Legal Evidence Research Articles

Characterizing a legal–intellectual culture: Bacon, Coke, and seventeenth-century England

A characterization of the ideas of Francis Bacon and Edward Coke, two preeminent English lawyer-scholars, provides insights into the nature of the legal–intellectual culture of early seventeenth-century England. This emerging culture remains underexplored, even though it immediately preceded and provided essential input into the ‘culture of growth,' the eighteenth-century cultural paradigm viewed as a catalyst for England's historically unprecedented technological advance and economic growth. To develop insights, we employ a methodology not previously used in this context, applying structural topic modeling to a large corpus comprising the works of both Bacon and Coke. Estimated topics span legal, political, scientific, and methodological themes. Legal topics evidence an advanced structure of common-law thought, straddling ostensibly disparate areas of the law. Interconnections between topics reveal a distinctive approach to the pursuit of knowledge, embodying Bacon's epistemology and Coke's legal methodology. A key similarity between Bacon and Coke overshadows their differences: both sought to build reliable knowledge based on generalizing from particulars. The resulting methodological paradigm can be understood as reflecting a legacy of common-law thought and constituting a key contribution to the era's emerging legal–intellectual culture. More generally, our analysis illustrates how machine learning applied to primary texts can aid in exploration of culture.

A method of estimating age of undocumented children and young adults of different socioeconomic status in Cambodia

A growing number of Cambodian children without legal documentary evidence of date of birth are vulnerable to exploitation. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of southern Chinese reference dataset for dental age estimation on Cambodian children and young adults of different socioeconomic status. Dental panoramic tomographs (DPT) of 371 Cambodian children and young adults belonging to lower and higher socioeconomic status (SES) groups were analyzed. All the left maxillary and mandibular permanent teeth including the third molars were scored based on Demirjian's classification of tooth development stages. Chronological age (CA) was calculated from the date of birth and date of exposure of radiograph. The mean age of attainment for each stage of development was obtained from the southern Chinese reference dataset. Dental age (DA) was calculated by averaging the mean age scores for all the teeth. Paired t-test and correlation analysis were conducted to measure associations between the chronological age and the dental age for males and females in the lower and higher socio-economic status groups. Underestimation of age was observed in both SES groups using the southern Chinese reference dataset. For the higher SES group, the difference between the chronological and dental age (CA-DA) was 0.26 years for females and 0.11 years for males. The difference was statistically significant only in females (p < 0.05). In the low SES group, the results showed a difference of 0.07 years in females and 0.01 years in males; the differences were not statistically significant in both sexes (p > 0.05). A strong correlation was observed between the CA and DA in both sex and SES groups ranging from 0.969 to 0.988 (p < 0.05). The southern Chinese dental reference dataset can be used to estimate the age of undocumented Cambodian male and female children and young adults of both higher and lower SES.

Evidence to the contrary: matrimony & legal interventionism in silent divorce comedies

ABSTRACTCaptivated by the vagaries of romance, American silent cinema was smitten from the outset with the narrative possibilities of not only attraction but the gamut of ensuing legal entanglements. Divorce and near-divorce comedies appeared in cinema as early as the turn of the century, contrary to their prevailing historicization. Moreover, focusing on the catalysts, processes, emotional turbulence, and romantic fantasies of divorce even among loving spouses, key silent comedies incriminate the law as a central agent in instigating and facilitating the couple’s disunion. This essay examines how Why Mrs. Jones Got a Divorce (1900), Getting Evidence (1906), and Max Wants a Divorce (1917) indict the modern legal system’s seductively broadened possibilities for divorce via modern methodologies and technologies for capturing attraction and licentiousness. These silent comedies pass judgment on the overriding appeal of fingerprints, the detective camera, and the private investigator, as well as other forms of legal documentation. The essay considers early divorce films’ association with silent cinema’s own weddedness to institutional codes and cinema’s commentary on its formal capacity to document the inconstancies of romance. Ultimately, insofar as intoxication with documentation rather than the spouse foregrounds the detriments of establishing actionable legal evidence, these divorce comedies implicate the law’s own capacity for unfaithfulness to a more perfect union.

Automatic Gun Detection Approach for Video Surveillance

The immense crime rates resulting from using pistols have led governments to seek solutions to deal with such terrorist incidents. These incidents have a negative impact on public security and cause panic among citizens. From this point, facing a pandemic of weapon violence has become an important research topic. One way to reduce this kind of violence is to prevent it via remote detection and to give an appropriate response in a short time. Video surveillance is the process of monitoring the behavior of people and objects. Surveillance systems can be employed in security applications as legal evidence. Moreover, it is used widely in suspicious activity detection applications. Intelligent video surveillance systems (IVSSs) are the use of automatic video analytics to enhance the effectiveness of traditional surveillance systems. With the rapid development in Deep Learning (DL), it is now widely used to address the problems existing in traditional detection techniques. In this article, an approach to detect pistols and guns in video surveillance systems is proposed. The presented approach does not need any invasive tools in the weapon detection process. It uses DL in the classification and the detection processes. The proposed approach enhances the obtained results by applying Transfer Learning (TL). It employs two different DL techniques: AlexNet and GoogLeNet. Experimental results verify the adaptability of detecting different types of pistols and guns. The experiments were conducted on a benchmark gun database called Internet Movie Firearms Database (IMFDB). The results obtained suggest that the proposed approach is promising and outperforms its counterparts.

Formal Verification of Secure Evidence Collection Protocol using BAN Logic and AVISPA

The effect of digitization has led to an increased dependency on the internet. At the same time, cyber-attacks are on the rise due to this increased digitization. In cybercrime cases, digital evidence is of utmost importance. The forensic investigation process always begins after the incident occurred, by that time intelligent attackers got enough time to destroy the traces. This paper proposes a prior evidence capture protocol, that will help in the simultaneous collection of evidence when the crime has occurred. This collected evidence is in the form of device fingerprint which will uniquely identify the fingeprintee client device. In the future, if the dispute arises these prior captured device fingerprints can be used as legal evidence and help in the process of forensic investigation. The proposed protocol uses the concept of a trusted time stamping server (TTSS) to prove the integrity and non-repudiation of the collected evidence. The timestamps are attached by the trusted third party TTSS with all collected evidence, these timestamps cannot be changed by local client devices. The paper also provides security validation of the proposed protocol by using Burrows–Abadi–Needham (BAN) logic. The formal verification is also done by using the AVISPA tool. The results of AVISPA shows that the proposed protocol is safe under OFMC and Cl-AtSe model.

Backtracking Tool Root-Tracker to Identify True Source of Cyber Crime

Abstract The main goal of the network forensic tools is to collect legal evidence of cybercrime from the network environment by capturing, recording and analyzing the network packets. Such tools aim to determine the source of network security attacks. Majority of existing network forensic tools are based on the concept of IP traceback that helps the investigator to reach up to the source of a cyberattack. However, the limitation of these existing techniques is that the investigation ends at the edge router or ISP of the attacker. But the original attacker is hiding somewhere behind the ISP. Reaching up to them is the most critical aspect of network forensics. This paper broadly aims at building secure and forensically sound framework called Root-tracker for Identification of real source of cybercrime by reaching beyond the ISP. The approach of device fingerprinting is used for unique identification of criminal device which will act as legal and infallible evidence in court of law. Root Tracker has been implemented as a prototype and deployed on AWS. Testing is done in real time environment and the results shows that Root-Tracker is able to verify the evidences partially. Even if the attacker tries to format the system or modifies any of device parameter Root-Tracker can still identify the attacker device and generates partial evidence match report.

The Young against the Old: Generational Conflict in First Clement by L. L. Welborn

Reviewed by: The Young against the Old: Generational Conflict in First Clement by L. L. Welborn David L. Eastman L. L. Welborn The Young against the Old: Generational Conflict in First Clement Lanham, MD: Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2018 Pp. 276. $110.00. In this volume Welborn attempts to reconstruct the historical and ecclesiastical contexts for the writing of 1 Clement. Chapter One ("Prolegomena") critiques previous scholarship and sets forth Welborn's hermeneutical principles. He rejects suggestions that the author did not know the situation in Corinth, that the author misrepresented the situation, or that the letter was not written in response to a real situation. Instead, he believes the letter can and should be read in light of a particular historical circumstance. His reconstruction will seek to address "the context of the conflict, the object of strife, the motives of the rebels, and the identities of the instigators" (3–4). Failure to deal with these details has characterized previous scholarship and led to overly generalized results. In addition, he argues that the context for the letter should first be reconstructed from internal evidence, rather than from theorized models of early Christian history (e.g., debate over charismatic authority or controversy over the developing role of the bishop). The best theory should explain the greatest number of features of the text. Although critical of some aspects of previous scholarship, Welborn agrees that certain historical elements have been definitively established: the author's [End Page 153] heavy reliance on the Old Testament but complex use of Paul; governance of the church by a group of presbyter-bishops appointed by the church body, not by a single bishop; organization of the church in Corinth into house churches led by wealthy patrons; and the relevance of the leadership structures of Greek and Roman private associations. The letter is not from a monarchical Roman bishop, and the date and authorship remain uncertain. In Chapter Two ("Hypothesis"), Welborn examines theories about the instigators of the uprising. Although Hans Lietzmann is typically credited with the hypothesis that the conflict involves young men rising up against older men, Adolf von Harnack had suggested this idea earlier. Most scholars have taken the generational conflict for granted (based on 1 Clem. 3.3), yet no one has engaged in a full study to confirm this hypothesis. This is part of Welborn's project. He also finds evidence in the text to suggest that women may have played a role in the uprising. Chapter Three ("Context") is the longest chapter in the book. Welborn explores numerous aspects and examples of intergenerational conflict from the Greco-Roman world. He pays particular attention to legal and cultural evidence of conflict between young and old and fathers and sons involving access to power and control of property. Welborn presents an impressive array of evidence from authors that include Xenophon, Plato, Cicero, and Sallust. He also suggests that the Pastoral Epistles support a traditional ideology of respect for the elders. However, certain texts—including Plutarch, Musonius Rufus, and the biblical examples of Timothy and Titus—might suggest a more egalitarian view of power allocation among different generations. In Chapter Four ("Application"), Welborn explores a number of motifs used by the author of 1 Clement: charges of sedition, jealousy, and envy; and appeals for obedience, humility, and piety. He characterizes the letter as "a deliberative discourse on concord" that is designed to "reinforce the hierarchical structure of the ecclesia under the rule of the appointed elders" (129). The author juxtaposes the current sedition with a previous golden age in which young men and women knew their place. Welborn suggests that 1 Clement's emphasis on concord is comparable to speeches by Dio Chrysostom and Aelius Aristides on the topic of homonoia. In the final chapter ("Reconstruction"), Welborn presents his picture of the situation. It must account for four factors: 1) The setting was house churches, and the owner of the house would have served as the patron of the assembly, as was the case in private associations. 2) The church was governed by a college of presbyter-bishops, not a single bishop. In keeping with New Testament usage, these figures are best described in English...

Investing in Private Evidence

Technological advances have changed our ability to acquire and save information, with far-reaching implications in legal discovery and evidence. In this paper, we analyze the interrelated effect of legal presumptions and discovery rules in incentivizing the voluntary adoption of private evidence technology. We show that, under any legal presumption, by making private evidence investments not discoverable, more evidence, rather than less, would be made available to courts, with a likely increase in the accuracy of adjudication. Alternative legal presumptions and asymmetries in role-probabilities affect the type of evidence technology likely to be adopted. We compare the legal presumptions and discovery rules adopted in the U.S. and Europe and consider which evidence regime is likely to foster greater investments in private evidence.

Forensic Identification of Endodontically Treated Teeth after Heat-Induced Alterations: An In Vitro Study.

Objective:The study aimed to highlight the relationship between forensic science and endodontics by illustrating CBCT records can be used as legal evidence for forensic analysis and evaluate the effect of elevated temperature on the endodontically treated teeth.Methods:The present study was conducted on 40 extracted permanent mandibular premolars, which were divided into two groups based on predetermined incineration temperature: Group I - 400°C & Group II - 800°C subjected for 15 minutes holding time in a digital burnout furnace. The root canal treatment was performed for both the groups and a Pre-incineration CBCT scan was taken for both the groups as an ante-mortem data. Following heating analysis, root canal treated teeth were examined using a stereomicroscope at 20x resolution to evaluate the morphological changes. The post-incineration CBCT scan was taken as the post-mortem record for each group. Both ante-mortem records and post-mortem records were compared for the forensic analysis.Results:The endodontically treated teeth display a series of macroscopic and stereo-microscopic changes for each temperature scale. The CBCT records identify the thermal stress-induced 3D alterations in the gutta-percha filled teeth.Conclusion:Knowledge of changes in human dentition and traces of the endodontically treated teeth can help forensic experts for the identification of the fire victims.

Popular Memory and Gender in Medieval England: Men, Women, and Testimony in the Church Courts, c. 1200–1500 by Bronach C. Kane

Reviewed by: Popular Memory and Gender in Medieval England: Men, Women, and Testimony in the Church Courts, c. 1200–1500 by Bronach C. Kane Katie Barclay Kane, Bronach C., Popular Memory and Gender in Medieval England: Men, Women, and Testimony in the Church Courts, c. 1200–1500 (Gender in the Middle Ages, 13), Woodbridge, The Boydell Press, 2019; hardback; pp. 309; R.R.P. £60.00; ISBN 9781783273522. How do we remember? In Popular Memory and Gender in Medieval England, Bronach Kane explores how memory is deployed by lower-status people in church court testimony, particularly attending to memory as an embodied, material practice. As the gender in the title suggests, this book considers how men and women remembered the past differently from each other, but its achievement is much more significant than this might suggest. In writing a history of how ordinary people remember, we learn of memory as not just a process of thought but as bound up with and emerging through the body, environments, and everyday life. Memory studies is a huge area of research, but attention to memory practices amongst medieval and early modern people has been a more modest endeavour. Popular Memory can be situated alongside works such as Andy Wood’s The Memory of the People that move from memory as an exploration of what is retained and forgotten and its relationship to power and nation-building, to memory as something of the everyday and the local. [End Page 218] Popular Memory is a substantial book, with seven chapters, and a scholarly introduction and conclusion. It begins with a discussion of how canon law, the legal context of the evidentiary base of the volume, understood and acknowledged memory as a form of legal proof and the (limited) role it allowed for women in providing legal testimony. The remainder of the book explores the different ways that memory was presented within the courts by witnesses to legal cases and how it was given authoritative force. Ranging across themes of sexuality and sex, gendered and especially reproductive bodies, birth, marriage, and death, written memory and orality, and finally place and landscape, Popular Memory highlights how the legal evidence—accounts of things seen, thought, felt—were articulated through the mundane and embodied experiences of everyday life. The birth of a child or a wedding became ways to assuredly affirm the dating of a particular event; courts recognized these social facts as memorable for the individual and so they could become anchors that other pieces of evidence could be tied to and made legally compelling. Similarly, descriptions of place and landscape or material items gave weight to testimony, offering explanations as to why certain types of information were known and retained. In doing so, memory was made authoritative through being embedded in the personal and, in particular, in the rhythms of family life and labour. It is perhaps not surprising therefore that memory was a gendered practice. The lives of men and women, their experiences of sex, reproduction, marriage, work, and property use, were shaped by gender, and so the contours of their testimony, and capacity to speak authoritatively in particular areas, reflected these gendered experiences. As Popular Memory suggests, this was not entirely transparent. Men were not only allowed to speak to a wider range of topics and types of legal case, but had greater literacy levels, enabling them to use writing more readily to affirm their memory practices, and were generally considered more reliable witnesses. At times, this allowed their memories to be given greater weight than those of a wife or similar female family member, even in cases where women might have been thought to have more reliable memory experiences (such as a husband countering his wife’s dating of childbirth). Yet, as this book shows, if patriarchal norms gave broad shape to the operation of the law, testimony and the gendered experience of memory also offered opportunities to contest, resist, and negotiate power structures. Personal stories, recounted through embodied histories, offered a type of agency for the lower orders. This overview does not do justice to this book. What makes it a rich and fascinating contribution to the field is not just the larger...

Role of environmental inquiry in evidence-based social welfare cases

The purpose of the study is to explain the role of environmental inquiry as source of legal evidence in the procedure of granting social welfare. Environmental inquiry has several functions to fulfill. It is an integral part of social work. In social welfare cases it serves the purpose to collect all necessary information and data on the applicant asking for social care benefits. Hence environmental inquiry is a specific evidence-based investigation, in which there is both penetration and confrontation with other pieces of evidence, such as statements of the parties, contents of official and sometimes private documents, testimonies of witnesses or also results of inspections in the place of stay of the person (family) seeking assistance or benefiting from social welfare. Because of its importance in the investigation, other steps in administrative procedures depend on this inquiry. The study refers to by legal acts, selected cases and doctrine views and presents the features of environmental inquiry, sometimes referred to as ‘the family inquiry’ as part of evidence-based investigation in social welfare cases.

Blockchain-Based Secure Storage and Access Scheme For Electronic Medical Records in IPFS

Electronic medical records can help people prevent diseases, improve cure rates, provide a significant basis for medical institutions and pharmaceutical companies, and provide legal evidence for medical negligence and medical disputes. However, the integrity and security problems of electronic medical data still intractable. In this paper, based on the ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption system and IPFS storage environment, combined with blockchain technology, we constructed an attribute-based encryption scheme for secure storage and efficient sharing of electronic medical records in IPFS storage environment. Our scheme is based on ciphertext policy attribute encryption, which effectively controls the access of electronic medical data without affecting efficient retrieval. Meanwhile, we store the encrypted electronic medical data in the decentralized InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), which not only ensures the security of the storage platform but also solves the problem of the single point of failure. Besides, we leverage the non-tamperable and traceable nature of blockchain technology to achieve secure storage and search for medical data. The security proof shows that our scheme achieves selective security for the choose keyword attacks. Performance analysis and real data set simulation experiments shows that our scheme is efficient and feasible.

New Data Obtained with CT Scanning on &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Platypeltoides cuervoae&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (Corbacho &amp; López-Soriano, 2012) Nileidae from the Lower Ordovician; Western Anti-Atlas, Morocco

The present study illustrates for the first time the ventral aspect and the hypostome of <i>Platypeltoides cuervoae</i> (Corbacho and López-Soriano, 2012) of the Upper part of the Lower Fezouata Formation (Lower Ordovician: Tremadocian) of the Guelmim area; Western Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Computed tomography of the holotype and paratype kept at the Natural History Museum in London (United Kingdom) for the conduct of a study on computed tomography and radiography as expert legal evidence in paleontology has revealed the hypotheses of the two previously cited specimens (Corbacho and López-Soriano, 2012) and another disarticulated specimen below, which was discovered during the computed tomography process. All CT Scanning images in this article have been obtained from a CT Scanned at the Natural History Museum, London, UK. By describing the ventral aspect and the hypostomes of the specimens studied in this article, any possible uncertainty and affiliation to Nileidae is stated and dissipated as suggested by Gutiérrez Marco, Sá, García Bellido and Chacaltana as belonging to Asaphidae, incorrectly suggesting that It is the species: <i>Asaphellus stubssi</i> Fortey, 2009. Consequently, membership in the Nileidae family is reaffirmed and Asaphidae is ruled out. The genus <i>Platypeltoides</i> is also reaffirmed and <i>Asaphellus</i> is discarded. Being the correct species <i>Platypeltoides cuervoae</i> (Corbacho & López-Soriano, 2012).

STRATEGI PENINGKATAN PENGELOLAAN ARSIP MELALUI PENGAWASAN KEARSIPAN INTERN

National Archives of Indonesia as one of the government creating agencies should carry out their own records management to ensure the availability of archives in carrying out activities as performance accountability material and legal evidence. In the internal archival supervision conducted by ANRI, it turns out that the results of the internal archival monitoring results are not in accordance with the targets set. Based on these problems, records management should be improved so that they can be better. This research will determine the strategy of records management in the ANRI environment so that it can improve the management of records in its environment. This research is desk research based on primary data from internal archival monitoring results within the ANRI environment, and the determination of strategy is carried out using content analysis of audit instruments containing elements and sub-elements that must be met. After analyzing, it is obtained the strategy of creating archives according to TND and the implementation of vital archive programs in the Work Unit. Whereas the Archives Unit II is more concerned with managing inactive records, disposal, and accessing records.

The determinants of corporate cash holdings: Does country s legal regime matter Evidence from BRIC and Turkey

Purpose - This study aims to fill the gap for BRIC countries and Turkey by looking into the determinants of cash holding across different firm sizes and industries with a perspective on country’s legal regime. Methodology- The sample contains 5.840 firm-year observations across these countries for the period 2005–2014. Capital expenditure, growth opportunities, liquid asset substitutions, leverage, profitability, firm size and GDP per capita- as a measure of the economic development- have been taken to explore the determinants of corporate cash holdings. In order to see whether country’s legal regime matter; the shareholder protection has also been discussed as a determinant of corporate cash holding. Several models have been implemented for each of the cash holding measures, and all of them are estimated by panel data regressions with fixed effects. Findings- The results gave strong evidence that potential investment and growth opportunities, liquid asset substitution and firm size significantly affect the cash holdings decisions of non-financial firms and that are in conformity with the existing literature on the determinants of corporate cash holdings. Besides this, findings provide support for the notion that related firms is under financial constraint and tend to hold more cash as a result of the precautionary motive for cash. Conclusion- These multicounty results, together with the view of common and civil-law differentiation, suggest that country characteristics strongly influence the determinants of cash holding. Countries which have poor corporate governance hold cash at higher levels compared to countries that have good corporate governance.

Legal evidence theory. Are we all ‘rationalists’ now? ‬

Este trabajo se pregunta de que hablamos cuando hablamos de concepcion racionalista de la prueba e identifica un nucleo de tesis basicas que se puede considerar comun a sus versiones angloamericana y continental o latina: la tesis de la busqueda de la verdad como fin preferente de la prueba juridica y la tesis de la justificacion probatoria como caso especial de la justificacion epistemica general. Se identifican tambien dos presupuestos filosoficos en los que esas tesis se apoyan: la asuncion de una nocion de verdad como correspondencia y la distancia en el plano ontologico y epistemologico tanto respecto del escepticismo, como de un cognoscitivismo ingenuo. Y se sostiene que la imprecision, en aspectos importantes, de esas tesis y esas asunciones es lo que permite que la adscripcion a una concepcion racionalista funcione como arena comun para las discusiones contemporaneas sobre la prueba juridica, clausurando algunos debates -los relativos a la nocion de verdad- y abriendo, en cambio, otros -los que se refieren al grado de especialidad de la justificacion probatoria y al modo en que el derecho probatorio debiera ocuparse de la distribucion equitativa del riesgo de error.

Employable: Transition Program to Improve Employment Outcomes for Students with Disabilities - Needs Assessment & Current Constraints

ABSTRACTDespite legal mandates and evidence of predictors of success in transition, there continue to be poor outcomes for students with disabilities as compared to students without disabilities. This article describes the first steps of a quality improvement project, including a needs assessment and description of the current constraints of transition programming. The ultimate goal of the project is to improve employment outcomes for students with disabilities and to demonstrate how occupational therapists are crucial members of the transition team in schools. School professionals from across Pennsylvania were surveyed and interviewed regarding their perspective on the current state of transition programming. The results lay the ground work for the development of an innovative, evidence-based program model called EmployABLE.

ANALISIS YURIDIS TERHADAP ALAT BUKTI VISUM ET REPERTUM PSIKIATRIKUM DALAM KASUS TINDAK PIDANA PERKOSAAN (STUDI KASUS PUTUSAN PENGADILAN TINGGI BANJARMASIN NOMOR 42/PID/2017/PT BJM)

Based on Decision Number 20 / Pid.B / 2017 PN.Mrh has reported rape issued by the wife of Suwito Budi Santoso while the wife of Suwito Budi Santoso is named Sumaryati. However, Decision Number 42 / PID / 2017 / PT.BJM, the Banjarmasin High Court Judge Council acquitted 7 defendants who were not proven in rape cases. However, in the court's ruling, the Banjarmasin High Court contained anomalies that differed from the Verdict of the Marbahan District Court, namely from the expert's statement and the results of the post mortem psychiatric review. The problem is how is the juridical analysis of the evidence evidence and psychiatric repertum in the case of rape (case study of the Decision of the High Court in banjaran 42 / PID / 2017 / PT BJM)? The author approves this problem using normative research methods supported by expert interview data. The author creates in Article 184 the Criminal Procedure Code valid evidence is divided into 5 (five), which consists of legal evidence categorized Letters which are translated Article 187 and in Perma No 3 of 2017 in Article 4 to be discussed by the Judge. The author asks that for Law Enforcement, to pay more attention to what matters are the contents of the legislation. Investigators, Public Prosecutors, Judges, and government institutions that are involved in the tools of the post mortem and psychiatric repertum in the crime of rape, must really realize the contents of the agreement. So that the legal certainty given by the State to the community can be fully accepted

Network Forensic Investigation Protocol to Identify True Origin of Cyber Crime

An increase in digitization is giving rise to cybercrimes. The existing network protocols are insufficient for collecting the required digital evidence of cybercrime, which eventually makes the process of forensic investigation difficult. In the current scenario of network forensics, the investigator with current capabilities can reach only up to the ISP. This is not primary evidence. Currently, available tools work only at the network layer. In this work, we propose a protocol that ensures tracking up to the true source by collecting beforehand forensically sound evidence. The proposed protocol can collect target data from the device in the form of a device fingerprint with the help of an agent process. The proposed methodology will help in proving non-repudiation, which is a well-known challenge in forensic cases. The fingerprint evidence generated by the proposed method has the capability of not getting obsolete even if the criminal tries to destroy evidence. The fingerprinting technique deployed uses a hash tree and generates evidence in such a way that this fingerprint can act as legal evidence. The security validation of the proposed system is done using the BAN logic. Formal verification is performed using the AVISPA tool. The system has been implemented as a prototype and hosted on AWS.

Dahlman and Mackor on coherence and probability in legal evidence: a commentary

Dahlman and Mackor on coherence and probability in legal evidence: a commentary