war on the territory of Ukraine, attention is focused on one of the most important socio-philosophical value identifiers of dignity - personal and collective responsibility, as the ability of individuals and communities to consciously react, influence, control, manage, generate their pro-social activity in a specific situation or context. Taking into account the circumstances of the Ukrainian present, the need to detail as fully as possible the main factors of the value-meaning reflections of the public opinion of the Ukrainian community in many extremely sensitive and socially significant issues in the following scientific investigations is substantiated. In particular, the issues of interaction between personal values and social norms in the conditions of global social changes and challenges are studied. Emphasis is placed on the importance of developing and maintaining a culture of dignity in education and educational practices that contribute to the formation of conscious and responsible citizens. The role of media and information technologies in the formation and dissemination of values of dignity is discussed, in particular in the context of combating propaganda and disinformation. Ways of integrating the concept of dignity into various aspects of state policy and public life are proposed in order to strengthen social unity and justice.

Вопросы подведомственности споров третейскому разбирательству. Анализ законодательства балтийских государств (Латвийской Республики и Эстонской Республики)

The issues of jurisdiction of disputes between economic entities to be solved through the institution of commercial non-state arbitration and the competence of arbitration institutions to consider certain types of disputes are analyzed. As a continuation of the publication in the previous issue of the journal, the arbitration legislation and arbitration practice of the Baltic states of the former USSR, such as the Republic of Latvia and the Republic of Estonia, were researched and the activities of local arbitration institutions. There is an influence on genesis of the above states legislation of Soviet and Russian law, as well as the legal traditions of some states of the European Union, especially the countries of Western Europe and Scandinavia. The Baltic republics are characterized by formed market economy at a relatively high level. The institution of commercial arbitration, as a means of resolving economic disputes, is also quite developed and in popular in the legal and economic systems of the above states. This publication analyses the legal issues of arbitrability of disputes in legal systems of Latvia and Estonia, national and international legislation governing these issues. Conclusions have been developed about the main advantages and disadvantages of legal regulation of institution of arbitration in above states.

ПРАВОВІ МОДЕЛІ СИСТЕМИ РЕЧОВОГО ПРАВА В ЦИВІЛЬНОМУ ЗАКОНОДАВСТВІ

Background. The article reveals and compares the main characteristics of two models of building a system of property law in civil legislation that compete with each other in the world legal doctrine. One of them, which historically arose at the end of the 19th century in Germany, reveals property law as a system of legal relations, which, according to the intention of its developers, should correspond to the main direction of civil law regulation with a focus on relations, not rights. However, the internal contradictions inherent in such a concept made it necessary to substantiate its expediency in law due to the dualism of the legal nature of civil rights, including property rights, when the latter were considered not only as a legal connection between a person and an object (subject-object approach), and primarily as a relationship between persons in relation to the object (subject-subject approach). As a result, in property law we can see such types of property rights that are not typical and are not actually varieties of property rights. The property nature of these rights is proven not through the characterization of the content of these rights (qualifying features), but through the characterization of the legal relationship in which such rights can arise, exercise and terminate. Methods. To achieve the purpose of the study, the author used the following methods: formal and logical, dialectical, and comparative. Results. The author notes that the working group on recodification of the civil legislation was officially established by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and included all the shortcomings inherent in the model of the system of property law as legal relationships in the Concept for Updating the Civil Code of Ukraine (2020). In view of this, among other things, it is proposed to introduce into the civil legislation of Ukraine such new types of property rights, which actually have a binding, not a property, nature. Conclusions. It is proved that the model of the system of property law as relationships does not correspond to the legal system of Ukraine, since the civil law doctrine clearly distinguishes and does not equate the concepts of "legal relations" and "civil rights" in law, and because the nature of property rights is different from the nature of property relations and is even broader. The civil legislation in Ukraine should apply the concept of property law as a system of property rights, where the latter are determined exclusively by the characteristics of the connection between a person and an object (qualifying features of property rights).

Demography as a priority and an integral indicator of the effectiveness of strategic planning

The current stage of development of the Russian Federation poses new challenges at the state level. Strategic planning is one of the foundations for the stable and full-fledged development of the state and society in various spheres of life. Demography and demographic indicators are important areas in strategic planning with strong development potential. It has been established that the Russian Federation faces many demographic problems due to various reasons. At the same time, the very concept of demography is multidimensional, related to key areas in the social sphere. In this context, demography is a priority and an integral indicator of the effectiveness of strategic planning. Solving demographic problems through the use of strategic planning tools will improve the quality of life of the population, increase the level of healthcare and other socially significant development indicators. The article uses both general scientific research methods such as system analysis, logic, deduction and induction, etc. And specifically legal ones, such as analogy of law and analysis of legislation. As a result of the work, the following conclusions were made: 1. Demography is an important national priority and can be considered as an integral indicator of the effectiveness of strategic planning. 2. Demographic problems for the Russian Federation at this stage are generally recognized and acute. It is necessary to strengthen the quality of strategic planning in this area in conjunction with the implementation of strategies in other areas. 3. Demography is a complex component phenomenon that includes many components. 4. Issues of demography, development in this area and problem solving through the implementation of strategies should be addressed, including using data on the quality of life of the population. The latter should be understood as a fairly extensive set of factors representing the living conditions of individuals and society as a whole. 5. The current legal mechanism of strategic planning in the demographic sphere should be implemented taking into account the principles of administrative law.

International legal issues and problems of implementation in the field of maritime transport safety: review and constructive theses

The work examines various aspects of international legal regulation of maritime transport safety through the analysis of the international legal mechanism of such, assessment of the challenges and threats emerging in modern times. The problems of the implementation of international legal norms in the field of maritime transport safety in Russian criminal legislation are considered, on the basis of which measures are proposed to improve and bring to compliance with the norms of law. In order to organize effective legal security in maritime transport, it is necessary to summarize the international regulatory framework for countering threats to maritime transport security; identify current trends in maritime transport security; substantiate the author's proposals for improving legal regulation in the field of maritime transport security organization. The solution of these tasks is identified by the author in the system of norms of international legal regulation of safety in maritime transport, as well as in the consideration of the international legal mechanism and the problems of implementing the norms of international maritime law in domestic legislation to ensure safety in maritime transport. The main heuristic means and methods used in research are complex and systemic varieties of scientific analysis and synthesis of data, analogy of information and characteristics, the method of advancing and verifying theoretical and legal hypotheses, generalization of conceptual provisions, functional cognition, historical and formal legal methods. The main scientific results of the work include the fact that the author has revealed the dynamics of the development of the legal mechanism for ensuring safety in maritime transport and verified its periodization, established an international legal mechanism for ensuring safety in maritime transport, and separated threats to safety in maritime transport. The scientific significance of the study is that it has formed a system of scientific international legal knowledge reflecting the contradictions between the needs of practical safety in maritime transport and the possibilities of its legal regulation in modern conditions, as well as possible ways to eliminate it. It is recommended to introduce the main scientific results of the conducted research into the process of teaching legal disciplines of transport and other educational organizations, as well as for further research.