Legibility Test Research Articles

Validity and Reliability Study of Science-Edutainment Interactive Multimedia on Earth Topic for the 7th Graders of Junior High Schools

Natural science, as a fundamental science, requires a series of observations to be understood. For the subject about structure of earth, earthquake, and volcano, the students need the direct observation because the nature of the subject that tends to be abstract. In order for the students to be able to observe directly about the subject of earth that tends to be formed in an abstract concept, therefore the students need the learning media that is able to change that concept into the concrete one moreover also can change it into a fun education for the students. The media that is able to solidify the abstract concept is a media in a form of interactive multimedia. In order to make the students become ecstatic during the learning process, it is a need to do the edutainment approach. Therefore, it is a necessary to do an observation with a purpose to produce the product in a form of interactive multimedia named science edutainment with the topic of earth that is applicable and valid for seventh grade of junior high school students. This research used 4D method without dissemination step. The applicability of the developed product is obtained from the validation of product and the readability test. According to the results of media validation done by the expert, the media was considered appropriate by the percentages of 76.4% for media appropriateness and 88.5% for content appropriateness. On legibility test, it obtained 91.3% by teachers and 93.5% by students, which mean that the media was very appropriate. Hence, the interactive multimedia of science-edutainment on earth topic for the 7th graders of Junior High Schools is considered appropriate and valid.

Student mathematical imagination instruments: construction, cultural adaptation and validity

Imagination has an important role as the center of sensorimotor activity of the students. The purpose of this research is to construct the instrument of students’ mathematical imagination in understanding concept of algebraic expression. The researcher performs validity using questionnaire and test technique and data analysis using descriptive method. Stages performed include: 1) the construction of the embodiment of the imagination; 2) determine the learning style questionnaire; 3) construct instruments; 4) translate to Indonesian as well as adaptation of learning style questionnaire content to student culture; 5) perform content validation. The results stated that the constructed instrument is valid by content validation and empirical validation so that it can be used with revisions. Content validation involves Indonesian linguists, english linguists and mathematics material experts. Empirical validation is done through a legibility test (10 students) and shows that in general the language used can be understood. In addition, a questionnaire test (86 students) was analyzed using a biserial point correlation technique resulting in 16 valid items with a reliability test using KR 20 with medium reability criteria. While the test instrument test (32 students) to find all items are valid and reliability test using KR 21 with reability is 0,62.

Why a Right to Legibility of Automated Decision-Making Exists in the General Data Protection Regulation

• The aim of this contribution is to analyse the real borderlines of the 'right to explanation' in the GDPR and to discretely distinguish between different levels of information and of consumers' awareness in the 'black box society'. In order to combine transparency and comprehensibility we propose the new concept of algorithm 'legibility'. • We argue that a systemic interpretation is needed in this field, since it can be beneficial not only for individuals but also for businesses. This may be an opportunity for auditing algorithms and correcting unknown machine biases, thus similarly enhancing the quality of decision-making outputs. • Accordingly, we show how a systemic interpretation of articles 13-15 and 22 GDPR is necessary, considering in particular that: the threshold of minimum human intervention required so that the decision-making is 'solely' automated (Art. 22(1)) can also include nominal human intervention; the envisaged 'significant effects' on individuals (Art. 22(1)) can encompass as well marketing manipulation, price discrimination, etc.; 'meaningful information' that should be provided to data subjects about the logic, significance and consequences of decision-making (Art. 15(1)(h)) should be read as 'legibility' of architecture and implementation of algorithmic processing; trade secret protection might limit the right of access of data subjects, but there is a general legal favour for data protection rights that should reduce the impact of trade secrets protection. • In addition, we recommend a 'legibility test' that data controllers should perform in order to comply with the duty to provide meaningful information about the logic involved in an automated decision-making.

HUBUNGAN PENGUASAAN KOSAKATA DENGAN KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA CEPAT SISWA KELAS X IPA 6 SMA NEGERI 1 CURUP TAHUN PELAJARAN 2016/2017

This research aims to examine the relationship of mastery of vocabulary with the fast reading ability students class X IPA 6 senior high school number 1 Curup. This type of research is correlation. The population of the research is the students of class X IPA 6 senior high school number 1 Curup. The sample of the research is the students of class X IPA 6 senior high school number 1 Curup totaling 30 students, taken using saturated sample technique. Data collection using test. The instrument test is performed with legibility test, validity test, reliabity test, different power test and difficulty test. Data analysis technique used is product moment correlation analysis. The result showed that: (1) mastery of the vocabulary of students as a whole got an average score of 69.11 included in the high category; (2) students overall reading ability (KEM) scored an average score of 224.87 which was included in the high category; (3) there is a significant correlation between vocabulary mastery with fast reading ability of student class X IPA 6 senior high school number 1 Curup equal to 0.53 (rh= 0.53 at significance level 5% with N= 30, rt= 0.36, and rg>rt). Based on the data of the research result can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between mastery of vocabulary with fast reading ability of student class X IPA 6 senior high school number 1 Curup in 2016/2017 academic year.

The respon of IKIP Budi Utomo students toward the instructional book of cell biology subject aided by interactive multimedia

The development of Science and Technology (Science and Technology) takes place very rapidly. The development of science and technology will impact on graduate competency changes desired by the industry. This change of course will be followed by updating the curriculum, learning resources and teaching materials are used, one of them teaching materials on the subjects of Cell Biology. In the course of Cell Biology, the students only take textbooks without the support of interactive multimedia. Good teaching materials is the teaching materials arranged in a systematic, according to the needs and character of students, as well as validated by the teaching materials. The purpose of this study was to determine response students Biology Education IKIP Budi Utomo against Cell Biology course textbook aided interactive multimedia. The development method used is the 4D model consisting of stages define, design, develop, and disseminate. This study is limited to the stages develop. Legibility test results showed that students responded well teaching materials and provide proper assessment of the teaching materials.

Thai Typefaces (Part 2): Criticism Based on Legibility Test of Some Isolated Characters

Thai Typefaces (Part 2): Criticism Based on Legibility Test of Some Isolated Characters

Developing Physics Textbook Based on Cognitive Conflict for Deeper Conceptual Understanding and Better Characters

These study aims are to develop a textbook based on cognitive conflict approachment, to know theproperness of textbook, the legibility of textbook, and also the effect of using the textbook for increasing the conceptual understanding and improving the character of the students. This study was conducted by research and development method employing non-equivalent control group design to test the product. The subjects wereten-grade students of SMA N 1 Gubug in thesecond semester of 2015/2016. The properness test used properness-questionnaire, while the legibility test used themost closet. The data of conceptual understanding was taken from thepretest-postest result and the data of characters was taken from direct observation. By analysing the data, we concluded that the textbook based on cognitive conflict approachment was very proper to use with high legibility. By applied this textbook, students would be helped to get a deeper conceptual understanding and better characters.

Developing Science Virtual Test to Measure Students’ Critical Thinking on Living Things and Environmental Sustainability Theme

Critical thinking is skill and ability to use of risk taking creativity to make a decision and knowledge as a result, analysis and synthesis that, evaluation, to acquire, information search, to develop thinking, as an individual aware of his or her own thinking. The aim of this study is to develop the science virtual test to measure students’ critical thinking on living things and environmental sustainability theme. The research method that is used in this research was descriptive research. The development of science virtual test item consist of five steps: (1) content analysis; (2) constructing the instrument (multiple choice) based on the elements of critical thinking by Inch; (3) validity judgment of the instrument by the expert; (4) legibility test of the instrument; (5) conducting the large field test. On the large field test was gained the results of validity and reliability of the test, difficulty index, discriminating power, and quality of distractor. The subjects of research were 8th grade students at International Junior High School in Bandung with 125 total of respondents. The coefficient alpha (α) was 0.747, the reliability of the test was categorized as ‘high’ and value of RXY correlation was 0.63 which mean that the validity of the test was categorized as ‘high’. These means that science virtual test can be used to measure student’s critical thinking with a good consistency. It is expected for other researcher to take this description as one of the basic information to be considered in developing science virtual test for improving students’ critical thinking by various kind of topic.

Pengembangan Modul Statistika sebagai Media Penunjang Mata Kuliah Institusi di IKIP Budi Utomo Malang

This research aims to produce products such as module, which supporter statistics courses in IKIP Budi Utomo Malang institutions. It can be used to enhance the students' ability to solve problems. This research development method using ADDIE models which include analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation. Methods of data collection in this study include legibility test. Results of this study we concluded the step wrote statistics module that determining competency standards, specify the title of the module, arrange the contents of the module, cover design, legibility test, revision and production. Based on the conclusion that thelegibility test for aspects of language, presentation, and graphic declared valid while the worthiness aspect of the module is very valid. So based on student legibility test module does not need to be revised.

Graphical content of medicinal package inserts: an exploratory study to evaluate potential legibility issues.

The graphical content of the Medicines Package Inserts (MPIs), such as illustrations and typographic features should be legible and appropriate, as required by international pharmaceutical regulations. To study: (1) the frequency and type of MPIs' key graphic elements, (2) their compliance with regulations and (3) how educated people understand them. Descriptive study: characterisation of the graphical content of 651 MPIs. Usability study: illustrations and tables (purposively selected) were evaluated with questionnaires in three groups of humanities undergraduates (illustrations only, illustrations plus text and text only). Descriptive study: illustrations and tables were respectively identified in 6.3% and 11.8% of the MPIs. The illustrations were mainly related to how to take/use the medicine. Non-recommended graphical representations were found (e.g. italic or underline). Usability test: legibility issues were identified, especially for the group of isolated illustrations. The scarce use of illustrations and tables possibly affected the legibility of the MPIs. Compulsory legibility tests are needed to guarantee the MPIs' proper use, thus contributing to a safe use of medicines. Overall, this study highlighted the need to carefully revise/assess the MPIs' design and probably increase health information experts' awareness on this issue.

Assessing visibility, legibility and comprehension for interactive whiteboards (IWBs) vs. computers

The usability of interactive whiteboards vs. computers was evaluated on three dimensions (visibility, legibility and comprehension) in the secondary school pupils. The visibility assessment consisted in detecting a visual stimulus varying in luminance using a staircase procedure, legibility was assessed with a target-search task, and we administered narrative and explanatory texts with or without illustrations to evaluate comprehension. The results of the visibility test showed that pupils found the light signal easier to detect on the IWB. For the legibility test, we observed differences in error rates and discriminability according to medium, font size and congruence between target and the distractor letters. Performances in the comprehension test were similar for both explanatory and narrative texts. Moreover, the presence of illustrations does not improve comprehension. These results could be related to the hierarchical structure of the texts, which facilitate comprehension.

The effects of sign design features on bicycle pictorial symbols for bicycling facility signs

The inanimate bicycle symbol has long been used to indicate the animate activity of bicycling facility signs. In contrast, either the inanimate bicycle symbol or the animate bicycle symbol has been used interchangeably for the standard pavement symbols in bike lanes. This has led to confusion among pedestrians and cyclists alike. The purpose of this study was to examine two different designs (inanimate symbol vs. animate symbol) involved in the evaluation of perceived preference and glance legibility, and investigate sign design features on bicycle pictorial symbols. Thirty-five participants compared current bicycle signs (inanimate symbols) to alternative designs (animate symbols) in a controlled laboratory setting. The results indicated that the alternative designs (animate symbols) showed better performance in both preference and glance legibility tests. Conceptual compatibility, familiarity, and perceptual affordances were found to be important factors as well.

Evaluation of Comprehension and Legibility of International and Domestic Nonstandard Symbol Signs

This paper documents a research project that evaluated proposed new traffic signs to ensure that the signs were effective when human factors requirements were taken into consideration. The following sign messages were selected for symbol development and evaluation: combination horizontal alignment–advisory speed, congestion ahead, cross-street preferential lane warning, do not enter, do not pass, electric-vehicle charging station, fallen rocks, flagger ahead, low-shoulder warning, maximum width, no left turn ahead, railroad crossing on leg of roundabout, road narrows, survey crew, trolley crossing, uneven lanes, and winery. The team conducted 96 surveys to determine driver comprehension and legibility for each alternative sign design. The surveys were administered to the general driving public at the Turner–Fairbank Highway Research Center in McLean, Virginia. On the basis of driver input and the results of the comprehension and legibility testing, the research team provided recommendations on symbols that should be included in the next edition of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.

Comparing typefaces for airport signs

This study combined three research methodologies to inform the choice of a typeface for signs at London’s Heathrow Airport. The methodologies were legibility testing, qualitative consumer research, and expert review. The study showed that, contrary to a number of expert predictions, the serifed typeface performed as well as the sans serif in legibility testing. Character width was a more significant factor in legibility, with condensed sans serif performing relatively poorly. The use of multiple methodologies led to a richer basis for decision-making: the qualitative research revealed clear genre expectations among airport users for sans serif signs; the expert reviewers raised a range of additional issues of genre, culture and context.

The legibility and readability of a visual display unit at threshold

As the limit of visual acuity is approached, the need to format text correctly increases. Involved with correct formatting is the use of the letter case most suitably formed to enhance the readability of the text. A series of legibility tests and readability tests were carried out on 20 subjects. The aim of the tests was to provide information on the most suitable case to use for a visual display unit which had to be read at a distance. When letters were displayed singly, upper case was more rapidly and more accurately read than lower case. However, when text was being displayed, there was no significant difference between the reading of upper case and lower case characters. It is recommended that lower case characters should be used for general text with upper case for highlights and that upper case characters should be used for single-letter displays.

Legibility of Public Information Symbols

A legibility test is one a set of tests to be proposed by a committee of the International Standardization Organization as a standard procedure to ensure that public information symbols can be used efficiently by the population of users. Although the method of administering has been decided upon for most of the tests, there is not yet a satisfactory method for the legibility test.

The effects of symbol frequency in legibility testing.

The legibilities of two fonts used for teletyped weather reports are being studied. The first tests were controlled-exposure-time tests, made with a tachistoscope, in which single symbols were shown to subjects randomly with respect to alphabetical and numerical order. The two fonts were tested at symbol brightnesses of 8, 6 and 5 ft-L against a constant background brightness of 1 ft-L. For each font at each symbol brightness, two conditions were compared. The first condition was that all the symbols occurred with the same frequency and the second condition was that the symbols occurred with relative frequencies similar to their frequencies in actual use in the weather reports. The results showed that the subjects’ performances were better when the symbols occurred with the unequal frequencies than they were for the equal frequency condition. Implications which reflect on the validity of legibility testing are discussed.