Legalization Of Same-sex Marriage Research Articles

Whose Egg, Whose Sperm, Whose Household Registration? Reproductive Decisionmaking Among LGBT Parents in China

This article examines how LGBT individuals and couples in China make reproductive decisions in a sociopolitical context characterized by homophobia and an absence of LGBT familial rights and legal recognition. The existing literature on LGBTQ+ childbearing and family formation, based primarily in Euro-American countries, tends to focus on the central role of same-sex marriage legalization and features marriage as the core intimate bond that bestows parental and other familial rights. This article argues that China’s household registration (hukou) system is an equally, if not more, salient regulatory system that determines daily life opportunities, access to state-subsidized schooling and health care, life-long social welfare, and placement in a hierarchy of urban versus rural citizenship. LGBT intending parents in China make reproductive decisions with a child’s hukou in mind, treating genetic contributions, gestational labor, and legal parental status as flexible resources to achieve desired hukou outcomes. The hukou system encourages reproductive strategies that make and unmake LGBT kinship, securing family bonds that otherwise lack legal and social recognition while potentially risking parental precarity. The article suggests new directions for LGBT rights advocacy by focusing on the governing systems and statuses that determine access to key citizenship resources and family rights.

A closer look at the demographics of same-sex marriage in the United States: Implications for research, practice, and policy.

In 2015, the United States Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage nationwide, setting in motion a sweeping social change for sexual minority people and their romantic relationships. The United States Census Bureau collects demographic data on same-sex couple households, offering an opportunity to better understand the demographic makeup of same-sex marriage today. This knowledge is essential for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers who aim to understand and support same-sex couples' relationships. We used national probability data from the American Community Survey collected in 2021 (the most recent year these data are available) on married and unmarried, cohabiting same-sex and opposite-sex households. Respondents reported their own age, race, ethnicity, education, employment, income, home ownership, and whether they had children living with them in their household. Differences between married and unmarried opposite-sex couples were observed in race, ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic status, consistent with prior research. Many of these demographic gaps also existed for same-sex couples, although these were often smaller. Several of these differences further varied between male and female same-sex couples. Same-sex married couples appear to be more demographically diverse than opposite-sex married couples. However, like opposite-sex couples, same-sex couples from multiple minoritized groups were less likely to be married. Future research is needed to understand drivers of these differences (e.g., different attitudes about marriage or lack of access to marriage) and their impact. Policymakers and clinicians will need to bear these group differences in mind when designing policy and delivering services to support the well-being of sexual minority couples.

The Impact of Social Liberalization on Female Entrepreneurship

Although the impact of institutional change on entrepreneurship is well documented, little is known about how institutional changes influence the creation of high-growth ventures founded by female entrepreneurs. By implementing the difference-in-differences approach, this study examines the impact of a socially liberal policy (i.e., legalization of same-sex marriage) on female entrepreneurship. We show that social liberalization policies may increase the creation of high-growth ventures by female entrepreneurs. We also show that when ethnic minorities are more prevalent, the positive effect of social liberalization on female-founded high-growth ventures is stronger, but that this positive effect might not be driven by necessity entrepreneurship. A supplementary analysis with a funding round level sample shows that after controlling for ventures, founders, and industry characteristics, social liberalization tends to increase the amount of early-stage funding that women entrepreneurs receive. This study extends prominent literature on female entrepreneurial entry and offer practical implications for policymakers by shedding lights on the impact of social liberalization on the entry of women to entrepreneurship. This study also extends the emerging literature examining the effect of an institutional change on certain types of entrepreneurship by showing that an institutional change can foster female-founded high growth ventures.

Critical Actors and the Challenges in Mainstreaming Gender in Taiwan’s Parliament

Taiwan is currently Asia’s leader in gender equality on three indicators: Its national legislature comprises 42 percent women, the largest proportion among all Asian countries; it was the first Asian country to legalize same-sex marriage; and it has a popularly elected woman president not from a politically established family. Despite these advances, efforts to make Taiwan’s parliament gender-sensitive has encountered constraints. While new institutions were created to make the parliament a more gender-friendly workplace, little progress was made regarding gender mainstreaming in the legislative process. This article points out that parliamentary parties are missing actors in gender mainstreaming. The article concludes that unless all constitutional branches practice it, gender mainstreaming as a state strategy to promote gender equality remains challenging.

Same-Sex Marriage from the Perspective of Legal Instruments, Human Rights and Hindu Religion

The purpose of this research is to analyse the anti-discrimination struggle against LGBT from a legal and human rights perspective and same-sex marriage from a Hindu legal perspective. This research is normative juridical research carried out using a statutory regulation approach and a legal concept approach. The analysis was carried out qualitatively. The phenomenon of same-sex marriage has indeed become controversial in various countries, including Indonesia. The struggle for anti-discrimination treatment for LGBT people has become one of the focuses of the human rights struggle. Various national and international legal instruments have regulated the right to equal treatment for everyone. However, this right cannot fully become the basis for legitimacy for the legality of same-sex marriage. Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage regulates that marriage is carried out by a man and a woman as husband and wife. Viewed from the perspective of Hindu law, the Manawa Dhramasastra states that marriage is carried out by a man and a woman to produce offspring.

Association Between Egalitarian Gender Attitudes and Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Marriage: Findings from a National Representative Survey

ABSTRACT Egalitarian gender attitudes are linked to increased support for same-sex marriage, with previous studies mainly focusing on Western countries. Limited existing research from Asian countries often relied on non-representative, convenient samples. Taiwan, the first Asian country to legalize same-sex marriage in 2019, offers a valuable context. Since surveys before 2020 lacked questions on attitudes toward same-sex marriage, we utilized the 2020 PSFD data for a cross-sectional analysis. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between gender attitudes (assessed through six questions) and attitudes toward same-sex marriage, along with examining the moderation effects of socio-demographic variables. The results revealed significant associations between embracing egalitarian gender attitudes and increased support for same-sex marriage (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] ranged from 1.34 to 2.08, 95% CI = [1.15, 2.45]). Moderation analysis indicated that this connection appeared to be more pronounced among younger individuals, those who were not currently married, and those with higher educational attainment. Individuals who are older, less educated, or married and hold negative views on gender equality should be targeted for efforts to enhance their support for same-sex marriage. Advocating for gender equality aligns with principles of equality, nondiscrimination, and recognizing fundamental rights for all, irrespective of sexual orientation.

Radiant Reflections: Crystal Boys, Rose Boy, and Taiwan's Queer History

“The essay delves into Taiwan's queer history through the lens of two pivotal events: the "Rose Boy" Incident and the publication of the groundbreaking novel, Crystal Boys. It explores the interconnectedness of these events and their lasting impact on Taiwanese society's perception of LGBT individuals. Crystal Boys, authored by Pai Hsien-yung in the repressive era of martial law, dared to depict the lives of gay men in Taipei's New Park, challenging societal norms and censorship. The New Park emerged as both a refuge and a perilous space for the gay community, where they formed bonds amidst societal oppression. The essay also discusses the subsequent activism sparked by Crystal Boys, leading to milestones like the legalization of same-sex marriage in Taiwan. Conversely, the tragic death of Ye Yongzhi, dubbed the "Rose Boy," exposed the harsh realities faced by LGBT youth in Taiwan, igniting societal outrage and calls for change. Through literary analysis and historical context, the essay illustrates how art and activism intersect to shape queer narratives and propel the fight for equality in Taiwan and beyond.”.

Marriage Equality and the Transnational Flow of Skilled Labor: The Impact of Same-Sex Marriage Legalization in the United States on the Inflow of Skilled Labor

This paper examines the impact on skilled labor migration to the United States of same-sex marriage legalization in European countries and US federal recognition of foreign same-sex marriages. Analyzing US Department of Homeland Security data, we find that European legalization decreased skilled labor admissions to the United States by 22 percent, most notably after six years. However, US recognition of foreign same-sex marriages mitigated this effect post-2013, indicating that such legalizations facilitate skilled labor movement between nations.

DEDE OETOMO: HIS STRUGGLE AGAINST DISCRIMINATION OF HOMOSEXUALITY FROM 1978 TO 2016

Dede Oetomo, born in 1953, is Indonesia’s first LGBT (currently popular with LGBTQ+) activist. He uses the LGBT organisation GAYa NUSANTARA as a vehicle for LGBT to obtain safe sex education, to gain their emancipation in same-sex marriage, and to struggle anti-social and political discrimination. In this research essay, I will explain Oetomo’s struggle from his childhood to adulthood when he struggled for the LGBT emancipation in Indonesia, a Muslim-majority country. I use qualitative method to conduct the research begun with collecting primary sources like old magazines and photos from the GAYa Nusantara website. The result of the research shows that although Oetomo has had some minor success with his LGBT organisation to gain legal same-sex marriage and abolishing discrimination against LGBT, Oetomo keeps struggling to bring LGBT emancipation acknowledged in the Indonesian law.

Marriage Equality Around the World: A Myth or Reality

Abstract: First comes love, then comes marriage, then comes the baby in the carriage." This children's riddle shows that the right to marry and start a family is granted to many, but not to all. The prominent Call for legalizing same-sex marriage is growing around the world, but whether and to what extent that acceptance will lead to amplified social acceptance of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. As the relationship of lesbian and gay couples has been considered taboo for centuries. The legalization of same-sex unions, or marriage equality, has been a persistent global concern. The rights of the LGBT+ community have seen a considerable shift in recent years, with the legalization of same-sex marriages in many nations. By 2023, 34 nations have allowed same-sex Marriage; the Netherlands was the first to do so in 2001. Only one nation in Asia (Taiwan) and one nation in Africa (South Africa) permit same-sex unions, with the majority of these nations being in Europe and the Americas. The LGBT+ community still experiences prejudice and persecution in many nations where same-sex marriage is illegal. Even the death penalty is used as punishment for homosexuality in some nations. Despite this, the initiative for marriage equality is still flourishing, with more and more nations recognizing same-sex couples' legal rights to marry and getting the same protections and advantages as opposite-sex couples.

A Pious Paradox

The divergent trajectories in the legalization of same-sex marriage amidst disparate levels of religiosity challenges conventional wisdom about the relationship between religion, state, and society. Contrary to the conventional belief that higher religiosity in countries fosters conservative views and resistance to progressive social reforms, Argentina and Chile present an intriguing anomaly. Utilizing data from the World Values Survey and examining the historical, political, and social contexts of each country, this paper seeks to understand why Argentina, with its higher religiosity and constitutional favoritism towards Catholicism, became the first Latin American country to legalize same-sex marriage in 2010, while Chile, less religious but more socially conservative, followed much later in 2021. The paper explores the divergent pre and post-dictatorship economic philosophies, governmental structures, sociopolitical landscapes and the distinct roles of the Catholic Church in 21st century Chilean and Argentine politics. It argues that in Argentina, individual political views and a vibrant civil society have developed independently of religious beliefs, fostering a political culture more open to progressive social reform. Conversely, Chile’s entrenched neoliberal policies and the Catholic Church’s sustained influence in Chilean civil society align with more conservative social values, impeding similar progress. These findings challenge the assumption that higher levels of religiosity necessarily correlate with social conservatism and underscore the complex interplay between religion, government, and social values. This research not only illuminates the nuanced dynamics at play in the legal recognition of same-sex marriage in Latin America but also suggests broader implications for understanding the impact of religiosity on political and social attitudes globally.

Beyond Gender Norms: Deepening Understanding of Transgender Individuals in Taiwan

<p>隨著同性婚姻合法化，社會對性少數議題關注增加，但跨性別相關議題仍未受到足夠重視。本文從不強調生理性別、不隨意幫人出櫃、以及適當的稱讚方式等方面，提出對跨性別者的互動需注意的要點。在臨床和日常生活中，尊重性別認同、避免刻板印象，有助於建立更友善、尊重的溝通氛圍。</p> <p> </p><p>Since the legalization of same-sex marriage in Taiwan in May 2019, Taiwanese citizens have become increasingly aware of the concerns of sexual minorities. One subgroup of sexual minorities that continues to be underappreciated is transgender individuals. This article offers several recommendations for sensitively interacting with transgender individuals, such as not emphasizing their biological sex, refraining from outing individuals against their wishes, and avoiding inappropriate words of praise. In both clinical and daily settings, respecting gender identity and avoiding stereotypes helps establish a friendly and respectful atmosphere.</p> <p> </p>

Comparative Legal Research on Same-Sex Marriage between China and Ireland

The successful legalization of same-sex marriage in Ireland has provided a model for the legalization of same-sex marriage in China. The process of legalizing same-sex marriage in Ireland began in 1993 when Ireland decriminalized private and consensual sexual activity. It took 22 years for Ireland to achieve success in legalizing same-sex marriage through a nationwide referendum in 2015. Due to differences in history, culture, religious beliefs, and social systems, China may not be able to replicate the exact experience of legalizing same-sex marriage in Ireland. However, China can still learn from a comparative study and draw valuable lessons to protect the marriage rights of the homosexual population in China. China can benefit from these experiences by implementing similar initiatives to educate the public and promote LGBTQ+ rights. By raising awareness, dispelling stereotypes, and fostering dialogue, China can gradually overcome social stigmas and create a more inclusive environment for its LGBTQ+ community. Additionally, legal frameworks and protections can be established to ensure the equal treatment of same-sex couples. Irish legislation not only legalized same-sex marriage but also granted same-sex couples the same rights and benefits as heterosexual couples, including adoption and inheritance rights. China can examine these legal provisions and adapt them to its own context, working towards creating a fair and equitable legal framework for same-sex couples. Furthermore, engaging in international dialogue and cooperation can also be beneficial for China's path towards legalizing same-sex marriage. Learning from the experiences of other countries, including Ireland, and collaborating with international organizations can provide valuable insights and support. In conclusion, while China may not be able to replicate Irish exact path to legalizing same-sex marriage, it can draw inspiration and learn from Irish experiences. By promoting awareness, fostering dialogue, enacting inclusive legal frameworks, and engaging in international cooperation, China can work towards protecting the marriage rights of its LGBTQ+ community and creating a more inclusive society.

Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage in terms of Islamic Law: a Comparative Study of Indonesia and Germany

Marriage is the behavior of creatures created by God Almighty so that life in the natural world develops well. Marriage is recommended and regulated in Islam because it has a noble purpose. As time progresses, marriages which were initially only carried out by heterosexual couples are now seeing the emergence of the phenomenon of same-sex marriages or marriages by LGBT people. What is worrying is that the LGBT phenomenon is growing rapidly in Indonesia due to increasingly open freedoms. This raises pros and cons. Same-sex marriage in Indonesia, a Muslim-majority country, has caused controversy and is considered illegal deviant behavior. However, there are also several countries in the world that have legalized same-sex marriage, including Germany, where Muslims are a minority. In 2017, Germany officially passed regulations regarding same-sex marriage including the right to adopt children. This research aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the topic of same-sex marriage among LGBT actors in Germany and Indonesia using a socio-legal approach. This research has the results of a study that the phenomenon of same-sex marriage by LGBT people that occurs in Germany and Indonesia are two different things and cannot be equated. Several factors behind this are the socio-cultural context which causes society's reactions and the implementation of government regulations regarding same-sex marriage to be different.

Strategi International Lesbian, Gay, Bixesual, Transgender, and Intersex Association (ILGA) dalam Mendorong Legalisasi Pernikahan Sesama Jenis di Taiwan

The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) is an international organization formed in 1978. ILGA was establisehd with the aim of voicing equal rights and calling for anti-discrimination against LGBT groups. Taiwan, in 2019 became the first country in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage. This policy cannot be separated from ILGA's influence. Through this writing, the authors review the strategy implemented by ILGA in supporting the legalization of same-sex marriage in Taiwan in 2019 using qualitative research methods and the policy influencer concept. This research describes ILGA's strategies, including; getting Taiwan government political support, how ILGA carries out political lobbying, building pro-LGBT alliances and encouraging dissemination and public knowledge regarding LGBT and same-sex marriage.

When to Marry, if at All?A Qualitative Exploration of How Sexual Minority Young Adults in the US Think About Marital Timing

According to prior research, the average age at first marriage has steadily increased in the US due in large part to the significance that young adults place on marriage and their evolving conceptions of marital readiness. However, despite the nationwide legalization of same-sex marriage in 2015, there is a significant oversight of sexual minorities in this research. To address this, we draw upon qualitative data collected through an online survey to explore how our sample of unmarried sexual minority young adults (N=256) think about marital timing. The results of our thematic analysis show that those in our sample often think about marital timing in terms of “checkpoints,” circumstances or conditions such as financial security, college education, and/or personal maturity that they hope to achieve prior to getting married. Our survey respondents also reported considering their families and broader norms regarding age at marriage, and even those who indicated not wanting to marry reported that they might do so if their partner wants to marry, or they suddenly need the legal rights or benefits associated with marriage. These results suggest that sexual minority young adults think about marital timing and readiness in ways that are quite like heterosexual young adults.

What Did Obergefell Change? Clearance of Intimate Partner Violence Before and After the Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage.

Historically, same-sex intimate partner violence (IPV) was ignored, and victims often experienced high rates of harassment and intimidation from police, leading to low reporting of same-sex IPV incidents, victims' unwillingness to cooperate with the police, and common arrests in such incidents. Although the Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) legalized and legitimized same-sex marriages and relationships in the U.S., mandating the inclusion of same-sex partners in protective order laws and yielding collateral benefits for victims of same-sex IPV, it is unclear if the decision has had a positive effect on same-sex IPV clearance rates. This study uses National Incident-Based Reporting System data to compare IPV clearance (arrest, dual arrest, victim noncooperation, and prosecution declined) pre (2013/2014) and post (2016/2017) Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). Regression results show no substantial changes in same-sex IPV clearance after Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). Compared to opposite-sex IPV, same-sex IPV was less likely to be cleared by arrest but much more likely to be cleared by dual arrest, victim noncooperation, and prosecution declined. Same-sex IPV involving Black couples and married partners were also less likely to be cleared by arrest but more likely to be cleared by dual arrest than Black/White same-sex IPV and incidents involving unmarried partners, respectively. Moreover, same-sex IPV victims experience unfavorable criminal justice outcomes in states with mandatory arrest policies but fare better in states that supported same-sex relationships prior to Obergefell. The implications of these findings for practice and research are discussed.

“I Would Like to, But My World Wouldn’t End If I Didn’t”: Marital Aspirations Among Sexual Minority Young Adults

Despite the legalization of same-sex marriage across the US, research on young adults’ marital aspirations has tended to overlook sexual identity altogether or focus exclusively on those who are heterosexual. To address this, in this article, I draw upon quantitative and qualitative data from an online survey to describe the marital aspirations and motivations of a convenience sample of sexual minority young adults ( N = 256). Descriptive analyses indicate that although a majority of respondents would like to marry someday, a similar number claim that getting married is not “a major life goal.” Those who want to marry cite several primary reasons, including companionship and lifelong commitment, but also qualify their marital aspirations in several ways, including by questioning both the necessity and normativity of marriage. The relatively small number of respondents do not want to marry express similar concerns and critique marriage as a heteronormative institution.

Confucian Family Ideal and Same-Sex Marriage: A Feminist Confucian Perspective

AbstractThis article engages the views of PRC Confucian scholars who responded to the United States Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy's citing of Confucius in his majority opinion on same-sex marriage in 2015. It questions their separation of tolerance for homosexuality from legalization of same-sex marriage and argue that tolerance is not enough. The arguments in the mainland Confucian discourse about same-sex marriage highlights the historical and persistent entanglement of Confucianism with patriarchy. Instead of reviving traditional patriarchal society, further entrenching and increasing gender inequality, contemporary Confucianism could shape its own unique modern society that aspires to (and hopefully one day achieving) gender equality together with sexual inclusivity by deconstructing the patriarchal Confucian family and reconstructing a different Confucian family ideal. Accepting same-sex marriage would lend weight to the latter, and there are Confucian reasons for legalizing same-sex marriage and recognizing its ethical value.

Labor Market Outcomes of Same-Sex Couples in Countries with Legalized Same-Sex Marriage

Labor Market Outcomes of Same-Sex Couples in Countries with Legalized Same-Sex Marriage