Legal Maxims Research Articles

Finding the Truth in A Virtual Courtroom: Criminal Trials in Indonesia during the COVID-19

Video conferencing through video call platforms, such as Zoom and Google Meet, has become a useful option for judges holding criminal trials during the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries. This trend also occurred in Indonesia. Some judges believe that video conferencing technology will help them accomplish justice in an emergency, referring to the legal maxim 'salus populi suprema lex esto’ or ‘let the welfare of the people be the supreme law’. Although virtual trials assist courts in preventing the spread of the deadly virus, they have also affected the work of judges to reach the substantive truth. This paper examines the challenges concerning the rights of the accused and technological matters that have emerged under the use of virtual courtrooms and, in some ways, led to unfair trial procedures. We argue that the absence of laws that regulate virtual courtrooms, along with an outdated the Code of Criminal Procedure in Indonesia (KUHAP), can lead to miscarriages of justice. The arguments presented in this article are based on survey data conducted from December 2020 to January 2021. The respondents are judges from Indonesia's western, middle, and eastern regions who used video conference facilities for criminal court hearings during the COVID-19 outbreak of 2020-2021.

Eksplorasi Kebijakan dan Hukum Tentang Green Economy ditinjau dengan Islamic Legal Maxims di Indonesia

Based on Indonesian ideals of environmental concern, the green economy was started to transform economic development. The green economy is a spoke of sustainable development because of its revolutionary and transformative effects in the fields of economics, society, and the environment. Unintentionally, numerous laws and regulations include provisions related to the green economy. It is fascinating to analyze from the standpoint of Islamic legal maxims (fiqh rules or qawaid fiqhiyyah) in order to illuminate the significance and motivation behind the adoption of pertinent legal rules and policies. This study intends to investigate the substance of legal studies on the green economy in Indonesia before further analyzing it in light of Islamic legal principles. The research findings are interpreted using a normative juridical research technique. The study of positive law and the literature on Islamic law are sources of information. The study's findings indicate that there isn't a particular law that has provisions related to the green economy in terms of terminology. However, laws and government rules pertaining to environmental protection from an economic standpoint can be found that contain the substance. Therefore, in Presidential Decree No. 98/2021, the government more thoroughly regulates it. Government initiatives and laws pertaining to the green economy can be seen from the perspective of Islamic legal maxims as fulfilling fiqh norms. The current policy is a legal requirement that obliges the legal community to abide by it and contribute to the realization of a green economy. It represents the government's goal to eliminate the risks brought on by environmental degradation.

Taqlīd of the Layperson in Today’s World from the Perspective of in the Context of the Legal Maxim: “The Madhhab of the Layperson is the Madhhabb of the Muftī whomi Hhe Consulted”

Sahâbe, Tâbiîn ve Etbâu’t-Tabiîn dönemlerinde dinî meselelerin büyük çoğunluğu doğrudan kaynaklardan istinbat edilmiş değildir. Zira vahiy ve Hz. Peygamber’den tevarüs edilen ve amel edilen dinî bilgi toplumda bilini-yor ve kendisiyle amel ediliyordu. Buna göre bu dönemlerde karşılaşılan yeni meselelerde ictihad-rey devreye girmiştir. İctihadî konularda ictihad ehliyetine sahip olanlar, belli bir kişi veya ekole bağlı olmadan kendi reyleriyle amel etmişlerdir. İctihad ehliyetine sahip olmayanlar ise karşılaştıkları problemler hakkında, diledikleri müftüye (âlime) danışmış ve onun verdiği hükümle amel etmişlerdir. Ancak hicri II-IV yüzyıllarda mezheplerin teşekkül edip istikrar bulmasıyla birlikte ictihad, taklid ve mezhep konuları tartışılmaya ve konu hakkında farklı görüşler ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Fakihlerin bir kısmı, ictihad ehliyetine sahip olmayanların bir mezhebi taklid etmeleri gerektiğini savunurken bir kısmı da her bir mükellefin dinî işlerinde kendi ilmî kudretine göre ictihad edip vardığı sonuçla amel etmesi gerektiğini savunmuştur. Âmmî kimse için taklidin gerekli olduğunu savunanlar, âmmînin dinî-amelî hayatında bir mezhebe bağlanması gerektiğini söylerken; diğer kesim de “Âmmînin mezhebi olmaz. Onun mezhebi danıştığı müftînin mezhebidir.” kaidesinden hareket ederek âmmînin istediği âlimin görüşüyle amel edebileceğini söylemiştir. Bu çalışmada ictihad yeterliliğine sahip olmayan âmmînin dini sorumlulukları konusu incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda taklidin mahiyeti üze-rinde durulmuş ve âmmînin taklidi hakkındaki görüşler ortaya konulmuştur.

Legal Maxims of Ba’i Ibn Al-Arabi’s Contract and Their Relevance to Contemporary Muamalah Maliah Issues

The legal maxims of the ba'i contract are inductive Islamic legal reasoning, so their implementation has a static and dynamic character. Apart from al-Arabi, attention to two characters in one theme of fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) rules is rarely discussed by Islamic jurists. It is one of the reasons for the failure to dynamize the theory and practice of Islamic economic law, resulting in various criticisms. This research discussed the legal maxims of the ba'i contract of al-Arabi in Al-Masalik fi Syarh Muwatta Malik and their relevance to contemporary muamalah maliah issues to provide complete answers to various criticisms in contemporary Islamic legal theory and practice. The research method used normative Islamic law with a conceptual, philosophical, and historical approach. The data collection technique used a document study of Ibn al-Arabi's work "Al-Masalik fi Syarh Muwatta Malik" related to the fiqh rule on the Ba'i contract. The analysis technique was prescriptive analysis with logic and inductive legal reasoning. The research results show the ten fiqh rules of the ba'i contract developed by al-Arabi that have static characters, namely usury, garar or jahalah, consuming wealth in vanity, and deceit (gasysi). Besides, those with dynamic characters are urf, emergency, and maqasid al-syariah/sadd al-zariah. The rule fiqh is relevant to contemporary muamalah maliah contract issues, such as cashback systems, dropship systems in online buying and selling, stock sales, pre-order systems, and electronic transactions (e-money). Therefore, these rules can be used as an ‘illat (ratio legis) for resolving problems in the contemporary muamalah maliah contract.

Pacta sunt servanda

Legal maxims written in Latin are a constant in European and American legal cultures, where they have great authority due to perceived antiquity and origins in Roman law. However, sometimes these maxims are actually fairly recent, neologisms that only purport to be ancient. The purpose of this article is to explore one such maxim, pacta sunt servanda, agreements have to be upheld, and the cultural, political and legal connotations and contemporary significances that the phrase has. Through the convoluted history of the maxim pacta sunt servanda, the article explores the role of tradition and history in the making and legimitizing rules.

Fiqh Robotic For Artificial Intelligent In Humanoids Used For Therapy, Services And Other Social Activities: An Integration Of Artificial Intelligence (Ai) And Maqasid Shariah

Humanoid is part of the Social Assistive Robotics (SAR) which has been designed with a comprehensive artificial intelligence system that is widely used for elderly care, rehabilitation for people with physical disabilities as well as the intervention of individuals with cognitive impairment. Nowadays, with the advance of this technology, the world is also utilizing these humanoids for social activities and services. Consequently, some controversial questions amongst religious scholars, academicians, clinicians, services and societies arise on the urgency to use humanoid robots for therapy of the intervention in the brain-impairments, elderly care, rendering general services or for social companions when the world seems to adapt that humanoid is one of those modes, which shows potential in giving better outcomes. Due to the problem, there is an urgency to develop Fiqh Robotics to help the nation at large on the permissible of using humanoids used for social activities, services and rehabilitation. A qualitative method is used in analysing and synthesizing the relevant literature and document review to develop this Fiqh Robotic from the framework of Maqasid Shariah, together with the combination of accelerating rapid growth of the world Artificial Intelligence (AI, particularly discussing the measurement Humanoid Robot Interaction (HRI), Maqasid Shariah Principles, Islamic Legal Maxims and the permission of using this approach in Islam.

THE EFFECT OF INTENTION IN CRIMINAL CASES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN THE CONTEXT OF BROOM’S LEGAL MAXIMS AND JURISPRUDENCE RULES

The rules of jurisprudence and Broom legal maxims clarify the importance of intention in life. Since the action of intention is involved in all spheres of life, therefore, the jurists and Muhadithin of the Prophet ﷺ begin their books of jurisprudence and hadith with the words "Intentions and Deeds". Accordingly, in this article, the beginning of the maxim, the effect of the maxim of intent was chosen in criminal cases. There is no field of life which is not affected by intention, when any action is started or when any action is done, there is a good or bad intention behind it. And the intention affects the legal consequences of this action.In both Islamic jurisprudence and legal maxims, intention is important and most of the issues are guided by intention. In both the laws, any act has a legal effect when the intention behind the act is proved. And by changing the intention, the legal results also change.
 Islamic jurisprudence and the Broom's Legal Maxims in general and in the criminal law in particular, there is a special arrangement for the prevention of all those sources that pave the way for the violation of personal or collective rights. The criminal law has formulated some rules of a special nature that play a key role in the protection of these rights. Among these basic legal principles and rules, one of the rules is related to "intent to affect", which is considered in both Islamic jurisprudence and Western laws, there is an important achievement. In this article, an attempt has been made to briefly but comprehensively discuss Broom’s legal maxims and jurisprudential rules on intent in criminal law.

Understanding Human Dignity in Shi’i Islam: Debates, Challenges, and Solutions for Contemporary Issues

This study delves into the nuanced understanding of human dignity as expressed and upheld within the framework of Shi’i Islam. Drawing on the Quran as the primary source of Shi’i interpretation of the law and human rights, this research investigates the portrayal of human dignity in the Shia tradition through Islamic revelation. Furthermore, this study illuminates how certain Shia scholars depict the Quran as striving for the coherence of diverse religions and cultures and how Shia Imams have contributed to the discourse surrounding human dignity through their thoughts and actions. In addition, this study scrutinizes the debates on the compatibility of Islamic human dignity with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, including contemporary challenges and the responses of Shi’i jurists to these challenges. However, while the Quran and Hadith resources offer sufficient references to human dignity, various approaches to human dignity remain among Shia jurists. Some Shia scholars consider human dignity to be acquired (Iktisābī) through human thoughts and deeds, while others ascribe to dignity an essential characteristic of humankind (dhātī) unconditionally bestowed by God. This research elaborates on how these interpretations, consequences, and requirements inspire Shia jurisprudence (fiqh), particularly in contemporary multicultural and pluralistic societies. Furthermore, it examines how this challenge is being debated among the proponents of each group and how it relates to human rights and current challenges. The study of contemporary developments in Shi’i fiqh regarding the role of human dignity and justice as Legal Maxims (al-qawāʿid al-fiqh) provides a necessary context for understanding and ensuring just legal rulings. Philosophically speaking, if God is the Lawgiver (Shāriʿ) and is Just and Wise, this raises the question of whether it is permissible for a jurist to enact laws that contradict human dignity and justice. This study aims to explore potential solutions to traditional challenges that do not consider human dignity and to suggest ways in which human dignity and justice can be applied as legal maxims.

Contracts Applied in Indonesia Sharia Interbank Money Market (PUAS); An Analysis from Comparative Fiqh Views

Bank Indonesia Regulation (22/9/PBI/2020) administers that Sharia Interbank Money Market (PUAS) is based on particular instruments which are SIMA (Mudarabah Interbank Investment Certificate), SiKA (Commodity Murabahah Investment Certificate) and SiPA (Wakalah bil-Istismar or Investment Agency Certificate). Despite the existing fatwas (DSN-MUI 37/X/2002, 38/X/2002, and 78/IX/2010) rule the principles within PUAS in Indonesia, are straightforward and concise. Hence, it is crucial to develop extended fiqh deliberation on the regulation as it can further develop and evaluate the current practice. The research aims mainly at achieving clarity from comparative fiqh views on the practice of conventional and Islamic banks mixed funds within the PUAS. Particularly, it will examine whether the existing Islamic contracts offered within PUAS encounter potential fiqh issues. This study applies a qualitative approach using the content analysis method namely a comparison of jurist views and legal maxims. It summarised: (i) there is no fiqh issue in the use of excess liquidity from conventional banks to be invested in sharia banks with the rationale of Quran (2:274) and Legal Maxim of “it is absolved in dependent events and not so for independent ones”, (ii) the subject-matter of each contract within PUAS, capital and work in Mudharabah, price and goods in commodity Murabaha, and trusted funds in wakalah bil-istismar, has no potential fiqh issue with regarding the mandatory condition of subject-matter that should be sharia-compliant. (iii) However, although utilizing comingled wealth is permissible, nonetheless it stands under detestation. As such, the commodity murabahah contract (SiKA) has fewer fiqh issues because it dissociates sharia banks in PUAS to expose directly to excess liquidity from conventional banks

The Fatwas of Indonesian Ulema Council tn The Era of Covid-19 Pandemic: An Islamic Legal Maxim Perspective

One of the triggers for the spread of the COVID-19 virus is a crowd of people, while several Muslim religious ritual activities are carried out in the form of a crowd (congregation). To avoid crowds of people, the Indonesian Ulema Council issued religious fatwas so those ritual activities would not become a cluster for the spread of COVID-19. This study analyzes the Indonesian Ulema Council’s (MUI) fatwas during the COVID-19 pandemic using the legal maxim perspective. This study uses the literature review method. Some primary and secondary literature on MUI fatwas are analyzed critically to obtain a complete, detailed, clear, and systematic picture of MUI fatwas. The study results show that the entire MUI fatwa is based on the Islamic legal maxim theoretical framework, which aims to keep Muslims away from harm, eliminate difficulties and difficulties, and endeavor to benefit as many people as possible. Besides, the entire Fatwa refers to authoritative Islamic sources, namely the Koran, the Prophet’s Hadith, scholars’ opinions, and experts' views. This study’s results can be applied as a guideline for Muslims and Muslim medical personnel in implementing Islamic teachings in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Gambian Reality

The Note addresses the assignment mandated The Gambia Constitution Drafting Committee to prepare a Constitution to replace that of 1997 in response to popular demand. The team of experts assembled by government accomplished the task though with a serious flaw: plagiarism. The legislature however, for other reasons, vetoed the document. With diverse viewpoints on plagiarism and legal maxims, through qualitative analysis, this Note examines where the fault lay by probing what the assignment entails. The action of the drafting Committee left the society confused and without recourse after spending a whooping sum of money on what turned out to be a white elephant project that preserved rather than eliminate well preserved colonial constitutional anachronisms. As no legal remedy exist for both plagiarism and breach of trust, the Note concluded that the fault is not in their stars but in the society that needs to accelerate the pace of educational development to avert a repeat of the incidence.

Patient-Centred Care Dentistry And Its Relation With Maqasid Shari’ah: A Narrative Review

Patient-centred care dentistry offers positive treatment outcome by unique combination of dental practitioners and their patients to improve quality of care and overall health outcomes. As Muslim dental practitioners, they must adhere with the Islamic principles and values in treating their patients with the Maqasid Shari’ah that blended in patient centred care approach. The concept of Maqasid Shari’ah is the purpose and objective of Shari’ah that formulated in the protection of religion, soul, mind, heredity and property. Apart from that, Qawaid Fiqhiyah is the methods that used in solving dental fiqh issues nowadays and that legal maxims is endorsed by the Muslim scholars or authorities. Finally, the dental treatment goal is to increase patients’ quality of life as a servant of Allah and khalifah in the Earth.

Islamic Perspectives on Elective Ovarian Tissue Freezing by Single Women for Non-medicalor SocialReasons.

Non-medical orSocial egg freezing (oocyte cryopreservation)is currently a controversial topic in Islam, with contradictory fatwas being issued in different Muslim countries. While Islamic authorities in Egypt permit the procedure, fatwas issued in Malaysia havebanned single Muslim women from freezing their unfertilized eggs (vitrified oocytes)to be used later in marriage. The underlying principles of the Malaysian fatwas are that (i) sperm and egg cells produced before marriage, should not be used during marriage to conceive a child; (ii) extraction of mature egg cells from single women being unacceptable; and (iii) fertility preservation in anticipation of late marriage is a conjecture that has not yet occurred. Ovarian tissue freezing can potentially be a more Shariah-compliant alternative to social egg freezing, because once the frozen ovarian corticaltissue sections have been re-transplanted back into the woman, mature egg cells can readily be produced, collected, and fertilized by the husband's sperm only during the period of marriage contract ('akd al-nikāḥ). Unlike accidental mix-ups with frozen eggs, muddling of lineage (nasab) would be automatically avoided in ovarian tissue freezing due to immunological rejection. However, upon critical analysis based on Qawā'id Fiqhiyyah (Islamic Legal Maxims), Maqāṣid-al-Shariah (Higher Objectives of Islamic Law), and Maslaḥah-Mafsadah (benefits versus harmful effects on society), elective ovarian tissue freezing by healthy single women for social reasons would likely be a highly contentious and controversial issue within Muslim communities that may conflict with conservative social-religious norms. This thus needs further debate among Islamic jurists in dialogue with medical doctors and biomedical scientists.

«ԿԱՍԿԱԾԻ ԴԵՊՔՈՒՄ ՄԵՂՄ ՈՐՈՇՄԱՆ ՕԳՏԻՆ (IN DUBIO MITIUS)» ՄԱՔՍԻՄԻ ԿԻՐԱՌՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆ ԻՐԱՎԱԿԱՆ ԱՆՈՐՈՇՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԸ ԼՈՒԾԵԼԻՍ / “IN FAVOR OF A SOFT SOLUTION IN CASE OF DOUBT (IN DUBIO MITIUS)” APPLICATION OF THE MAXIM IN RESOLVING LEGAL UNCERTAINTIES

The purpose of this article is to find out whether the legal maxim "in dubio mitius" (in favor of a soft solution in case of doubt) can be used to resolve legal uncertainties. The authors conducted an intersectoral analysis using a comparative method and came to the conclusion that the maxim "in dubio mitius" is used in different branches of law and has different formulations: for example, in constitutional law it is better known as "in dubio pro libertate" (suspicions in favor of freedom/law), in tax law "in dubio pro tributario" (suspicions in favor of the taxpayer) or "in dubio contra fiscum" (doubts to the detriment of the treasury), in criminal proceedings "in dubio pro reo/ favor rei" (doubts in favor of the accused). In some legal systems, for example, in Germany, the approach to considering maxims "in dubio mitius" as a last resort to overcome legal uncertainty is rejected. However, in most legal systems, the Maxim "in dubio mitius" is used as a last resort to resolve legal uncertainty.

Charlene M. Eska, Lost and Found in Early Irish Law: Aidbred, Heptad 64, and Muirbretha. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2022, xix, 444 pp.

Early Ireland offers the most substantial body of jurisprudence in a western European medieval vernacular before the twelfth century, yet only a handful of scholars has the competence required to address this challenging corpus of legal evidence in editions, translation, and analysis. Irish law was first codified in the seventh to eighth centuries. Individual legal propositions are succinct, often elliptical, and have stylistic features associated with oral tradition and memorability. Their often monolithic, propositional character lends a desirable gravitas, the law thus appearing irrevocably right and just. Over the succeeding centuries, indeed, up to the mid-seventeenth century, a vast body of written commentary was elaborated and attached to individual legal maxims, sometimes subtly adapting them to new social and economic circumstances, sometimes apparently misinterpreting their terse and closed nature. At times the original legal proclamation has even gone missing in the written tradition.

РАЗВИТИЕ ПРАВА ВОПРЕКИ ЗАКОНУ (CONTRA LEGEM) НА ОСНОВЕ ПРАВОВОЙ МАКСИМЫ «ЗАКОН НЕ ТРЕБУЕТ НЕВОЗМОЖНОГО»

Introduction: the article is devoted to the issues of releasing a person from liability or from per-forming an obligation contrary to the law on the basis of the legal maxim ‘lex non cogit ad impossibilia’ (the law never requires impossibilities). Purpose: to show that the maxim ‘lex non cogit ad impossibilia’ is applicable not only in private but also in public law. It allows the law enforcer to act contrary to the law in a situation of impossibility. Methods: comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods offormal and dialectical logic; special scientific methods such as legal-dogmatic, etc. Results: there are three types of impossibility: physical impossibility, ‘practical’ impossibility, and legal impossibility. There is also a distinction between a priori impossibility and actual impossibility. Classification of these types of impossibility is of practical importance. If thelaw does not establish that impossibility is a legal ground for exemption from a duty or liability, then, in this case, the law enforcer acts contrary to the law. In situations of impossibility, there are two ways of legally justifying the release of a person from per-forming an obligation or from liability contrary to the law: through establishing a ‘reasonable exception’ not provided for by law in a law enforcement act or through using the doctrine of the development of law contrary to the law (contra legem). The most acceptable way to justify the position of releasing a person from the performance of a duty or from liability on the basis of the legal maxim ‘lex non cogit ad impossibilia’ is the mentioned doctrine. In this case, law develops contrary to the law (contra legem), but in accordance with the maxim ‘lex non cogit ad impossibilia’, which makes the actions of the law enforc-er legitimate. Conclusions: the law enforcer, guided by the doctrine of the development of law contra le-gem, may lawfully act contrary to the law on the basis of the legal maxim ‘lex non cogit ad impossibilia’, relieving a person from a duty or liability. The doctrine of actions contrary to the law based on this max-im can create a fertile ground for political authorities to abuse electoral processes; therefore, in order to prevent such abuses, the following conditions must be met: first, ‘practical’ impossibility or legal impos-sibility cannot be a legal ground for postponing (canceling) elections. Secondly, the doctrine of actions against the law based on the ‘lex non cogit ad impossibilia’ can be applied by judicial authorities or under their control.

Exploring the Politics of Crime Control: An Emphasis on Liberian Society

This study explored the politics of crime control as its conceptual framework. It uses the qualitative method with particular emphasis on content analysis. The data collection was sourced from a relevant literature review comprised of articles, books, journals, and webpages. Putting Liberia in context, the study explains why certain crimes that make major news headlines or stories remain hanging without a logical conclusion for prosecution despite the quantum of evidence that may exist or be available. It attributes the reason to the interest of the state or government. It argues that regardless of the quantum of evidence or pieces of evidence that may be available, the protection of the state interest is more important than the outcome of the prosecution. Thus, the study found that as it relates to certain crimes that make major news headlines or stories the decision for prosecution is politically motivated in which the interest of the state or government must be protected at the expense of society’s expectations that override the prosecution of crime. The study concludes that the politics of crime control inherently promotes injustice. It violates the legal maxim “Let justice be done to all” or “No one is above the law”. This is because when pieces of evidence are ignored because of the interest of the state, or government, it denies people or victims of their rights to justice.

Evaluation of Legal Maxims (al-Qawāid al-Qulliyya) of Islamic Law Among the Functions of Law in the Context of Antinomy

Hukuk, toplumsal ilişkileri düzenleyen bir sistem olarak, insanların hayatında aktif bir rol oynamaktadır. Toplumsal yaşamı düzenleyen kurallar arasında hukuk kuralları, önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu durum “Nerede toplum varsa orada hukuk vardır” şeklinde açık bir şekilde formalize edilmektedir. Hukukun niteliğinin anlaşılması, işlevlerinin bilinmesini gerektirmektedir. Hukukun farklı işlevlerinden bahsedilmekle birlikte hukukun öne çıkan temel işlevleri; adaleti sağlamak, toplum hayatını düzenlemek ve sosyal ihtiyaçları karşılamaktır (pratik yarar sağlamak). Hukukun farklı işlevlerinin bulunuyor oluşu bu işlevler arasında antinomik/çatışık görünümleri kaçınılmaz kılmaktadır. Bu durum, hukukun işlevleri arasında çatışma meydana geldiğinde hangisinin önceleneceği problemini gündeme getirmektedir. Yapılması gereken, hukukun farklı işlevleri arasında bir denge sağlanmaya çalışılmasıdır. Hukukun, “adaletin gerçekleşmesi” nihai hedefine ulaşmak için bu işlevler arasında dengeli ve uyumlu bir yaklaşım izlemesi gerekir. “Hukuk, adalete yönelmiş bulunan bir toplumsal yaşam düzeni” olarak tanımlanır. Hukukun amacı, adalet idesine ulaşmaktır. Ancak adaletin, her zaman sadece insanların istekleri ile kendiliğinden gerçekleşmesi mümkün olmadığından, başka bir müdahale gerekmektedir. Bu müdahale de hukuki emniyetin sağlanması anlamına gelmekte ve bir düzeni ifade etmektedir. Hukukun adalet ve sosyal ihtiyaçları karşılama işlevlerinden bahsedebilmek, öncelikle bir düzen olarak ortaya çıkmasını gerektirmektedir.Çalışmamız İslâm hukukunda küllî kâidelerin hukukun fonksiyonları ile irtibatına odaklanmaktadır. İslâm hukuk tarihinde kanunlaştırma hareketleriyle birlikte önemi daha da artan küllî kâideler incelediğinde, hukukun temel işlevlerinin küllî kâidelerde de karşılık bulduğu görülmektedir. Küllî kâideler, İslâm hukukunun biçimsel bir düzene sokulmaya çalışılmasının ürünü olarak, hukukun farklı işlevlerini esas alan içeriktedir. Küllî kâideler, kanunlaştırmanın da bir tezâhürü olarak, açık ve kesin ifade yapılarına sahiptir. Bu bakımdan hukukun düzen işlevini temel almaktadır. Bununla birlikte içerik olarak değerlendirildiklerinde hukukun pratik yarar sağlama ve adaleti temin etme işlevlerine dair düzenlemeler içerdikleri görülmektedir. Örneğin “bir işten maksat neyse hüküm ona göredir/el-umūru bi maḳāṣidihā” kâidesi tasarruflarda kişinin iradesinin esas alınmasını düzenlemekle hukukun adaleti sağlama işlevini ifade etmektedir. “Zarar izâle olunur/eḍ-ḍararu yuzāl” kâidesi yarar ve zarar bağlamı düşünüldüğünde hukukun insanlar için pratik yarar sağlama işlevi ile ilgilidir. “Meşakkat teysiri celb eder/el-meşaḳḳa teclibu’t-teysīr” kâidesi de yine İslâm hukukunda ihtiyaç, zaruret, ruhsat gibi temel meselelere dair düzenlemeleri içermektedir. “ det muhakkemdir/el-‘āde muḥaḳḳeme” kâidesi, insanların sosyal ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması bağlamında gündeme gelmektedir. Kâideler tek başlarına değerlendirildiğinde hukukun farklı işlevlerini ifade etmekte, birlikte değerlendirildiklerinde ise bu sebeple aralarında çatışma olması kaçınılmaz olmaktadır. Örneğin “bir işten maksat ne ise hüküm ona göredir” kâidesine göre bir kişinin tasarruflarından sorumlu olması kişinin kastına bağlı olmasına rağmen, “zarar izâle olunur” kâidesi, kasıtsız da olsa başkasının malına zarar verilmesi durumunda tazmin sorumluluğu doğmasını gerektirmektedir.Çalışmanın amacı, İslâm hukukunda küllî kâidelerin ve literatürde “kâidelerin istisnaları” olarak atıfta bulunulan durumların, hukukun işlevleri arasındaki çatışmalar bağlamında değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışmamızda öncelikle hukukun işlevleri üzerinde durarak, bu işlevlerin küllî kâidelerde ne şekilde karşılık bulduğunu tespit etmeye çalıştık. Hukukun farklı işlevleri arasındaki antinomik görünümleri, İslâm hukukunda küllî kâideler zemininde örneklendirdik. Küllî kâideler arasında ortaya çıkan antinomik durumlarda, hukukun işlevleri arasında tercih yapılırken dikkate alınan daha üst tikel normlar, örf ve âdetler, zaruret ve ihtiyaç gibi yüksek değerlere işaret etmeye çalıştık. Çalışmanın kaynakları arasında küllî kâidelerin son hâlinin yer aldığı Mecelle ve Mecelle’nin şerhleri yer almaktadır. Yeri geldikçe kavâid literatürüne dair yazılmış eserlere ve küllî kâidelerin örneklendirilmesi için klasik fıkıh kaynaklarına başvurduk. Hukukun işlevleri ile ilgili olarak, hukuk ile ilgili çalışmaları olan önemli isimlerin eserlerinden yararlandık.

Application of Islamic Legal Maxims to Qiṣāṣ and Diyat Crimes and Their Punishments

Application of Islamic Legal Maxims to Qiṣāṣ and Diyat Crimes and Their Punishments

Maxim: To avoid hardship for legal facilitaion, its meaning, basis, limitation and camparison with Pakistani laws

This article discusses how Islamic shariah recommends to opt for the easier path i.e. to prefer ease instead of hardship The Messenger of Allah and his blessed companions have always taken the easier path. They have always tried to create ease for the people. This legal maxim and its application in Islamic law is being considered in this article.