Legal Options Research Articles

Tinjauan Politik Hukum Oposisi dalam Pembentukan Undang-Undang Pemberantasan Korupsi

The election of President Jokowi Dodo to the political elite seems to show intimacy in terms of policy formation. This can be seen in the formation of the draft KPK law which is basically not included in the national legislative program but was promulgated in a very short time and with a substance that seems to weaken Ad Hoc institutions. The Corruption Eradication Commission Bill has been passed and if changes are desired, it must involve all components of society, both legal experts and students. Seeing this, there is an instant and legal option, namely the establishment of government regulations in lieu of law. However, political conditions speak otherwise, in which all political parties do not want a Perpu. The role of the opposition is needed here as a balance controller who prioritizes the benefit of the people. Therefore, this research aims to review the role of the opposition in controlling the plan to establish the Corruption Eradication Law so that it remains fair in society. The research method used is a qualitative research method with a literature study approach. The research results show that basically the opposition acts as a check and balance against the government in power, such as monitoring the government, criticizing government policies, conveying community aspirations, providing alternative leadership, encouraging public discussion and debate. This aims to continue to prioritize the interests of the community.

UPAYA HUKUM PENYELESAIAN WANPRESTASI DALAM PERJANJIAN SEWA MENYEWA KENDARAAN

This journal looks at the legal options available to settle cases involving late payments, such as those involving car rentals and rental contracts. This study's primary goal is to examine the different default settlement options and take into account potential obstacles and solutions for the parties concerned. A combination of empirical research and normative legal analysis is one of the research methodologies employed. This information was gathered by reading up on relevant laws and regulations, reviewing legal literature, and examining court cases involving violations of car rental agreements. According to research, there are a number of ways to resolve payment defaults, including court cases, arbitration, and mediation. The most popular remedies include the time and money needed for the settlement resolution process, as well as the complexity of the law.

DESIGN OF CRYPTOCURRENCY INVESTMENT TRANSACTION MODEL AS AN EFFORT TO INCREASE STATE REVENUE THROUGH DIGITAL ASSET INSTRUMENT RATES AND TAXES IN INDONESIA

This research will discuss the design of cryptocurrency transaction models as an effort to increase state income. The main factor that must be met in order to be legal in Indonesia is special regulations related to cryptocurrency. Developing special regulations related to cryptocurrency is actually an important step for the Indonesian state. For example, in developed countries such as the United States, Japan and Singapore, tax regulations related to cryptocurrency have been prepared. Especially at this time, technological developments, especially digital or virtual systems, are very rapid. So it can be predicted that various new virtual currencies that are similar or even more sophisticated and more complex than the ones that exist today will continue to emerge in the future. Determining the basis for tax levies for Cryptocurrency digital assets needs to be done based on the virtual currency units or also based on their value when converted to foreign currency such as rupiah or USD. Apart from that, it is also necessary to classify the type of tax that will be imposed on Cryptocurrency, whether it will be the object of income tax (PPh 21), profit income tax on exchange rate differences or income tax on capital gains (PPh article 4 paragraph 2) or VAT. This research actually started with attention to the many demands from Bitcoin users in Indonesia who wanted to have legal protection rights in the cryptocurrency transaction process, because in several other countries such as Singapore Bitcoin has become a legal financial investment option and is regulated and supervised by the government and the State Financial Authority. the. So the researcher intends to study in more depth how the Cryptocurrency transaction system can be supervised and controlled by the government, so that later a "Legal Cryptocurrency" Regulation can emerge with a "Digital Asset Transaction Tax" quotation system to be able to accommodate several interests of the Indonesian public and government.

Assessment of in vitro efficacy for common surface disinfectants and antiseptics against Tritrichomonas foetus trophozoites.

The protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus causes early embryonic death in cattle, there are no legal options for treating this parasite in the United States, and there are few developed protocols for cleaning veterinary and obstetrical equipment that may have been contaminated with trophozoites. In this study, we evaluated bleach, ethanol, acetic acid, chlorhexidine gluconate, and hydrogen peroxide solutions for the ability to kill trophozoites in vitro. Our findings suggested that ethanol and bleach could adequately disinfect tools and equipment. Acetic acid, chlorhexidine, and hydrogen peroxide had applications as surface disinfectants in addition to potential as local topical treatments due to their past uses in veterinary theriogenology. Chlorhexidine gluconate demonstrated trophocidal effects by damaging parasite cell membranes and had the lowest effective concentration 50 (EC50) of any compound tested and was in the micromolar range. These findings, in conjunction with accepted clinical uses of chlorhexidine gluconate suggest that this is a convenient agent for disinfecting equipment. In addition, topical use of chlorhexidine is relatively common, setting the stage for further investigation of this compound as a topical therapeutic option for bovine trichomonosis.

Illegal product purchasing in the experimental tobacco marketplace: Effects of menthol cigarette and cigarette ventilation ban

BackgroundTobacco regulations may increase demand for illegal cigarettes. We use the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace to estimate the impact of banning menthol cigarettes (Experiment 1) and decreasing allowable cigarette filter ventilation levels (Experiment 2). MethodsCrowdsourced participants were randomized into one of four groups (2×2 factorial design). Experiment 1 included menthol availability (yes/no) by purchasing option (legal only vs illegal available). Experiment 2 included filter-vented cigarettes availability (yes/no) by purchasing option (legal only vs illegal available). Participants were given an individualized budget to purchase tobacco. Percent budget spent was the outcome measure. ResultsExperiment 1, with a legal marketplace only, non-menthol cigarette purchasing was lower (p=0.010) and electronic-cigarette purchasing was higher (p=0.016), when cigarettes were banned compared to when they were available. With an illegal marketplace, switching to legal non-menthol cigarettes was less likely (p<0.001) and purchasing illegal menthol cigarettes was higher (p<0.001), when cigarettes were banned compared to when they were available. Experiment 2, with a legal marketplace only, cigarette purchasing was lower (p=0.010), when the participant's filtered vented cigarettes were banned compared to when they were available. With an illegal marketplace, purchasing the legal low-ventilated cigarette option was lower (p<0.001) and significant differences in illegal filter-vented cigarette purchasing were not observed, when their filter-vented cigarettes were banned compared to when they were available legally. ConclusionsWithout an illegal option, both restrictions decreased cigarette purchasing, but the menthol ban increased e-cigarette purchasing. With an illegal option, a menthol ban increased illegal cigarette purchasing, but decreasing filter ventilation did not.

Western US Residents’ Knowledge of Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Their Management on Federal Public Lands

Wild free-roaming (WFR) horses (Equus ferus caballus) occur on lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management and US Forest Service in 10 western US states. Little is known about public knowledge concerning management of WFR horse populations. In 2020, we conducted a survey to assess public knowledge with the intent of establishing baseline information that may be used to shape horse management programs and policies on the nation's public lands. We obtained responses from 1 124 residents of the western United States. Our survey asked eight knowledge-based questions of WFR horse ecology and management in the western United States. We conducted chi-square analyses to determine the influence of age, gender, region of residence, and income on respondents’ ability to answer these questions appropriately. Our results indicate that these demographic characteristics had little predictive ability to explain the level of the western US public's knowledge of WFR horse ecology and management (for all comparisons, λ < 0.10). Furthermore, our respondents had little knowledge of WFR ecology and management. Approximately 30% of respondents correctly identified WFR horse origins, 8% correctly indicated WFR horse population size, and 37.5% indicated that they were unaware of legal management options. The lack of basic understanding of WFR horse ecology and management may influence the public's ability to support management efforts or determine fact from propaganda. Approximately 60% of the respondents indicated they primarily used government, university, and organization websites when seeking information. Efforts to increase dissemination of facts on multiple venues, such as social media, websites, and newspapers that link back to government and university websites, could increase public support of future management actions. Additionally, the announcement of management actions, such as round-ups, should consistently include basic background information regarding WFR horse ecology and populations to ensure that the public can make informed conclusions.

A survey study of stalking victims’ experiences of the health-related effects of stalking and their experiences of engaging with health care practitioners

This study aimed to assess the impact stalking has on the physical and psychological wellbeing of survivors and their experiences of accessing of health services. To achieve this a self-assessment questionnaire was developed, circulated through social media channels and promoted on the websites of support services for people who experience stalking. There were 105 respondents to a survey, all who self-defined as being victims of stalking. Results indicated that prior to stalking events, 86% of participants reported no health issues. However, when reviewing health issues after having been stalked, 74% did report health problems. We also found that 23% of survivors experienced some physical injury as a result of being stalked. Results also indicated that while only 30% of participants reported ongoing psychological or mental health problems before stalking, this rose to 95% experiencing such difficulties following stalking events. Healthcare services were accessed due to stalking by 60% of participants and a further 8% of participants accessed the service due to domestic violence. Given the serious impact stalking can have, it is essential that victims have access to appropriate health care services. Conclusions centre around the appropriate training of Health care professionals (HCPs) to recognise when a patient might be a victim of stalking and how to provide appropriate support. Healthcare services could be tailored to the unique needs of stalking victims and be available in multiple locations, including hospitals, primary care settings, and online. Findings also indicate that HCPs also need to understand the different forms of stalking and how to respond appropriately. Additionally, it is important to provide support in terms of safety planning, providing information about legal options, and providing referrals to other appropriate services. The results are discussed in context to the current literature.

Barriers to connecting with the voluntary assisted dying system in Victoria, Australia: A qualitative mixed method study.

Voluntary assisted dying (VAD) is increasingly being legalised internationally. In Australia, all six states have now passed such laws, with Victoria being the first in 2019. However, early research in Victoria on the patient experience of seeking VAD shows that finding a connection to the VAD system is challenging. This study analyses the causes of this 'point of access' barrier. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with family caregivers and a person seeking VAD, with participants recruited via social media and patient interest groups. Data were thematically analysed. We also undertook documentary analysis (content and thematic) of publicly available reports from the oversight body, the Voluntary Assisted Dying Review Board. We interviewed 32 family caregivers and one patient across 28 interviewsand analysed six Board reports. Finding a point of access to the VAD system was reported as challenging in both interviews and reports. Four specific barriers to connecting with the system were identified: (1) not knowing VAD exists as a legal option; (2) not recognising a person is potentially eligible for VAD; (3) not knowing next steps or not being able to achieve them in practice; and (4) challenges with patients being required to raise the topic of VAD because doctors are legally prohibited from doing so. Legal, policy and practice changes are needed to facilitate patients being able to find a connection to the VAD system. The legal prohibition on doctors raising the topic of VAD should be repealed, and doctors and institutions who do not wish to be involved in VAD should be required to connect patients with appropriate contacts within the system. Community awareness initiatives are needed to enhance awareness of VAD, especially given it is relatively new in Victoria. Families and a patient were the focus of this research and interviews with them about the experience of seeking VAD were the primary source of data analysed. This article includes their solutions to address the identified point of access barriers. Patient interest groups also supported the recruitment of participants.

The Role of China in Enhancing Global Supply Chains: Legal Obstacles and Solutions

Because of its low-cost, highly educated and abundant labour, improved infrastructure, and foreign direct investment, China, a developing nation, has played a crucial role in enhancing global supply chains (SCs) in recent decades. However, the implementation of domestic and global SCs needs to be improved with new measures in China’s legal system. The Chinese government should remove current barriers to improve the trading climate. Even though various analysts have identified the same issue, there needs to be a more focused examination of laws on environmental protection, customs, and tax. As a result, I aim to explain the legal options that may be used to overcome some of the current legal barriers, and the role that the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) plays in creating favourable legal rulings for China’s global SCs. Nonetheless, more is needed, and further legislation is needed to address several legal deficiencies. The goal of this article is to support increasing the Chinese government’s concern over the issues so that it can improve domestic and global SCs. Global Supply Chains, Green Supply Chain, Sustainability, UNCITRAL, China

Infant Button Battery Injury and Death (IBBID)

Infant button battery injury and death (IBBID) is a known worldwide risk for pre-school age children. An ingested button battery that lodges in a child’s oesophagus will be fatal for the child if the button battery is not promptly removed. Button batteries of 20 mm diameter (e.g. CR2032) present a serious risk of such lodgement if ingested, they are in common usage (for example in many car key-fobs), and are readily available in supermarkets. Where such a button battery is removed (say by medical intervention) the child may be permanently disabled. It is the diameter of such button batteries (≥20 mm) that leads to lodgement and the electrical charge of such batteries that will cause tissue chemical burn, which, will likely be fatal if the burn creates a fistula (tunnel) through to an organ adjacent to the oesophagus (e.g., a tracheoesophageal fistula joins the windpipe and the gullet). Seven legal options for action are considered in the present paper, with ratings of cost, duration, and potential sources of funding (for the UK): Class action; Representative action; Individual action; Prevention of Future Death Report; Household insurance; Judicial review; and medical negligence. At present injured children ‘suffer in silence’ and some die, but if the harms of IBBID are sufficiently monetised, then it can be anticipated that the dangerous button batteries will price themselves out of the market and manufacturers and suppliers will seek alternatives (e.g. different size, different chemistry, different design).

Reciprocity as Security: Reconsidering Third Country Access to European Critical Infrastructure Procurement

EU public procurement law provides different options for preventing geopolitically undesirable dependency on third country suppliers in critical infrastructure. Their effectiveness solely depends, however, on the willingness of national authorities to use those. Recently, the EU therefore adopted the International Procurement Instrument (IPI) Regulation, within the sphere of the Common Commercial Policy (CCP), to condition the access to public contracts for third country entities on reciprocity. This article explores the security dimension of this issue. After generally considering the role of sovereignty as a limit to international trade, the article specifies the security risks which may arise in a public procurement context and sets out the legal options for Member States to address those. The article then discusses how security intrinsically shapes CCP instruments and how the new regulation could indicate a shift in the EU’s role, from facilitating legal options for Member States, towards the Commission itself restricting the market access for certain third countries. Although such bans ought to be based on a lack of reciprocity rather than security, in times of weaponized dependencies the security dimension is undeniable. When considering interdependence as a stabilizing force in international relations, reciprocity itself has in fact become a security objective. EU law, Public Procurement, National Security, Critical Infrastructure, Common Commercial Policy, International Procurement Instrument, Economic Interdependence, Sovereignty, World Trade Organization, Government Procurement Agreement

Transfer of Foster Parents' Assets to Foster Children from the Perspective of Islamic Law

Purpose of the study Families that do not have children, not a few who do childcare or adoption. The child being cared for can be from a close family or from someone else&#x0D; Methodology: This research uses the literature study method which relies on bibliographic sources from books and articles in scientific journals related to the subject matter, reading data with the thoughts of experts with a constructive approach and interpretation of the main content&#x0D; Main Findings: voluntary legal action, which is based on the free will of the testator as the owner of the property. However, based on the word of Allah surah al-Baqarah (2) verse 180, the will law is obligatory, namely to give a share to parents or relatives who do not receive the inheritance because they are hijab (mahjub), or cannot become heirs because they are obstructed (mamnu).&#x0D; Novelty/Originality of this study: The inheritance which was carried out in Gajah village, Ngoro sub-district, Jombang Regency, did not have a clear basis, namely regarding which legal options would be used in the distribution of the inheritance, or who should be the heirs and those who are entitled to inheritance.

P-403 Oocyte usage and disposition outcomes following oocyte cryopreservation

Abstract Study question What is the fate of cryopreserved oocytes? Summary answer Very few people return to use their cryopreserved oocytes in assisted reproduction and while some surplus oocytes are donated for reproduction, the majority are discarded. What is known already The number of oocyte cryopreservation cycles performed around the world dramatically outpaces the number of people who return to use their oocytes in assisted reproduction. This imbalance is leading to the rapid accumulation of oocytes in cryostorage. Previous studies have reported that many people intend to donate their surplus cryopreserved oocytes, and some commentators suggest that this may help relieve donor shortages. However, there have been no reports to date about what actually happens to surplus oocytes following oocyte cryopreservation. Study design, size, duration A retrospective cohort study was performed, analysing the outcomes for cryopreserved oocytes from 2012 - 2022. Participants/materials, setting, methods Data were collected from seven IVF clinics, located in Victoria, Australia. De-identified data were aggregated on the outcomes following oocyte cryopreservation, including duration of cryostorage, assisted reproduction involving thawed oocytes, and disposition outcomes of surplus oocytes. Main results and the role of chance Across the study period, the number of patients with oocytes in storage grew rapidly from 144 in 2012 to 2015 in 2022. Regarding the current status of oocytes in storage, in 2022, 73% of patients had had their oocytes in storage for &amp;lt;5 years; 25% for 5 - 10 years, and 2% for ≥10 years. The majority of oocyte thaw cycles (600/645) involved oocytes frozen for &amp;lt;5 years; of which 47% were frozen for &amp;lt;6 months. Overall, the live birth rate from the total number of oocyte thaw cycles initiated was 12% (78/645), however, this varied depending on the reason oocytes were frozen. In comparison to the number of patients still with oocytes in storage, very few patients relinquished surplus oocytes across the study period (2015 vs 151, respectively). Of the 128 patients whose surplus oocytes were discarded, 32% had had their oocytes stored for &amp;lt;5 years; 32% for 5-10 years, and 36% for &amp;gt;10 years. Among patients who elected to donate their surplus oocytes (n = 23), all but four patients made this decision having had their oocytes in storage for &amp;lt;5 years. Although a legal option in Australia, no oocytes were donated to research over the period analysed. Limitations, reasons for caution Data were collected from one fertility group based in one state of Australia, thus it may not be representative of wider trends seen across other clinics or states/territories. Further, specific state laws govern the management, storage, and use of surplus oocytes, which may influence the reported disposition outcomes. Wider implications of the findings Our findings suggest that cryopreserved oocytes are rarely used or donated, rather they are left in storage, often for long durations. To relieve some of the pressure this may create on cryostorage facilities, more attention is needed to better understand the experience of oocyte disposition and the barriers to donation. Trial registration number not applicable

SARS-COV-2: THE 2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS

The Nationwide Lockdown has been a major part of the planning of government to overcome the pandemic COVID -19 which includes complete shutdown of businesses, disrupted food supply chains, extended limits of time slots and terminated contacts. This pandemic leads to unorganized economic sector with loss at its peak. There has been a total shutdown in all the areas, leaving individuals who are most adversely affected with few or no legal options. On the other hand, the lockdown has assisted in reducing the disease's transmission throughout the society while allowing for a legal and legislative examination of this action that has thus far escaped scrutiny. In the seventh week of the lockdown, it was crucial and appropriate that we assessed the overall legality of the lockdown as well as all the actions the Indian government has taken to combat COVID-19. According the Laws governing this lockdown, it is well known that the State governments and district authorities have implemented a lockdown in accordance with instructions from the Union Ministry of Home Affairs under the Disaster Management Act of 2005whose intentions were “to provide for the effective management of disasters and for the matters which are connected there with incidental thereto”. On March 24, 2020, the NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority) and NEA (National Executive Committee) which were established at the direction of the Prime Minister and chaired by the Home Secretary respectively, they issued orders and guidelines to Union Ministers. To prevent the spread of COVID-19, state governments and relevant authorities should take appropriate, lawful action. They should also follow any instructions that specify which businesses should be closed and which services should be discontinued during this lockdown period. The government issued instructions to impose “social distancing” and the isolation measures to remain “under strict home quarantine” and people to “stay at home and come out only when it is necessary for basic necessities and essential services while following social distancing norms”.

The ability of financial support of the educational sphere in the process of financial decentralization of the region: economic and legal aspect

The article considers the possibility of optional implementation of financial and educational decentralization approaches in Ukraine. The strategic role of CMU Order No. 333-r dated April 1, 2014 on the approval of the Concept of Reforming Local Self-Government and Territorial Organization of Power in Ukraine as a conceptual measure of financial and educational transformations is outlined. The legal status and legal options of educational self-government at the level of OTG are defined in accordance with the national "normative basis of decentralization": the Law of Ukraine "On the Voluntary Association of Territorial Communities" No. 157-VIII, the Law of Ukraine "On the Principles of State Regional Policy" No. 156-VIII, etc., as well as relevant legislation (the Law of Ukraine "On Education" No. 2145- VIII of the Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education" No. 1556-VII, etc.).&#x0D; A terminological distinction between the concepts of "power decentralization" and "financial decentralization of the region" is proposed. The problem of budgetary and educational provision of scientific and educational facilities is conceptualized spheres in Ukraine through the prism of the Budget Code of Ukraine No. 2456-VI.&#x0D; Examples of foreign decentralization-educational (management and financial) support are presented and implementation methods of its application in Ukraine are proposed.&#x0D; The ideological problem is that the decentralization of power presupposes, among other things, the financial independence of the region (one of the principles of decentralization is the transfer of resources from the ODF to the OMS), and the issue of its provision is problematic for a country that is used to building financial and economic relations by the "vertical" principle, i.e. "from top to bottom".&#x0D; Taking into account the dependent connection of the educational sphere in Ukraine on the accompanying and sectoral legislation, such trends, without having a direct impact on the volume and expenditure mechanisms of scientific and educational support from the State Budget of Ukraine, create a precedent of institutional and jurisdictional inconsistency.&#x0D; The issue of financial support for higher education and directly – institutions of higher education (HEIs) has several problems, among which “financing of expenses for the maintenance of HEIs, not the actual cost of the educational process” stands out; calculation of budget transfers only in the amount of "educational needs" (without cultural and sports and social assistance initiatives of the development and education self-government); inadequate financial and logistical support of vocational education as a subcomponent and pregenerator of higher education in Ukraine.

Strictly regulated cannabis retail models with state control can provide lessons in how jurisdictions can regulate THC.

Strictly regulated cannabis retail models with state control can provide lessons in how jurisdictions can regulate THC.

PROVIDER'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR CONSUMER PERSONAL DATA IN STARTER PACK REGISTRATION

To mitigate issues related to phone number starter pack registration, the Government has enacted Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Information Number 12 of 2016, in conjunction with Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Informatics Number 14 of 2017, which mandates that consumers provide personal data such as National Identity Number, Family Card Number, or biological mother's name to telecommunications operators. Despite these regulations, concerns arise regarding the misuse of personal data by unauthorized parties or due to electronic system failures. This research aims to explore the legal relationship between providers and consumers, the provider's responsibilities concerning personal data in starter pack registration, and the legal remedies available to consumers in cases of personal data protection failures. Employing a normative method, the study involves a review of relevant laws, regulations, and literature related to the topic. Findings indicate that the legal relationship between providers and consumers is established through the registration process, where the provider formulates the agreement, and the consumer consents to and complies with the terms. The provider is responsible for ensuring the legitimacy, accuracy, and proper handling of personal data, including its collection, processing, storage, and disposal, in accordance with legal provisions. In cases of data protection failures, consumers have several legal recourse options, including filing complaints, pursuing civil lawsuits through the courts, engaging in alternative dispute resolution, or seeking prosecution of the providers.

Offshore decommissioning horizon scan: Research priorities to support decision-making activities for oil and gas infrastructure

Thousands of oil and gas structures have been installed in the world's oceans over the past 70 years to meet the population's reliance on hydrocarbons. Over the last decade, there has been increased concern over how to handle decommissioning of this infrastructure when it reaches the end of its operational life. Complete or partial removal may or may not present the best option when considering potential impacts on the environment, society, technical feasibility, economy, and future asset liability. Re-purposing of offshore structures may also be a valid legal option under international maritime law where robust evidence exists to support this option. Given the complex nature of decommissioning offshore infrastructure, a global horizon scan was undertaken, eliciting input from an interdisciplinary cohort of 35 global experts to develop the top ten priority research needs to further inform decommissioning decisions and advance our understanding of their potential impacts. The highest research priorities included: (1) an assessment of impacts of contaminants and their acceptable environmental limits to reduce potential for ecological harm; (2) defining risk and acceptability thresholds in policy/governance; (3) characterising liability issues of ongoing costs and responsibility; and (4) quantification of impacts to ecosystem services. The remaining top ten priorities included: (5) quantifying ecological connectivity; (6) assessing marine life productivity; (7) determining feasibility of infrastructure re-use; (8) identification of stakeholder views and values; (9) quantification of greenhouse gas emissions; and (10) developing a transdisciplinary decommissioning decision-making process. Addressing these priorities will help inform policy development and governance frameworks to provide industry and stakeholders with a clearer path forward for offshore decommissioning. The principles and framework developed in this paper are equally applicable for informing responsible decommissioning of offshore renewable energy infrastructure, in particular wind turbines, a field that is accelerating rapidly.

Law-making authorities of executive government bodies as the legal basis of their law-making activity

The article examines the essence of the rule-making powers of the executive authorities, the limits of the independence of the executive authority in the exercise of its rule-making powers, the difference between the concept of «independence of the executive power in relation to other branches of government» and the concept of «operational independence of individual divisions of the executive authorities», as well as their interrelationships connection with rule-making activity.&#x0D; On the basis of the understanding of the rule-making powers of executive bodies as the powers to establish, change and cancel mandatory rules in the form of issuing bylaws, the conclusion that the rule-making powers of executive bodies are inseparable from their legal status is substantiated, the issue of their appointment as a means of implementation is considered by executive power bodies of their functions, tasks and powers, as well as the need for general control over the exercise of rule-making powers by executive power bodies from the legislative power. The question of the use of discretionary powers by the executive authorities is considered, as their powers to act at their own discretion, choosing from among several prescribed legal options for behavior the one that best meets the needs of achieving the management goal. The conclusion that the rule-making powers of executive authorities serve as the legal basis for rule-making activity and are carried out through rule-making activity is substantiated. By virtue of their importance and impact on social relations, on the rights and obligations of individuals, rule-making powers require the implementation of rule-making activities of executive authorities in a special legal procedural form, since for their rule-making activities it is important and necessary to observe the appropriate method, order and procedures of implementation , while observing the limits of competence. The need for regulatory regulation of the procedure for the implementation of rule-making activities of executive authorities, its high level of formalization, recording of its results, as an activity that is important for keeping executive authorities within their powers, observing the principle of the rule of law, protecting the rights and freedoms of the individual, is substantiated.

Immigration-related Legal Collaboration in Primary Care: Evaluating Impact on Knowledge and Well-being.

To evaluate the impact of embedding an immigration attorney in a primary care clinic to address immigration-related legal needs. We conducted a mixed-methods study of 42 legal clinic participants from May 2019-February 2020. Measures included psychological distress, understanding of legal options, and self-rated general health collected prior to, following, and 60-90 days after consultation. There was significant improvement in participants' understanding of their legal immigration options pre- (4.9, SD 2.9) and post-consult (8.6, SD 2.1), and 60 days later (7.0, SD 2.8) (F=11.0, p&lt;.05), but self-rated health scores and distress did not significantly improve, although there was a high loss-to-follow up rate at 60 days (42.8%). Qualitative results underscored the interconnectedness of immigration status and health. Embedding immigration legal services in primary care improved patients' understanding of immigration-related legal options, although successfully mitigating the health impacts of vulnerable immigration status may take broader societal interventions.