Legibility Test Research Articles

Validitas Modul Ajar Pola Pewarisan Sifat pada Hukum Mendel Berbasis Problem Based Learning

The implementation of the independent curriculum requires teachers to develop teaching tools in the form of complete and systematic teaching modules. This study aims to produce a valid Mendelian law of inheritance patterns teaching modules. The research method is R&D (Research and development) with the 4D development model. The subjects of this study were two biology lecturers at FMIPA UNP and six biology teachers. The data collection instruments were observation questionnaires, validity questionnaires, and legibility test questionnaires. This study found that the independent curriculum teaching modules in phase F were not yet available because the independent curriculum had just been implemented. Based on the research conducted, it was found that the teaching module on the pattern of inheritance on Mendel's laws based on problem based learning for biology subjects in phase F SMA/MA is valid with an average score of 91.20% and very valid criteria.

Legibility: Sinhala typeface featuresfor Directional Informative Sign Boards

Typefaces designed for the purpose of directional informative sign boards (DISB) communicate legible information related to drivers and passengers to navigate within road systems to: maintain road discipline and assist drivers to make instant decisions within a short period while operating a vehicle. The legibility of these typefaces works as a fundamental requirement. The reader's preference test (RPT) highlights that a typeface is unique due to its visual features–the anatomy of a typeface and it influences legibility performance, comprehension, memorability, priming, persuasion, perceptual fluency, and practical usage. This visual perception and the neurotic process of connecting human vision and brain is the intellectual cognition between; reader and information that acutely affects the reader to process information. When considering the amount of research work towards the advancement of DISB and typefaces designed for this purpose is at large within the western context, and more evident in Latin script but lacks in scripts such as Sinhala and Tamil within the Eastern regions. To fill this knowledge gap, the research contributes to Sinhala script discussed within the domain of typography research and proposes a draft typeface for Sri Lankan DISB. Considering legibility to be a required key factor in typefaces designed for the purpose of DISB the research methodology was structured into three stages. The first stage reviews legibility test methods, its measurements, testable factors usability and identifies the most relevant test to analyse typeface features. This section concludes by identifying RPT as the most relevant test with two variables: typeface personality traits and anatomy. Second stage adopts the two variables and tests six Sinhala typefaces that contain personality traits required for DISBs. It concludes with the identification of three typefaces that contain the required personality traits for DISB. The third stage analyses the anatomy of the three typefaces and proposes a draft Sinhala typeface for DISB. This stage redefines the two variables specific to Sinhala script and typography research. The stage concludes with a summary of the anatomical features of the proposed draft typeface and confirms a list of anatomical features required for Sri Lankan DISBs. The research also contributes to devel-oping a methodology to analyse Sinhala typefaces, and draft new typefaces for specified communicative purposes. As for further research, the research the draft typeface to be developed and tested to font and to adapt to similar scripts and advanced typography research

Effects of the number of strokes, components and usage frequency on the legibility of Chinese characters for optical head-mounted display

ABSTRACT This study investigates the visual angle threshold value for the recognition of Chinese characters displayed on the optical head-mounted display. As optical head-mounted displays are becoming increasingly popular in various fields, character legibility has become an important topic for research. In this study, a legibility test was conducted by randomly displaying characters on the optical head-mounted display. The characteristics that were tested included the number of strokes, components and usage frequency rankings. The visual angle threshold value of each character was recorded and analysed. The results indicate that Chinese characters with more strokes, more components and lower usage frequency have a larger visual angle threshold value than characters with fewer strokes, fewer components and higher frequency. The number of strokes and usage frequency rankings were inputted into a regression model to predict the visual angle threshold value for character recognition (R 2 = 0.72; Adj-R2 = 0.71). The regression analyses revealed that the foregoing inputs increased the visual angle threshold value. These findings provide a practical reference for the display of Chinese characters on optical head-mounted displays.

Evaluating the Spelling and Handwriting Legibility Test (SaHLT): a tool for the concurrent assessment of spelling and handwriting

Evaluating the Spelling and Handwriting Legibility Test (SaHLT): a tool for the concurrent assessment of spelling and handwriting

Legibility of 3D printed typography at smaller sizes

The aim of the research was to investigate the usability and legibility of 3D printed typeface characters in smaller sizes. In the experimental investigation two software programs for letter modelling, three typefaces, three type sizes, two weight options, and two printing materials were tested. The samples were analysed visually and with image analysis. The legibility tests were conducted in laboratory conditions and testing chamber. The participants were asked to read pangrams and answer close-ended questions. The reading speed and understanding of the text were measured and analysed. It was found that the success of printing parts of letters, as well as their recognition and visual evaluation, is most often influenced by two analysed factors, i.e. weight option and type size, in all three typefaces. We established that the type size is statistically significant, and that the typographic tonal density is influenced by the typeface and the material used. Practitioner summary: The research presents the investigation of usability and legibility of 3D printed typefaces at smaller sizes. Five variables were analysed visually and with image analysis. Typographic tonal density, reading speed, and text comprehension were evaluated. The findings demonstrated that weight option, type size, and material influence the reading speed and text comprehension. HIGHLIGHTS Five different parameters were investigated regarding usability of 3D printed typeface. Legibility of different typefaces, weight options, and type sizes were tested. Typographic tonal density was evaluated with image analysis. Print quality of different materials using an FDM technology printer was evaluated.

Development of Environmental Pollution Handling Flipbook Based on Surabaya Local Wisdom to Train Students’ Ethno-conservation

One of the efforts to deal with environmental pollution by exploring natural potentials and traditions in the local community is ethno-conservation education. This study aims to develop a flipbook of environmental pollution handling based on Surabaya's local wisdom to train students in Ethno-conservation. The type of research is Research and Development with the ADDIE model of Branch theory. Theoretical feasibility is reviewed from the results of expert validation, while empirical feasibility is examined from the readability test. The data obtained were analyzed by descriptive qualitative. The results obtained are a validation score of 3.88, a percentage of 97% and the category is excellent, and the legibility test is at level 10. Hence, the Flipbook has the potential to be used in learning the handling of environmental pollution based on Surabaya local wisdom to train students in ethno-conservation.

Validasi Intervensi Psikologis: “Positive Parenting Brief Family Therapy”

The parenting style applied by both parents has a big influence on the child's development. The low interaction between one or both parents in parenting has an impact on the poor attachment between parent and child. Dysfunctional parenting causes children to have low psychological well-being, less optimal and effective maternal care also has a significant impact on the child's mental and emotional development. Good parenting will reduce the damage to the child's social skills and he can be accepted by his peer environment. This study aims to increase information and knowledge about positive parenting through positive parenting education training. The training module is structured around the positive parenting principles coined by John Gray. The research module was prepared based on the Russell method with a focus on content and empirical validation tests. The content validation test resulted in Aiken V values moving between 0.71 to 0.94 with a mean of 0.78, while the empirical validation showed a decrease in the pretest and posttest scores on the dysfunctional parenting scale in the experimental group. Based on the legibility test, this module can be an alternative option to be given to parents in order to be able to implement positive parenting in the family.Keywords: Positive Parenting, Mother's Care, Mother's involvement

Validitas Modul Interaktif Pembelajaran IPA untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif

The development of creativity is included in one of the focuses of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System. One way to develop students' creativity is to develop creative thinking skills. This study aims to describe the validity of interactive modules in science learning to improve students' creative thinking skills in junior high schools. This study uses a 4D research and development model design. Data were collected using validity instruments and legibility test questionnaires, then analyzed descriptively. The research subjects consisted of 5 expert validators and 2 students. The results showed (1) the validity of the interactive science learning module met the very valid category with an average result of 86.07. (2) the readability test of the interactive science learning module met the "good enough" category, with an average result of 70.83. The interactive science learning module is declared valid to improve students' creative thinking skills in junior high schools.

Recitation-Based Teaching Material Development for Cation Qualitative Analysis Learning

This study aims to develop recitation-based teaching materials for learning qualitative analysis of cations. The procedure for developing teaching materials adopts the 4-D development model (Define, Design, Develop, Dissemination) from Thiagarajan. The development results were tested theoretically and empirically. The theoretical feasibility test was carried out using expert judgment, including chemist expert, pedagogic expert, and learning media. Empirical feasibility was tested through legibility tests and limited implementation tests. Based on the expert assessment, the recitation method based teaching materials developed in this study is content valid with individual readability of 87,86% and group readability of 89,32%. The results of testing the implementation of teaching materials in the learning process showed that recitation-based teaching materials were effective, in guiding students to do independent learning activities with an effectiveness of 84,16%. The use of Cation Qualitative Analysis teaching materials based on the recitation method in online learning is effective in increasing student understanding of qualitative analysis of cations with an N-gain value of 0,81. The students' ability to complete study assignments with the help of worksheets on teaching materials has a positive correlation, with an increase in concept understanding (r = 0,91) with a contribution value of 88,43%.

Pengembangan Panduan Praktikum IPA Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Mahasiswa Program Studi PGMI Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Tadris IAIN Bengkulu

This research aims to develop practical and practical guidelines for basic science concepts to improve critical thinking skills of students of the PGMI Faculty of Tarbiyah and Tadris IAIN Bengkulu who are valid and practical. The research subjects of R & D were 15 students, 7 lecturers and researchers themselves, while the object of this research was a practical guide for basic science concepts courses. This study uses a development model with 4-D procedures recommended by Thiagarajan (1974). In the 4-D development model, there are 4 steps taken to produce a learning development product. The stages include define, design, develop, and disseminate. However, the development of a practical guide for basic science concepts was carried out until the development stage. The instruments used were questionnaires and interview guides for needs analysis, expert validation sheets, legibility test sheets and practicality test sheets. The results showed that the practical guidelines for the basic concepts of science developed were valid, practical and suitable to be used to improve students' critical thinking skills.

Pengembangan Panduan Praktikum IPA Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Mahasiswa Program Studi PGMI Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Tadris IAIN Bengkulu

This research aims to develop practical and practical guidelines for basic science concepts to improve critical thinking skills of students of the PGMI Faculty of Tarbiyah and Tadris IAIN Bengkulu who are valid and practical. The research subjects of R & D were 15 students, 7 lecturers and researchers themselves, while the object of this research was a practical guide for basic science concepts courses. This study uses a development model with 4-D procedures recommended by Thiagarajan (1974). In the 4-D development model, there are 4 steps taken to produce a learning development product. The stages include define, design, develop, and disseminate. However, the development of a practical guide for basic science concepts was carried out until the development stage. The instruments used were questionnaires and interview guides for needs analysis, expert validation sheets, legibility test sheets and practicality test sheets. The results showed that the practical guidelines for the basic concepts of science developed were valid, practical and suitable to be used to improve students' critical thinking skills.

Integrated Science Education Mobile Application: Edukit for 21st Century Skills

Problem solving skills are one of 21st Century Skills. However, based on the results of studies and interviews students still lack in problem solving skill because most of them only study from textbooks at school. The purpose of this research is to produce science education media equipped with experimental manuals and context in the application that students can use anytime and anywhere either independently or by teacher guidance. This development research adopts the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The results of expert validation and legibility test show that the education KIT integrated mobile application is very suitable. Media expert validation obtained a score of 98% and material expert obtained a score of 99%. In addition to the validation results, a readability test was also carried out by the teacher and students with the respective scores of 96% and 91%. Based on the validation and readability test Edukit IPA is integrated with a mobile application as a practical, complete, and capable medium for practicing the results of student problem solving skill, because each stage of the experimental activity is based on indicators of problem solving skills.

Development of electronic teaching materials based Flip Book Makers for language skills in elementary schools

This study aims to develop electronic teaching materials for Indonesian language skills based Flip Book Makers. The design used is research and development with the following procedures: (1) needs analysis, (2) developing electronic teaching materials based Flip Book Makers, and (3) validating the electronic teaching materials based Flip Book Makers that have been developed. The legibility test results of the teaching materials showed that the readability criteria could be understood with an average score of 86%. From the results of the research conducted, the development of performance-based teaching materials for Indonesian language skills was deemed feasible.

Developing e-learning media on education statistics subject

Lecturers as teachers must be able to create engaging, innovative learning based on ICT. Through this basis, it is necessary to develop e-learning learning media. Based on preobservation at UT students on the Education Statistics subject, it is concluded that 1). Student’s learning outcomes were lacking, 2). many students could only absorb theory but could not apply it to daily problems. One of the solutions to overcome these problems is by developing elearning media. Through the advantages of e-learning, e-learning learning media will be developed in the Education Statistics subject. This research aims to produce valid e-learning media. The subjects of this study were students of UT Semarang Pokjar Kendal district. The development of instructional media designs used the 4-D model from Thiagarajan, Semmel, and Semmel. Methods of data collection using questionnaires, interviews, and observations. The results showed that design of e-learning learning media was designed according to the characteristics of UT students. The validation results of 3 validators with an average of 4.1 with very valid category. The results of the legibility test were carried out twice with an average result of 87% which was included in the very good category.

Development and Validation of Ethical Awareness Scale among University Students

Plagiarism, intolerance, and sexual harassment highlight the assessment of university students’ ethical awareness as essential measure. The study aims to develop and validate an ethical awareness scale by constructing a measuring instrument based on Yeung and Keup’s (2009) preliminary research, using open ended questionnaire and focus group discussions, expert judgement, and legibility test. 251 students were recruited through convenience sampling. The results of psychometric testing using exploratory factor analysis indicate that the 12-item scale is valid in terms of construct validity. The Kaiser Meyer Olkin test showed a score of 0.865, with a Bartlett’ s Sphericity test value of 1.240, df = 66 and p = 0.000, and the factor loading ranged from 0.409 to 0.814. Total variance explained by this scale is 46.827%, in which academic and social factors contribute to 39.001% of variance, while information technology contributes to 7.826% of variance. Reliability testing using Cronbach's Alpha yielded a coefficient value of α = 0.874. The implications of this study include the necessities for further development of the instrument to specifically measure information technology factor, to conduct confirmatory factor analysis with other students, and to modify the scale based on participants’ different characteristics. This scale can also be used to determine the effectiveness of ethics outreach programs.

Developing Integrated Triplet Multi-Representation Virtual Laboratory in Analytic Chemical Materials

<p>Technological developments have triggered the emergence of various kinds of learning media innovations. Learning media is a very important part of the learning process. In this study, researchers designed a learning media in the form of a virtual laboratory on the practicum material of the basics of analytical chemistry which is integrated with multi-representation triplets to create and describe the results of learning media.</p>The method used in this development was Research and Development (R&D) method using the 4-D (four-D) development model. Data collection used qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative data were in the form of comments and suggestions from the validator, while the quantitative data were the validation questionnaire and legibility test. The results showed that the validation of the material obtained a percentage of 84% (very valid), media validation of 78% (valid), and the results of trials on correspondents obtained a percentage in the range 81-92% (very valid). It can be concluded that the virtual laboratory learning media on the analytical chemistry laboratory material with the integration of the developed multi-representation triplet explanations is feasible to use, especially in the practicum of the basics of analytical chemistry on the topic of group I cation analysis and argentometry. This shows that the virtual laboratory developed has the potential to support online practicum learning, and the macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic depiction in the virtual laboratory can help the process of receiving information by students

Analysis of Ink/Toner Savings of English and Thai Ecofonts for Sustainable Printing

The use of Ecofonts in printing can result in economic savings and lower environmental impact. However, most of the research on the use of Ecofonts focuses on Latin alphabets. Moreover, texts printed with Ecofonts can be perceived as being less legible than those printed with the original typefaces. This study (a) assesses toner use reductions in documents printed with English and Thai Ecofonts, and (b) studies the observers’ perception of texts printed either with Ecofonts or with original typefaces. To achieve this, black pixels were removed from 10 English and 13 Thai typefaces widely used in academia and other media. Visibility and legibility tests, as well as mass analyses tests, were then performed on texts printed with some such typefaces. Results from instrumental measurements and digital image analyses show that the use of Ecofonts reduces toner use of an inkjet printer by up to 28%. The study also proposes a new Ecofont typeface for the Thai language. Visual tests showed that the visual experience of text printed using this Thai Ecofont is satisfactory. Awareness of the benefits of using Ecofonts changes the users’ attitudes towards the printing quality of Ecofont. The removal of black pixels can lead to more sustainable printing, and this simple solution can be extended to other non-Latin languages as part of the global Green Information Technology efforts in South-East Asia.

The relationship between muscle activation and handwriting quality with non-native grip styles

PurposeThis study aimed to explore the differences in muscle activity, handwriting legibility, and consistency when using the 4 primary handwriting grip styles: dynamic quadrupod (DQ), dynamic tripod, lateral quadrupod (LQ) and lateral tripod. Study Design and MethodsThirty-four 18-22-year-old participants completed a handwriting legibility test on paper as well as consistency and metrics tests using both surface electromyography and a digital writing tablet. Electromyography was used to measure the activity of 6 muscles associated with handwriting, and the tablet measured stroke duration, length, velocity, and pen pressure. Subjects used each grip style with all protocols and scores were normalized to their native grip. Significance was set at P < .05. ResultsFemales had a lower range in legibility scores than males by 3.5% ± 1.7% (p = .046, d = 0.713), but grip style did not impact legibility. The upper trapezius (UT) was more active in the lateral tripod and LQ grips compared to DQ by 16.8% ± 5.2% and by 13.8% ± 5.2%, (p = .007, p = .012, respectively, partial η2 = 0.188). The stroke duration was greater in the LQ grip style than dynamic tripod and DQ grip styles (p = .008, p = .023, respectively; partial η2 = 0.123). ConclusionsLateral grip styles involve more whole-arm, stabilizing movements while dynamic grip styles require fine dexterous movements. Furthermore, females are likely to be able to employ any grip with minimal effect on legibility. For a patient needing guidance in rehabilitation, understanding the differences in grips could aid selection of the optimum grip style to employ based on their muscular control deficits.

Basic Chemistry Practicum Handbook with Occupational Health and Safety (K3) to Prevent Work Accidents in Laboratory: Validity and Feasibility

First year students of the Chemistry Education Study Program have some problems in practicum because the students' basic laboratory skills are low. The current practicum guide is not sufficient to provide information on basic skills for working in the laboratory. This condition causes students to have problems practicum and there is a potential risk of accidents. This study aims to produce a handbook for Basic Chemistry I with Occupational Health and Safety (K3) which is feasible to be implemented in Basic Chemistry Practicum I. This research was a Research and Development (R&amp;D) with a 4-D development model, consist of 4 main stages, Define, Design, Develop and Disseminate. The research was limited to the development stage, which ended in the legibility test. Based on expert assessment the results showed that the handbook for Basic Chemistry Practicum I with K3 was very valid in terms of content (3.75), language (3.70), and media (3.6) from a maximum score of 4. The results of the readability test from 9 students showed that all students gave clear assessments. They understood the contents and guidelines for practicum on Basic Chemistry 1 with K3 very well. The conclusion of this study is Basic Chemistry Practicum I Handbook with K3 content is valid to be implemented from the aspects of content, presentation, language, media, and readability.

Validitas Petunjuk Praktikum Bioteknologi Berbasis Guided Inquiry untuk Peserta Didik SMA di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat

This study aims to determine the validity of guided inquiry-based biotechnology practicum guidelines for high school students in West Sumbawa Regency. The development model used in this research is the 4D development model, with details of the stages, namely: 1) define; 2) design / design; 3) develop / development; and 4) disseminate / spread. This research uses a quantitative descriptive approach. The research data were collected using instruments, namely validation sheets (construct and content) for two expert validators, as well as legibility test sheets for high school students. The research sample consisted of 28 students of class XII IPA at SMAN 2 Taliwang. The data from the validation results were analyzed using the mean score analysis and validation criteria. The results showed that, the results of the validation by constructors were very valid with a mean score of 3.75 and a percentage of 93.75% with very good criteria. The results of the validation by content experts were valid with a mean score of 3.17 and a percentage of 87.51% with very good criteria. While the legibility test results showed the mean score of all aspects assessed was 68.61 and the percentage value was 71.47% with easy criteria. The conclusion of this study is that guided inquiry-based biotechnology practicum instructions for students can be applied in practicum activities on Biotechnology material for class XII IPA SMA in West Sumbawa Regency.