Legal Field Research Articles

Organizational and administrative procedures for determining the damage and extent of damage to real property as a consequence of russian aggression

One of today's urgent needs is to provide compensation and indemnification to citizens of Ukraine for damage and destruction of specific categories of real estate objects caused by the military aggression of the Russian Federation. The state tries to protect the property rights of Ukrainians, guaranteeing them the right to compensation or compensation for destroyed or damaged property through national protection methods. In practice, we are still far from applying the procedure for obtaining compensation for damages. However, we must do everything today to record the relevant facts and prepare the necessary documents. Since war crimes do not have a statute of limitations, we are only at the beginning of the formation of practice in this direction. For this purpose, the theoretical principles were analyzed, and practical recommendations were given regarding organizational and management procedures for determining damage and real estate damage due to Russian aggression. Methodology. This research was conducted using an analytical method, which involved a comprehensive analysis of normative legal acts and Ukraine's institutional base. The focus was on the potential for creating a system to protect the property rights of individuals and legal entities in the aftermath of the Russian Federation's aggression. The research object was the legislators and normative-legal national and international documents pertaining to property rights protection. The research results show that in Ukraine, there are legal, institutional, and technical prerequisites for creating a system for calculating damaged and destroyed real estate caused by the Russian Federation's military actions. For the full functioning of the damage compensation system, the existing legislative and regulatory legal framework must be supplemented with legal acts that would allow the regulation in the legal field of the issue of institutional and technical provision of property rights, considering the international system of jurisdiction. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The main problematic tasks that must be solved to build and operate an effective reimbursement system of real estate value are defined. Considering that the solution to this problem is of international importance, the defined system of measures aims to improve the ways of solving this problem. Keywords: aggression, compensation, damages, compensation, property rights, regulatory acts, real estate.

Theoretical Approaches to the Concept of Legal Relations

A state governed by the rule of law establishes balanced legal relations. This article describes four scientific and theoretical approaches to the concept of legal relations, i.e., legal, subject-object, moral, and socio-psychological. According to the legal approach, legal relations are regulated by law. The subject-object approach defines legal relations as those that occur between subjects who possess certain rights and exercise them in relation to each other or to the objects in the legal field. According to the moral approach, society builds the system of law based on moral principles. This approach offers a step-by-step formation of law in the process of social development. Stage 1 shapes moral norms as a result of direct communication between community members. Stage 2 is associated with the individual assimilation of norms and the formation of morality. Stage 3 presupposes the arrival of legal norms. Stage 4 ends with the legislative consolidation of legal norms. The theoretical analysis revealed four socio-psychological processes in the development of legal norms: a) informal interpersonal communication yields moral norms, b) moral behavior patterns become internal, and moral consciousness appears; c) moral norms are exteriorized in the public consciousness, thus leading to legal consciousness; d) moral norms are legitimized, and legal norms become law. The socio-psychological approach considers such principles of legal relations as the sense of justice and equality.

Intelligent Contracts and the Principle of Contractual Freedom: A Classical Legal Examination in the Era of Emerging Technologies

The development of smart contract technology has garnered widespread attention in the legal field. This study, rooted in the principle of contractual freedom, delves into the impact of smart contract technology on the expression of parties' free will and analyzes the challenges it poses to legal rules and practices. Through a comparative analysis of smart contracts and traditional contracts, this research reveals the advantages of smart contracts in terms of contract design, execution efficiency, and transparency. While smart contract technology brings innovative changes to contract law, it necessitates profound reflections within the legal community and legal practice on how to strike a balance between free will and technological developments.

Features of the process of evidence in criminal procedure of the United States of America

Recent years have been marked by a great growth of comparative legal research in various branches of legal science, which are gaining a growing number of supporters. The given process makes it possible to show the originality of certain branches of law, their institutions, norms in different legal systems, to compare the data of a specific branch of law with similar branches in other legal systems, and to reveal national differences. The practical significance of the given activity lies in the study and generalization of both positive and negative legal experience of foreign countries. In today’s transparent world, with the growing importance of the international component in the fight against crime, a legal expert needs knowledge that goes beyond the national legal field for a reason, with the purpose of its proper use in the process of international cooperation in criminal proceedings between states in particular.
 Nowadays there is the process of convergence of various criminal procedural systems of the world. And in this regard, the Anglo-American system of the criminal procedure, the United States of America (hereinafter the USA) in particular, is quite interesting. The given system has distinctive features that are different from the national system and deserve attention. They are the sources of the US criminal procedural law which include judicial precedent, regulations and legal doctrine. The peculiarity of the given system is that it is based on adversarial proceedings and justice, it generates phenomena of the criminal procedure, namely the plea agreement, the jury trial, the concept of restorative justice, the discretionary powers of persons conducting criminal proceedings, etc. Yet another characteristic feature of the Anglo-American system of the US criminal procedure is the specifics of the implementation of evidentiary criminal procedural activity.
 The focus of the given article is on the study of the specificity of evidentiary activity, such as questions related to: the concept, classification, sources and properties of evidence in the criminal procedure of the United States of America, the peculiarities of the process of evidence at certain stages of the procedure, the legal position of certain subjects of evidence. The materials of the article are of both theoretical and practical value. They can be used for further scientific research on the peculiarities of national criminal procedural evidence, as well as for the proper understanding and implementation of its law enforcement criminal procedural activity.

Berlin techno goes intangible cultural heritage: Modern music, the cultural appropriation debate, and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

This paper argues that cultural appropriation can – but does not always – constitute a human rights incompatibility precluding a classification as intangible cultural heritage (ICH) pursuant to Art. 2(1) Sentence 3 of the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (CSICH). To set up this argument, the paper first addresses whether and in how far the human rights compatibility test is exercised in the realm of the CSICH. Subsequently, it seeks to analyse whether cultural appropriation violates that test. To this end, the paper first develops an understanding of cultural appropriation informed by insights ranging from philosophy to anthropology. It then raises the question in how far cultural appropriation and protection therefrom is covered by the IHRL canon, most importantly the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Using Berlin Techno as an example, the aim of this contribution is to reveal the limits of cultural appropriation in the legal field and to initiate a legally sound discussion on the relationship between culture, appropriation, and human rights that has thus far been absent.

KEY ASPECTS OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE CHARACTER OF COMPETITION ON THE UKRAINIAN FOOD MARKET

The set of opportunities of an agricultural enterprise to create competitive advantages make up the potential of its competitiveness. However, competitive advantages, especially those that can be characterized as sustainable, are formed on the basis of the mobilization of the economic potential of the enterprise, which is a set of opportunities for the long-term implementation of the main activity of the business entity. Accordingly, the study identified the place and role of the potential of competitiveness in the structure of the enterprise's potential and its relationship with the economic potential. In turn, it was established that the components of economic potential are production potential in combination with commercial and sales opportunities, the basis of all types of enterprise potential is resource potential, and the potential of product competitiveness and enterprise competitiveness is based on the economic potential of the enterprise, contributing to the growth of the latter. Agricultural producers face many problems that can prevent them from growing and selling their products profitably. The problem of ensuring the effective economic activity of the studied subjects of agricultural production lies in the relative complexity of the relationships between them within the framework of the current market environment. the market environment of the functioning of commercial structures is not homogeneous, and the levers of state regulation do not have an unequivocal effect on all operators of one or another commodity market at the same time. To increase productivity and expand participation in market relations, they absolutely need appropriate mechanisms and policy measures. In the current situation, it becomes necessary for each manufacturer to analyze its competitiveness and develop effective means to increase it. An important condition for ensuring the competitiveness of enterprises is the effective use of resources, personnel qualifications, achievements of modern management, innovative, financial and informational capabilities of the enterprise, which together represent its potential. State determination of the legal field of existence of market participants requires a clear understanding of the relevant state of their interaction and the development trends of this interaction. The consequences of agricultural regulation policy and the manifestation of market forces in relation to the productivity and evolution of the food industry vary depending on the field, direction of production, etc.

State Regulation of Public Libraries’ Activities in Russia in the Second Half of the XIX-th Century

The purpose of the article is to present the evolution of state policy towards public libraries in Russia in the second half of the XIX century. As a result of the research, the author has established that the content of laws and by-laws regulating the work of public libraries was determined by their status as public organizations and reflected deep contradictions of the government course during the years of bourgeois transformations and in the post-reform era.The government of Alexander II took the library initiative of education zealots as continuation and support of their own reformation attempts. The author shows how the legal status of public libraries was fixed in the legal field of Russia, acquisition rules were changing, the procedure for opening public libraries and supervision for their activities was carried out. The author notes how the repressive nature of legislation, aimed at protecting the urban reading public from unwanted literature, which intensified in the 1880s and 1890s, had a negative impact on public self-organization in the field of education. He concludes that circumstances formed significantly hindered the development of public libraries in Russia.

Large language models and their possible uses in law

AbstractThe paper explores the potential applications of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT in the legal field, focusing on how they can enhance access to law. We begin by elucidating the fundamental workings of LLMs and their current and future general applications. The core of our study predicts the utilization of LLMs in various legal domains, especially where tasks like text retrieval, generation, labeling, and classification are prevalent. We argue that tools like ChatGPT could play a pivotal role in these areas. Additionally, we discuss the limitations and customization requirements of LLMs, particularly for legal uses. An experiment conducted by one of the authors, involving a tailored version of GPT for small law firms, serves as a practical example, but building on this, the paper also proposes ways in which LLM-based applications could democratize access to justice, making legal assistance more accessible and efficient for the broader public. This study contributes to the understanding of the intersection between AI technology and legal services, highlighting both the opportunities and challenges in this field.

A performance-based contract of employment as an innovative mechanism for stimulating the work of scientific and pedagogical workers

The modern education system is subject to changes, accompanied by the introduction of a number of innovations, because it must adapt to the requirements of a dynamically developing society. Among such innovations is the introduction of an effective contract in the state universities as an innovative mechanism for stimulating the work of scientific and pedagogical workers. The need for criteria-based assessment of the effectiveness of a higher school teacher, depending on the individual results of his work, has actualized the importance of studying the problem of an effective contract model in higher education and identified the research problem: what is the essence of an effective contract as an innovative mechanism for stimulating the work of scientific and pedagogical workers? The purpose of the research is to reveal the essence of an effective contract as an innovative aspect of stimulating the professional activity of a university teacher and its main components. The following research methods were used: analysis, synthesis, description, interpretation, comparison. Systematic and logical approaches were used. The results of the research: 1) the concept of «performance-based contract of employment» in the legal and scientific-pedagogical field has been described; 2) a brief overview of the concept of an performance-based contract of employment abroad and in Russia has been carried out; 3) the principles for developing criteria for professional achievements of teaching staff have been substantiated. Key conclusions: 1) performance-based contract of employment is a balanced decomposition of criteria and performance indicators of the professional activity of a higher school teacher; 2) foreign and domestic concepts of a performance-based contract of employment are largely similar and include a set of interrelated components that reveal all aspects of a teacher’s professional activity: teaching, methodological, scientific,educational and sports; 3) the main principles of criteria-based assessment of scientific and pedagogical workers are: complexity, objectivity, quantitative assessment, adaptability, stimulation and motivation.

Toward a dynamic frame-based ontology of legal terminology

In the study of special languages and translation, the legal field is often insulated from other domains. This is primarily due to the extreme system dependence of the terminology of law, which results from a lack of a common legal system of reference throughout the world. The abstract nature of this human-made field and its dynamicity in view of the continuously evolving case law and constant changes in legislation make it difficult to illustrate its complex ontology through traditional terminology management techniques. Therefore, this paper argues for an interdisciplinary approach to constructing the ontology of legal concepts based on structural constituents from frame semantics and comparative law. Frames allowing for the representation of interconnected knowledge segments evoked by legal concepts and the distinction between micro- and macro-dimensions in legal comparison research make it possible to capture the complex ontology of legal terminology evoked in a specific point in time and a determined legal context. The ontological knowledge structure will be exemplified by terms from German social, commercial, employment, and tax law.

Social conditioning of criminalization of offenses qualified as collaborative activity

One of the types of social relations that arose during the war in Ukraine is relations with the occupiers, which can be carried out both within the legal field and be an illegal, criminal manifestation in the form of cooperation with the enemy and assistance to him. Such illegal nature of relations with the occupiers is considered a collaborative activity. The legislator was faced with the task of determining the composition of such an offense and establishing the punishment for actions that constitute collaborationism. Despite a fairly large number of studies of individual and complex issues of criminal liability for collaborative activities, a number of questions remain open.
 The purpose of this study was to establish the social conditions and the existence of the necessary grounds for the criminalization of socially dangerous acts that constitute collaborative activity.
 In the theory of criminal law, it is clearly established which factors must be taken into account when deciding on the criminalization of a particular illegal act - they are defined as the grounds for criminalizing illegal acts: the existing (real) social danger of the act; its relative prevalence; the need for a criminal legal guarantee; fulfillment by the state of international legal obligations The above research allows us to assess the social conditionality of the criminalization of collaborative activities. First, taking into account the importance of the protected order of social relations, which is encroached upon by collaborative activity, actions containing signs of such illegal activity are socially dangerous. Secondly, official statistical data on the number of registered cases of collaborative activity and persons prosecuted under Art. 111-1, testify to the sufficient prevalence of collaborative activities on the territory of Ukraine. Thirdly, collaborative activity should be punished most severely, namely by establishing criminal liability for it. And, fourthly, the establishment of criminal liability for collaborative activities correlates with the provisions of international legal acts and ensures Ukraine’s fulfillment of relevant international legal obligations.

Agricultural cooperation as a basis for ensuring food and environmental security in Ukraine: legal aspects

The article examines the legal aspects of the agricultural cooperation, which is important for the economic and social development of the state, especially in war and post-war times, as the basis for ensuring food and environmental security in Ukraine. The concepts of «sustainable agriculture», «food security» and «environmental security» are considered. It has been established that at the present stage limited attention is paid to the issue of implementing sustainable agriculture as a priority direction for achieving food and environmental security of Ukraine. It was determined that in order to implement sustainable agriculture, it is necessary to harmonize social, ecological and economic factors in the agrarian sector of the economy of Ukraine, especially in the field of agricultural cooperation. It is emphasized that there is an insufficient level of synergy between the environmental and agrarian policies of the state, environmental factors are not sufficiently integrated into the system of agrarian relations, into cooperative legislation, particularly in the context of the agricultural cooperation. In conditions of European integration processes, the specialized Law of Ukraine «On Agricultural Cooperation» is not fully oriented towards ensuring sustainable agriculture: it does not contain the term «sustainable agriculture» or provisions on environmental protection, food and environmental security. The Law of Ukraine «On Cooperation» also does not cover environmental aspects. In the course of the study, it was substantiated that a necessary condition for the proper implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, the introduction of sustainable agriculture in Ukraine in the field of the agricultural cooperation is the strengthening of the legal framework, the creation of an appropriate legal field that will reflect the focus of agricultural cooperation on achieving sustainable agriculture, as well as ensuring food and environmental security. In this context proposals for improving the cooperative legislation of Ukraine are made in the article.

International regulation of the turnover of virtual assets: basic provisions and principles

The dynamic development of virtual assets and their introduction into everyday human life and the economy require the world community to build symmetrical international legal regulation. Currently, the world still does not have a unified approach to regulating this financial phenomenon. However, most countries and international institutions do not ignore it and try to create an appropriate legal field to regulate all possible types of these assets.
 The article analyzes the legal regulation of relations in the sphere of circulation of virtual assets in some countries of the world and identifies the most favorable norms for their possible implementation into Ukrainian legislation.
 The experience of regulating virtual assets in the United States of America is singled out, in particular, it is determined that at the federal level of the country, digital assets are considered as property. The general principles of taxation that apply to transactions with property also apply to transactions with virtual assets. It has been studied that the system of regulation of virtual assets in the USA is in the process of development, but the fundamental principles have already been formed.
 The legal field of regulation of virtual assets in Great Britain is analyzed. The announced intentions of the government in 2017 to make the United Kingdom the best place in the world for the development of digital business are becoming a reality, the confirmation of this is the high level of regulation of the sphere of circulation of virtual assets.
 The experience of Germany is singled out, where virtual assets are not considered a means of payment, currency or foreign currency. Regulators classify them as a financial instrument or asset, subject to securities and investment-related rules and laws. The country’s legislation contains both detailed regulation of the activities of service providers, users and investors, as well as a system of tax benefits and exemptions. The legal regulation of virtual assets in Singapore, which is one of the most loyal to virtual assets in Asian countries, is analyzed.
 The conclusion was formulated that when developing a mechanism for legal regulation of virtual assets and blockchain technologies in Ukraine, it is necessary to take into account the international experience of countries where relevant regulatory acts already exist and there is experience in law enforcement.

The Law and Science of Eyewitness Evidence

Eyewitness testimony is heavily reliant on their memory and visual perception, both of which are highly prone to error. Eyewitness memory's propensity for error has long been shown in instances of wrongful conviction. Currently, decades of scientific studies on memory and visual perception have shown important error sources and strategies for enhancing eyewitness accuracy. Similar to a few other legal fields, eyewitness testimony that involves experimentation in the identification process lends itself to scientific study. Consequently, eyewitness testimony has evolved into a test bed for applying science to legal interpretation. This article looks at the responses given to this corpus of research by legal players, including state and federal courts, state legislators, and law enforcement organisations. Although decisions from the Supreme Court have established a constitutional floor, we discover that this largely does not inform first-hand evidence-based law. As we document in a comprehensive fifty-state survey of rulings, state courts have increasingly used eyewitness memory science to reduce misidentifications. In our second examination, we look at what more state legislators have accomplished by examining the twenty-four state statutes that govern the process of eyewitness identification. Third, law enforcement organisations have embraced updated identification procedures, notably through the adoption of a model policy by twenty-nine states.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STATUS OF THE WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION

The subject of the study is the conceptual, theoretical, empirical, methodological and applied foundations of the international legal status of the WTO in the context of economic globalisation. Methodology. General scientific and specific legal methods were used in the research process. With the help of the analysis the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of international trade are determined as a prerequisite for the determination of the international legal status of the WTO in the conditions of economic globalisation. The synthesis ensured the formation of characteristic features of the legal status of the WTO as an international organisation. The comparative legal method allowed to identify the common and distinctive features of international organisations in this area, as well as to clarify the defining aspects of the legal personality of the WTO in the modern international legal field. The formal-legal method created the conditions for formulating conclusions on the effectiveness of the implementation of the legal personality of the WTO in the sphere of ensuring the rules of international trade in the conditions of economic globalisation. The purpose of this article is to identify the characteristics of the international legal status of the WTO under the conditions of economic globalisation. The results of the study showed that the international legal status of the WTO in the conditions of economic globalisation is based on the basic principles of legal regulation of international trade and is mediated by the purpose of activity, legal personality, the order of formation and powers of the governing bodies, principles and procedural aspects of the functioning of this organisation. Conclusion. The international legal status of the WTO in the conditions of economic globalisation is considered from the standpoint of a dichotomous approach to this category from the standpoint of economics and law. Economic preconditions for the introduction of international trade rules in the form of GATT, 1947 and WTO research through the analysis of primarily statistical data of the periods 1947-1948 and 2017-2022, reflected in the consolidated information data of the WTO, as well as the study of individual theoretical considerations of scientists. Statistical indicators show clear signs of globalisation of the world economy, which is mediated by international trade operations, as a result of which the creation of transparent mechanisms for the circulation of goods within the framework of trade activities as a kind of existence of the world community through various static and dynamic legal constructions, among which WOT occupies almost the most significant importance along with other international organisations. The above is demonstrated by the example of the impact of COVID-2019 on international trade, the corresponding reaction to which was the revitalisation of trade processes, primarily in the field of pharmaceutical industry products. The above has covered the main principles of international legal regulation of trade relations at the formal and substantive level, which is carried out at the universal international legal, regional international legal and national levels. In connection with the differentiation of the components of the legal personality of the WTO, the definition of international legal capacity is given as the ability of a subject of international activity to acquire appropriate rights for itself by its own actions and to exercise them independently, as well as to create corresponding obligations for itself by its actions, to fulfil them independently and to bear responsibility in case of their non-fulfilment. In terms of the nature of this organisation, its place among other similar international organisations, in particular those operating within the framework of the UN, was invented by the field of activity, where attention is paid to the predominance of the latter in order to maintain international peace and security. The purpose of the activities of the WTO is to create and ensure international, multilateral, open, based on fair competition and other features inherent to trade in modern society, where the quasi-procedural moment, based on the replacement of a number of bilateral and multilateral agreements, is an external manifestation of such activity. It characterises the original and derivative legal instruments of the WTO's operation, defines the socio-economic and legal purpose of its activities, defines the structure and powers of the WTO's governing bodies, and focuses the organisation's legal personality on the procedural aspect of its activities, in particular through the implementation of relevant principles, among which the principle of maximum contribution plays a leading role.

Professional field-work: constructing global health law as an ‘emerging field’

ABSTRACT Constructing international legal fields is the work of experts. Such experts struggle over a field’s substantive content, normative direction and formal boundaries. Less commonly observed are the ways in which fields are described as part of such work. In global health law, experts have used the term ‘emerging field’ to capture its ambivalent status between a non-field and an established field. In deploying this term, they demonstrate the term’s productive uses in establishing a plural, open-ended and experimental sphere of professional action that overcomes the criticisms of its predecessor, international health law. In theorising the notion of ‘emerging field’ as an example of professional field-work, this article points not only to the multiple registers of this nascent governance regime, but also to the changing style of international legal expertise itself.

Suspected serial killers and unsuspected statistical blunders.

A whole branch of theoretical statistics devotes itself to the analysis of clusters, the aim being to distinguish an apparent cluster arising randomly from one that is more likely to have been produced as a result of some systematic influence. There are many examples in medicine and some that involve both medicine and the legal field; criminal law in particular. Observed clusters or a series of cases in a given setting can set off alarm bells, the recent conviction of Lucy Letby in England being an example. It was an observed cluster, a series of deaths among neonates, that prompted the investigation of Letby. There have been other similar cases in the past and there will be similar cases in the future. Our purpose is not to reconsider any particular trial but, rather, to work with similar, indeed more extreme numbers of cases as a way to underline the statistical mistakes that can be made when attempting to make sense of the data. These notions are illustrated via a made-up case of 10 incidents where the anticipated count was only 2. The most common statistical analysis would associate a probability of less than 0.00005 with this outcome: A very rare event. However, a more careful analysis that avoids common pitfalls results in a probability close to 0.5, indicating that, given the circumstances, we were as likely to see 10 or more as we were to see less than 10.

Морський кадастр: українські реалії в контексті світового досвіду

The purpose of this study is to attract the attention and awareness of state authorities and local self-government bodies, specialists and the public to the role of the marine cadastre in the economy of Ukraine and to initiate a discussion on the subject of its creation and functioning. To achieve the goal, an analysis of the current state of the maritime cadastre in a number of foreign countries and in Ukraine was performed.Method. In the process of conducting this research, an analytical method was used. In particular, the structure, management methods and functioning of the marine cadastral systems of the USA, Canada, Australia, Malaysia and a number of European countries have been studied. An analysis of the regulatory and legal acts and the institutional base of Ukraine for the possibility of creating a system of the country’s maritime cadastre was carried out. The object of the study was the sea water areas of the Ukrainian Azov-Black Sea basin and the coastal protective strips of the seas. The research results show that there are legal, institutional and technical prerequisites for the creation of a marine cadastral system in Ukraine. For the full functioning of the marine cadastre system of Ukraine, it is necessary to supplement the existing legislative and regulatory framework, which would allow to regulate in the legal field the issues of institutional and technical support of the cadastre, as well as its administration.When creating a marine cadastre, one should observe an important principle: the land-sea environment is a complete natural-territorial complex. Scientific novelty and practical significance.. The main problems that must be solved in order to build and operate an effective marine cadastre system in Ukraine are defined. Given the fact that coastal territories and the marine environment should be considered as integral natural complexes, in terms of organizational and management, the administrators of the marine cadastre at this stage can be the structural subdivisions of the State Geocadastre and the State Hydrography of Ukraine.

ПРАВОВІ МЕЖІ СУСПІЛЬНИХ ВІДНОСИН МІЖ ГРОМАДЯНСЬКИМ СУСПІЛЬСТВОМ ТА ОРГАНАМИ СУДОВОЇ ВЛАДИ

The evaluation procedure of the judiciary in the modern conditions of the relationship between civil society and the rule of law occupies a key place because the modern conditions for the formation of such relationships emphasize the struggle for the rule of law and the independence of judges. Within the framework of the study, it was found that the relationship between civil society and the rule of law implements the established system of checks and balances in ensuring the balance of social relations (including the recognition of lawful behavior as a perceived necessity) in general and the protection of individuals from the arbitrariness of authorities in particular. Therefore, in this context, the influential importance of the judiciary is given its ability to fully protect the violated rights of the individual and the interests of the state within the framework of the legal field. At the same time, it is necessary to state that the state and civil society, within the limits of their mutual relations, have certain regulatory and control functions regarding the activities of the judiciary. In such a case, the relationship between the state and civil society within the framework of the evaluation procedure of the judiciary's activity should be interpreted as a system that performs specific functions in order to characterize the presence of interconnected elements with clearly defined forms of relationships. At most, these relationships contain a number of specific elements, among which are the following: subjects of interaction, objects of interaction, mutual relations between subjects, and changes caused by the interaction of subjects. It is substantiated that the key feature of the court within the framework of the relationship between civil society and the rule of law is primarily the independence of the court through the independence of judges. The definition of the concept of "independent judge" is proposed, according to which such a judge is a highly qualified specialist who in his practical activities acts exclusively on the basis of the law, making unbiased legal decisions, relying on the requirements of regulatory legal acts, regardless of possible benefit for himself. In turn, the relationship between civil society and judicial authorities has a direct impact on increasing the efficiency of court work through the establishment of the principle of the rule of law, helping to ensure the independence of judges on the one hand, and increasing the level of legal awareness and legal culture of the population on the other hand.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Legal Research: A Comprehensive Analysis

This paper conducts a thorough investigation into the profound ramifications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) on legal proceedings and the justice system. It assesses how these technologies are reshaping existing legal structures and principles by fundamentally altering judicial practices. Looking ahead, the paper anticipates a promising trajectory for AI and ML in legal research, elucidating their developmental pathways and introducing novel areas of inquiry. It emphasizes the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach, advocating for collaboration between legal professionals, data scientists, and ethicists to effectively address the ethical and practical challenges inherent in the integration of AI with the law. This synergy is deemed essential for navigating the complexities of ethics and practice that arise from the intersection of AI and the legal domain. Moreover, the research underscores the pivotal roles played by AI, ML, and related technologies, asserting that they transcend mere instrumental functions to become catalysts for comprehensive transformations in legal research methodologies. By embracing these technologies, the legal field stands on the brink of a substantial transformation, heralding the end of traditional practices and the dawn of a new era characterized by digital-age legal research paradigms.