Legal Reserve Research Articles

QUANTIFYING ILLEGAL DEFORESTATION IN FRONT OF THE FOREST CODE: POTENTIALITY AND CHALLENGE

Brazil confronts a challenge to implement the Forest Code, now called Native Vegetation Protection Law (LPVN), issued in 2012 under the number 12.651/12. The law introduced new mechanisms to quantified environmental liabilities in Permanent Protection Areas (APP) and Legal Reserve Areas (RL). Thus, this study presents a methodological proposal for calculation of environmental liabilities in areas of "water" permanent preservation and legal reserve using geoprocessing tools. This way, a complex analysis was required, based on the size of the private rural properties, the type of land use/cover, and “temporal cut”, for which there is no methodology defined. The “temporal cut” was defined to fine cancel those who practiced illegal deforestation prior to 22 July 2008, thus creating the figure of the "Consolidated Productive Areas”. This methodology was tested and applied in the municipality of São Félix do Xingu-PA and the results pointed to a total environmental liability of the municipality of 178,835 hectares by 2010. According to requirements established in article 61-A, the settlements were considered rural properties with consolidated productive areas, and thus benefited by law. Despite this, it is important to improve environmental education techniques and the recovering of environmental liabilities of settlements, mainly for sustainable production purposes.

Derecho a morir dignamente desde la perspectiva del derecho disciplinario en Colombia

En Colombia, la protección jurisprudencial al derecho a morir con dignidad impuso al médico tratante nuevas responsabilidades y deberes en su ejercicio profesional, debido a la preponderancia del respeto por la dignidad, autodeterminación y autonomía de la voluntad del paciente terminal.
 Establecer si estas exigencias vulneran el código deontológico médico no ha sido sencillo, pues tuvieron que considerarse aspectos como el principio de legalidad, la reserva de ley y la objeción de conciencia en relación con las garantías constitucionales, que elevaron tal derecho a la categoría de fundamental.
 Este artículo presenta un análisis normativo y jurisprudencial del cambio de paradigma del derecho a la vida como absoluto e inviolable, para relativizarlo y analizar el paso al surgimiento del derecho fundamental a morir dignamente; además, se verifican elementos objetivos y subjetivos de este derecho, para concluir en qué circunstancias se presentaría responsabilidad médica disciplinaria.

Achieving private conservation targets in Brazil through restoration and compensation schemes without impairing productive lands

Environmental policies that require native vegetation conservation can be challenging to implement, especially in productive agricultural landscapes. In Brazil, the Brazilian Native Vegetation Protection Law mandates ‘Legal Reserves’, protected native vegetation that landowners must retain on their properties. If landowners do not have the required minimum amount of native vegetation on their properties (the Legal Reserve ‘target’), they must either restore vegetation on the same property to meet the target, or compensate by protecting existing vegetation or restoring it on another property, ideally in ecologically equivalent areas. Here, we evaluate how different strategies (on-site/off-site protection and/or restoration), and different requirements for ecological equivalence when off-site strategies are used, affect the ability to achieve Legal Reserve targets, while minimising the need to restore native vegetation on productive farmland. We used a novel iterative tool to build scenarios that reflect different combinations of strategies to meet the minimum conservation target under different requirements for ecological equivalence, and compared their ability to achieve the target and their likely cost. The Atlantic Forest was the only biome where it was not possible to achieve the Legal Reserve target by protection of existing native vegetation, even when ecological equivalence rules were relaxed. As a consequence, vegetation restoration is required in this biome. Directing this required restoration to pasturelands that are less-suitable for agriculture allowed the target to be achieved in all states of Brazil, as long as only minimal ecological equivalence was required; however, for most states, the need to restore native vegetation on productive areas on farmlands could still be avoided while requiring medium to high ecological equivalence. These findings show the potential for moderate ecological equivalence to be achieved across most of Brazil in a cost-effective way and without impairing productive lands when seeking to meet the Legal Reserve targets.

The role of ethnozoology for the mammal conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado

In this study, we investigated the ethnozoological practices adopted by the population of the São Domingo dos Olhos D´Água (SDOA) settlement for the conservation of mammals in a fragmented landscape of the Cerrado, southern Goiás State, Brazil. Initially, we surveyed the mammal fauna in the legal reserve areas of SDOA through the active search and interview. Subsequently, we applied socioeconomic and ethnozoological questionnaires to 30 people to investigate the association of these two approaches in mammal conservation. We found 14 species of large and medium-sized mammals (5 threatened species) in the SDOA settlement. More than 90% of the interviewees have a low level of scholarly education, aged between 45 to 77 years, with agriculture and livestock as their main economic activity. All interviewees have lived in the area for more than 10 years, and 67% said they do not fish and 90% do not hunt. The inhabitants of the SDOA know its mammal fauna, regardless of scholarly education or hunting and fishing practice. On the other hand, monthly income and residence time at the settlement are socioeconomic factors that affected the degree of perception about the mammals. Ethnozoological studies associated with socioeconomic factors are an important approach in predicting knowledge about local biodiversity.

Relationship between Land Property Security and Brazilian Amazon Deforestation in the Mato Grosso State during the Period 2013–2018

This research examines the relations between forest decrease and legal property security in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The study area encompasses 133,090.4 km2 of the Amazonian biome, belonging to the Brazilian Legal Amazon, located at the arc of deforestation where agriculture and cattle ranching compete with the native vegetation cover. Cadastral monitoring and certification of productive land plots are Brazil’s public policies to implement to tackle these environmental challenges. In this context, we crossed the Land Management System (SIGEF) dataset launched in 2013 from the National Institute for Agrarian Reform and the Amazon Deforestation Monitoring Program (PRODES) dataset from the Brazilian National Institute of Space Research (INPE). The analysis considered the 2013–2018 period with public and private land plots and evaluated the differences in smallholders and large landowners’ deforesting behavior. The results demonstrate that the primacy of certified properties was in private land (94%), with a small portion of the public land (6%). Most properties have <80% forest coverage on certification, corresponding to 85% on private properties and 95% on public properties. This fact is important because environmental legislation in the Amazon region establishes a legal reserve of 80% in forest areas. The results show that the smaller the property, the greater the percentage of proportional deforestation in the certification. In the biennium, considering before and after certification, a proportion of 8% of private properties and 28% of public properties with vegetation cover had deforestation. The results demonstrate the tendency for smaller properties to deforest proportionally more than larger ones. The annual difference series in properties registered in 2015 demonstrates that the highest deforestation occurrence was in the year of certification in private properties and the subsequent year in public properties. The SIGEF system is relatively new, requiring more time to establish a consolidated trend. The combination of property rights and effective compliance with environmental legislation allows the conservation of the forest. However, it is essential to improve inspection. Land ownership inserts the owner into a system of rules to properly use natural resources, constituting a legal instrument to guide human action.

Fitossociologia em fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual em reserva legal no sudoeste do estado de Goiás

In Goiás, seasonal forests structure studies are scarce, especially in fragments located in legal reserves, subject to human disturbances. Therefore, the study aimed to perform the phytosociology of a fragment of a rural property, in a seasonal semideciduous forest. We evaluated structure, richness, diversity, dispersion mechanisms, ecological groups, and species distribution patterns found in the study and floristic links between Cerrado, Amazon and Atlantic Forest. In a one-hectare sample plot, all live trees with a diameter at breast height ≥ 10 cm were measured. The values of density and basal area were 561 ind.ha-1 and 26.2 m².ha-1, respectively. We recorded 37 species with diversity indices (H’) of 2.36 and evenness (J’) of 0.65. Toulicia reticulata, Chaetocarpus echinocarpus, Bocageopsis mattogrossensis and Nectandra cuspidata were species with the highest importance value, corresponding to 69% and 65% of all density and basal area, respectively. Fabaceae obtained the highest floristic richness, with six species, although it was little represented in terms of abundance. Our results suggest that the fragment is a mature forest in good conservation status. This is reinforced by the high size of trees, in addition to the predominance of zoochoric (83.8%) and secondary (92.1%) individuals in the survey.

Will farmers seek environmental regularization in the Amazon and how? Insights from the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) questionnaires

The future availability and quality of natural resources essential to life such as ecosystem services and biodiversity depend on the conservation and restoration of native vegetation. The Brazilian Native Vegetation Protection Law (NVPL) requires farmers to conserve a minimum percentage of native vegetation within their properties as Legal Reserves (LR) as well as riparian forests and hilltops as Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs). To monitor the conservation and facilitate the compliance of these areas, the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and the Environmental Regularization Program (PRA) were created. However, so far, little is known about farmers' interest in joining the PRA and the actions they intend to take to correct their past illegal deforestation. This article explores a unique dataset comprising of the individual answers of 97 thousand farmers in the states of Pará and Mato Grosso given to the Brazilian Forest Service in the process of joining at the national rural environmental registry system. We found that the adherence to the PRA is positively correlated with recognition of the LR deficit and the size of the rural property. Also medium and large landowners and crop producers tend to seek compliance by taking actions outside the farm (compensation), while small farmers and squatters are more likely to act inside their own areas (restoration). Understanding farmers’ interests and options for LR compliance can contribute for the formulation of more effective implementation strategies for PRA and NVPL.

ANÁLISE CONTEMPORÂNEA DOS PRINCÍPIOS NORTEADORES DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO INDIRETA

The main objective of this article was to deal with the fundamental principles that fall within the scope of Indirect Administration, which must be observed in the creation and functioning of administrative entities. Therefore, the present work dealt specifically about the principle of legal reserve, specialty, and control (or binding).

PHYTOGEOGRAPHY AND FLORISTICS OF THE ARBOR COMPONENT IN UNIÃO DO VEGETAL TERRITORIES INTENDED FOR THE CULTIVATION OF BANISTERIOPSIS CAAPI AND PSYCHOTRIA VIRIDIS IN RONDÔNIA

The territorial expansion of Amazonian religions that make ritual use of Ayahuasca / Hoasca, in Rondônia, has been associated to the maintenance of forested areas and recovery of degraded areas associated with the cultivation of Banisteriopsis caapi [(SpruceexGriseb.) CV Morton] and Psychotria viridis (Ruiz & Pav.) in agroforestry systems (SAFs). The present research had as objective to carry out the floristic survey and to analyze the composition and structure of the arboreal component of the forest fragments and agroforestry of territorial areas of União do Vegetal, one of the Hoasca religious matrices, in each phytoecological region of its comprehension in Rondônia. For this, non-probabilistic samples were performed on 08 rural properties in the delimited territory. In the selected areas, disjoint plots of 50 x 20 m (0.1 ha) were plotted, totaling 23 plots and 2.3 ha of area sampled, and then phytosociological parameters were calculated in the FITOPAC 2.1 application. Floristic surveys and phytosociological parameters presented satisfactory results regarding the conservation of phytodiversity in these areas according to the phytoecological region in which they are found. The occurrence of species in the Near Threatened and Vulnerable (VU) status by RedList shows the importance of these territories to conservation. In the case of samples in cultivated areas of the ritual species, these results were superior to other Agroforestry Systems, and in 75% of the samples better than the own areas of forest destined to the Legal Reserve of the same property.

PAYMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES (PES): CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR RURAL PRODUCERS AT SENHORA DE OLIVEIRA, MINAS GERAIS

Payment for Environmental Services (PES) is an important tool for environmental conservation and is a relevant practice in many countries for the maintenance of forests. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate challenges and opportunities of implementing a Payment for Environmental Services program in the municipality of Senhora de Oliveira, Minas Gerais. Socioeconomic and environmental diagnosis was performed using the Rapid Participatory Diagnosis technique. The total of 20 socioeconomic and environmental questionnaires were applied in the municipality, aiming to know in detail the local reality, raising potentialities and demands. The number of members of the 20 families that participated in the rural diagnosis was 72, of which 36 were men and 36 were women, with an average of 3.6 persons per family. Of the 20 rural properties that participated in the rural diagnosis, 35% have delimited RL areas and none of them has a management plan. The exploration of Legal Reserve occurs in 15% of the evaluated properties, being the production of firewood and cuttings the predominant activity. The average value of disposition receivable by rural producers was R$ 220.00 ha-1year-1, in which the producers who did not respond to this question were not considered. The municipality of Senhora de Oliveira, Minas Gerais has the necessary conditions to implement the PES, however the producers still do not receive any incentive to provide environmental services. If this process of PES is implemented, there will certainly be advances in environmental conservation and will bring social benefits throughout the region.

La Experiencia de la Reserva Legal en Brasil: Una Opción de Conservación en Propiedades Rurales.

La Reserva Legal (RL) es un instrumento de protección el cual busca conservar una parte de los recursos naturales en propiedades rurales de Brasil. Desde hace casi un siglo ha sido centro de debates entre productores agropecuarios y ambientalistas. Siendo este un instrumento peculiar de Brasil, a través de una revisión bibliográfica, en este estudio se busca explicar el proceso de evolución de la RL en Brasil con base en su contribución, incluso para la agricultura. Actualmente, parte de los productores apoyan la permanencia de la RL como respuesta a mercados más exigentes con el medio ambiente. Ya habiéndose superado el 100% del registro de dichas áreas y con un cumplimiento del 80% la RL empieza a cumplir su función. La mejor comprensión de este instrumento nos permite evaluar su potencialidad para ser utilizada como herramienta para la conservación en diferentes países.

USO E CONSERVAÇÃO DAS ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO PERMANENTE E DE RESERVA LEGAL POR MORADORES DO ASSENTAMENTO BOA VISTA, PONTA PORÃ, MS

Os assentamentos rurais devem ser estruturados com base em princípios socioambientais que promovam a integração humano-natureza, de maneira que se estabeleça a agricultura camponesa de uma forma social, econômica e ambientalmente justa e sustentável. Entretanto, muitos moradores acabam aderindo à produção de commodities, que muitas vezes avança sobre Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) e de Reserva Legal (RL). Esse trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o uso e conservação das APPs e RLs pelos moradores do Assentamento Boa Vista, município de Ponta Porã, Mato Grosso do Sul. Avalia também o uso de agrotóxicos pelas famílias e em quais atividades produtivas eles são empregados. A maioria dos moradores entrevistados (73%) afirmou não saber quais atividades produtivas são permitidas de serem desenvolvidas nas áreas de APP e RL. Apesar disso, 46% afirmaram desenvolver algum tipo de atividade nessas áreas, sendo que a apicultura foi apontada por 27%, a agricultura por 4%, e 15% não quiseram dizer qual atividade produtiva desenvolve nas áreas de APP e RL. Uma parte significativa dos proprietários (42%) utiliza agrotóxicos, empregados principalmente no cultivo da soja, sendo o glifosato o mais utilizado. Os resultados do estudo evidenciam um cenário onde boa parte dos moradores produzem soja com o emprego de agrotóxicos ou arrendam parte da área de seus lotes para que terceiros a produzam. Este modelo de cultivo de monocultura coloca em risco a soberania alimentar da comunidade, uma vez que diminui drasticamente o espaço para o cultivo diversificado de alimentos saudáveis, livres de agrotóxicos, gerando fortes impactos socioambientais.

Granger Causality Test of Net Interest Margin and Liquidity

The study aims to compute causality Granger test on Net Interest Margin (NIM) and liquidity Bank Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2014-2018. Variable of liquidity uses proxies Legal Reserve Requirement (LRR) and Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR). The statistics tool is E-Views 8th with Granger Causality test. The Data research is financial statement Bank in IDX. We provide finding in the relationship among NIM, LRR and liquidity ratio Bank. We found result that there is Granger causality NIM and LRR, NIM and Loan to Deposit Ratio (liquidity) and Reserve Requirement and LDR. The study is beneficial for management bank to make policy in net interest margin and liquidity, for future research to develop empirical literature in net interest margin, Legal Reserve Requirement and Loan to Deposit Ratio.

Logging residues for charcoal production through forest management in the Brazilian Amazon: economic gains and forest regrowth effects

Sustainable forest management (SFM) practices can potentially reverse loss of forest cover due to deforestation, while concomitantly preserving and maintaining biodiversity, and stimulating jobs, income, and forest services. Recent studies found that significant logging residues (LR) (i.e. leaves, branches, and buttress roots) suitable for bioenergy production were often left in the felling area, triggering risks of forest fires and increased CO2 emissions due to wildfires or decomposition processes. For impact assessment of forest management practices, we collected primary harvesting data and estimated net primary productivity (NPP) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) for 13 forest plots in the Brazilian Amazon. We applied a process-based forestry growth model (BGC-Man) to analyze the impacts on forest dynamics of selective logging and removal of LR, subject to landscape, soil texture, and daily weather. We explored the following selective logging scenarios: the Legal Reserve (i.e. reference) scenario, a scenario with one cutting cycle over the whole period, and a scenario with three timber rotation periods of 30 yr. Two of the later scenarios were complemented with harvesting of the woody LR (Ø ⩾ 10 cm) for charcoal production. For each scenario, we computed forest NPP and NEE over a 120 yr time horizon. Results suggest that using woody LR (i.e. 77% of total LR) for charcoal production would result in an economic gain equivalent to 24%–46% of the timber price. Our findings indicate that under scenarios where LR were removed, forest NPP recovered to the reference level and even higher, while income and jobs from harvesting LR for charcoal production were generated. We conclude that SFM could enhance forest productivity and deliver economic benefit from otherwise unexploited LR.

Technical feasibility of forest management

The Cerrado domain is considered as one of the global hotspots, although studies upon management in this vegetation type have many gaps in the forest literature. Thus, it’s important to propose viable alternatives to its use. This study aimed to evaluate the technical feasibility of forest management in a legal reserve of cerrado sensu stricto in Minas Gerais state, as support to the local increased demand for firewood. A forest inventory was applied from systematic samplings of 10 plots, based on the diameter criteria at 0.30 m above ground (DAG) ≥ than 5 cm. The Shannon diversity index (H') and Pielou's equability (J) were used. Furthermore, diametric distribution models and the diameter classes were evaluated by De Liocourt quotient. We observed that the Shannon diversity was 2.61 nats.ind-¹ and the Pielou (J) equability was 0.74. The De Liocourt quotient showed a non-constant mean value of 1.97 between the diameter classes. None of the fitted models showed results likewise the frequency observed in the study. The total wood volume estimated was 2,189.6765 m³. The study area possibly suffered anthropic interventions, resulting both low volumetric yield and species diversity. Thus, the forest management to the legal reserve area was considered unfeasible, as it does not present technical sustainability.

Titularidad de los servicios de telecomunicaciones y regulación tarifaria. Límites a las facultades normativas de la administración

The vertiginous technological advance and the new telecommunications services defy the normative principles of legal source underpinning the regulation of telecommunications and encourage the administration to regulate its contents, threatening to subtract Force to the principle of legal reserve which extends by constitutional mandate. So, the regime of granting concessions and permissions and the tariff regulation of services have kept the law as exclusive source of its regulation, however the exclusivity could be diminished to the increasing regulatory capacity you are recognized to the administration. The treatment that the law makes respect to both subjects is analyzed, its historical evolution, the role that infra-legal regulation has played in these matters and the constitutional safeguards that are presented as limits to the regulatory capacity of the administration.

Aeronaves remotamente pilotadas e suas aplicações no manejo agrícola e ambiental

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma pesquisa bibliográfica da produção científica sobre aeronaves remotamente pilotadas (remotely piloted aircrafts – RPAs), popularmente conhecidas como “drones”, relatando aspectos históricos, avanços tecnológicos e as diferentes aplicações no manejo agrícola e ambiental. Inicialmente, a tecnologia de RPAs foi usada em aplicações militares, principalmente na Guerra do Golfo, mas suas primeiras aplicações militares datam da década de 1950, e, na década de 1920, já se projetavam as primeiras RPAs para fins bélicos. Recentemente, tem ocorrido um avanço tecnológico nos sistemas baseados em RPAs, e, a partir do final da década de 1990, suas aplicações não mais ficariam restritas ao uso militar, passando, então, a ser usadas por civis em diversos segmentos de mercado. Os exemplos mais evidentes ocorreram na construção civil, na agricultura e na gestão ambiental. Isso se deve ao fato de as RPA apresentarem imagens aéreas com alta resolução espacial e temporal, complementando, assim, os dados disponibilizados por plataformas de satélite e terrestres. Diversos sensores de altíssima qualidade estão sendo projetados e usados nas RPA. São sensores capazes de medir a temperatura da superfície terrestre, captar a luz infravermelha irradiada pela vegetação e mensurar a altura de elementos presentes na superfície terrestre. O uso de RPA abre um novo caminho para cenários ambientais e agrícolas, especialmente por ser uma ferramenta que possibilita a resposta imediata, a tempo para intervenções rápidas em áreas agrícolas, como também em áreas de reserva legal e de preservação permanente degradadas.

Rapid survey of bats (Chiroptera) in the Atlantic Forest in eastern Sergipe, Brazil: unexpected diversity in a fragmented landscape

Despite advances in recent decades, the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil is still one of the least studied regions of the country, regarding, for instance, the bat fauna. The present study reports on the results of a rapid survey of the bat fauna of a fragmented landscape in the Atlantic Forest of eastern Sergipe, in the legal forest reserve of Fazenda Santana, a commercial sugarcane plantation located in the adjoining municipalities of Japoatã and Pacatuba. We recorded 272 bats belonging to 23 species and four families, from which 265 individuals from 18 species from two families (Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae) were captured in the mist-nets, and seven individuals of six species from four families (Emballonuridae, Molossidae, Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae) were recorded during the active searches. This species richness was higher than that found in previous studies in the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil. Lasiurus blossevillii and Micronycteris minuta were recorded in Sergipe for the first time, increasing to 57 the number of bat species known to occur in this state. The use of alternative strategies (such as active search and sampling one night per point, seeking to areas with greater availability of resources) in rapid surveys may contribute to the compilation of a more robust sampling, reinforcing the usefulness of this approach for the inventory of the bat fauna of a given region.

The Configuration of Forest Cover in Ribeirão Preto: A Diagnosis of Brazil’s Forest Code Implementation

The fragmentation of forests is a consequence of human activities that intensively change the natural landscapes. In Brazil, there is a long-standing legal framework for native vegetation protection, called Forest Code. The last update is from 2012. The revisions incorporated in this restructured code (Law No. 12,651/12) encompassed new rules, rights and obligations for adequate land use management of productive systems and for environmental conservation and protection. An example of a protective measure was the creation of a Legal Reserve inside the rural properties and Areas of Permanent Protection around the watercourses. This study explored the effects of implementing the new code on the spatial and temporal evolution of forest cover fragmentation since the legal changes were set up. In that context, the area, perimeter and shape (circularity index) of forest fragments, as well as the buffer strips along watercourses, were assessed from 2010 to 2016 within the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo state, Brazil. The assessment resorted to remote sensing techniques and visual inspection of orbital images. It was clear from the results that forest patches became more abundant but smaller, more dispersed and elongated, and that this route to fragmentation was hinged on a chaotic expansion of urban and agricultural areas. Important edge effects were anticipated from these results. The area numbers revealed that Ribeirão Preto was 7.95% covered with forest fragments in 2010, while this percentage rose to 8.03% in 2013 and reached 8.35% in 2016. Most of this increase occurred within a 30-meter wide buffer along the watercourses. This was a positive outcome. However, the numbers also revealed that forested areas smaller than 51 hectares increased from 71% in 2010 to 73% in 2016. The conclusions were that implementation of Law No. 12,651/12 is leading to an increase of forestland, but not yet promoting sustainability, namely through improved connectivity among fragments for reduction of edge effects and provision ecosystem services.

Arboreal diversity in dairy-producing properties in the Arroio da Seca micro-river basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

The Deciduous Seasonal Forest (DSF) in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) is fragmented and partially protected by environmental legislation [Legal Reservation (LR) and Permanent Preservation Area (PPA)]. The aim of this study was to characterize diversity of the arboreal species situated in LR and PPA of 12 dairy-producing properties in the Arroio da Seca micro-river basin. A total of 398 plots with 100m² were used, and height, perimeter, and species were recorded. Phytosociological parameters were calculated using an electronic spreadsheet. Richness of 130 species was recorded as well as a Shannon-Wiener index of 3.79 (0.04). Ninety percent of the sampled area is in the early and intermediate stages of regeneration and most species with high importance value are typical of secondary vegetation. The PPA had higher estimated richness and diversity than the LR; however, there was higher infestation of exotic species in the PPA.