Left Main Coronary Artery Lesions Research Articles

TCT-310 Plaque Neovascularization Correlates With Thermal Heterogeneity As Measured By Microwave Radiometry

Background: Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a “golden standard” in determining hemodynamic significance of ambiguous lesions and provides guidance on appropriateness of revascularization. The cut-off values for intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) parameters corresponding to FFR of 0.75 or 0.80 are still under investigation. The aim of this study was to determine best IVUS criteria for predicting physiological significance of left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenosis with FFR as the standard. Methods: FFR values during adenosine infusion (at the rate of 140 g/kg/min femoral vein) were calculated in 99 patients aged 58 10 years with an angiographically ambiguous LMCA stenosis. Subsequently, all patients underwent IVUS with automatic pullback at a constant speed of 0.5 mm/sec., from the middle segment of left descending artery (LAD) to the aorto-ostial junction of LMCA. The following IVUS parameters were analyzed: minimum lumen area (MLA, mm), minimum lumen diameter (MLD, mm), the maximum plaque burden (PB, %), and percent area stenosis (%AS, %). Results: The averaged FFR was 0.77 0.10 (range 0.51-0.99). FFR 0.75 was observed in 42 patients (42.4%). Linear regression analysis revealed a strong correlation between the values of FFR and MLA (AUC 0.86, p 0.001), PB (AUC 0.64, p 0.03), %AS (AUC 0.72, p 0.0002) and the MLD (AUC 0.75, p 0.0001). Cut off points for the value of FFR 0.75 were: 5.9 mm for MLA (sensitivity 0.69 and specificity 0.85), 59.7% for PB (sensitivity 0.77 and specificity 0.48), 36% for %AS (sensitivity 0.94 and specificity 0.44) and 2.9 mm for MLD (sensitivity 0.97 and specificity 0.50), respectively. Conclusions: Strong correlation between FFR and LMCA lesion critical IVUS parameters was found in our patient group. MLA value of 5.9 mm in IVUS seems to be a useful criterion for predicting FFR 0.75.

Ischaemic heart disease in patients with diabetes mellitus and critical lower limb ischemia

Aims. To assess prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and clinical features of asymptomatic IHD in patients with diabetes mellitus(DM) and critical lower limb ischemia (LLI).Materials and Methods. We examined 118 patients with DM, who underwent hospitalization for critical LLI. Besides routinecardiologic examination, all patients were subject to color duplex ultrasonography of lower limbs and CT contrast angiography. Patientswith proper indications underwent coronary angiography. Statistical data was processed with SPSS v17.0.0. software package. Results. We have found 58.5% of patients with DM and critical LLI to suffer from IHD - and approximately 40% to have myocardialinfarction in their medical history. According to acquired coronary angiograms, 89% of asymptomatic cases were characterized byhemodynamically significant stenosis, while 68.7% of them had either three arteries affected or left main coronary artery lesions. Conclusion. Patients with DM and critical LLI require thorough examination, as subclinical IHD may be masked in them by lowerlimb angiopathy.

Successful management of cardiogenic shock with intracoronary nitroglycerin in a patient with left main coronary artery lesion

Successful management of cardiogenic shock with intracoronary nitroglycerin in a patient with left main coronary artery lesion

Impact of diabetes mellitus on patients with unprotected left main coronary artery lesion disease treated with either percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary-artery bypass grafting

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of diabetes on patients with unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease treated with either percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG). The optimal coronary revascularization strategy in diabetic patients with unprotected LMCA disease remains uncertain. A total of 823 consecutive patients having unprotected LMCA disease, who received drug-eluting stent (DES) (n=331) implantation or underwent CABG (n=492), were retrospectively analyzed. We compared the effects of these two treatments on clinical outcomes [death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, target vessel revascularization, and the composite of death, MI, or stroke], according to the patients' diabetic status. After multivariable adjustment, the risk of death [hazard ratio (HR): 1.096, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.541-2.222; P=0.799] and that of the composite of death, MI, or stroke (HR: 0.769, 95% CI: 0.446-1.328; P=0.346) were similar in the DES and CABG groups. However, the rate of target vessel revascularization was significantly higher in the DES group (HR: 0.169, 95% CI: 0.079-0.358; P<0.001). Incidence of MI (HR: 1.314, 95% CI: 0.238-7.254; P=0.754) and that of the composite of death, MI, or stroke (HR: 1.497, 95% CI: 0.682-3.289; P=0.315) were similar between DES and CABG in the nondiabetic group; however, in the diabetic population incidence of the composite of death, MI, or stroke (HR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.126-0.761; P=0.011) was significantly higher in the DES compared with the CABG group, driven mainly by the significantly higher rate of MI in the DES group (HR: 0.114, 95% CI: 0.022-0.593; P=0.01). Rate of repeat revascularization was higher with DES compared with CABG in both diabetic and nondiabetic groups. There was a prognostic impact of diabetes mellitus on treatment effects in patients with unprotected LMCA lesions who underwent DES or CABG. For patients with unprotected LMCA lesions, PCI with DES was an acceptable alternative to CABG at risk for higher repeat revascularization in the nondiabetic cohort, whereas in the diabetic cohort PCI with DES was inferior to CABG in terms of both safety and efficacy.

Catheter induced left main coronary artery stenosis: A rare complication of percutaneous coronary intervention

Introduction: Iatrogenic left main coronary artery lesion following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a rare complication. Bashour et al. first reported this complication more than twenty­three years ago. Fortunately, this was one of only a handful of cases reported in literature, in spite of the thousands of procedures performed every year. Case Series: We are reporting two cases of catheter induced left main coronary artery stenosis. One of the cases involved PCI to left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the 2nd to the left circumflex artery (LCX). Neither cases revealed significant plaque burden in the left main coronary artery (LMCA). The patients in both cases returned within three months with symptoms of angina, and were found to have critical left main disease, presumably induced by guide catheters. One patient underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and other had successful ostial left main PCI. Conclusion: Catheter induced left main coronary artery disease is a rare but serious complication of PCI, and should always be considered in any patient that returns with chest pain following PCI. Particular attention should be paid to catheter and device manipulation during the procedure to avoid this potentially calamitous complication.

Midterm Outcome of Off-Pump Bypass Procedures Versus Drug-Eluting Stent for Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Disease

Although surgical revascularization is recommended for the treatment of left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) attempts have increased, especially after the introduction of the drug-eluting stent. The goal of this study was to compare the midterm outcomes between drug-eluting stenting and off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) grafting in LMCA disease. Five hundred twelve consecutive patients with unprotected LMCA disease who underwent OPCAB (N = 269) or drug-eluting stenting (N = 243) were enrolled. We compared major cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) in a real-world cohort and in a matching patient cohort (N = 256). The duration of mean follow-up was 38 ± 20 months, and the follow-up rate was 97.7%. In a real-world comparison, the OPCAB group showed better 5-year freedom from MACCEs compared with the stenting group (71.5% ± 4.4% versus 67.6% ± 4.0%; p = 0.031), despite worse patient characteristics. After patient matching, the OPCAB group showed more distinct benefit in 5-year freedom from MACCEs (75.3% ± 6.6% versus 62.8% ± 5.4; p < 0.001), including a significantly lower target vessel revascularization (TVR) rate (p < 0.001). In a subgroup analysis, the benefit of OPCAB regarding 5-year freedom from MACCEs was more clearly defined for lesions of the distal LCMA and in LMCA lesions with multivessel disease (p = 0.015, p = 0.004, respectively). Patients with LMCA disease who were treated with OPCAB showed better 5-year freedom from MACCEs in a real-world practice and in a patient matching cohort compared with the drug-eluting stenting group. TVR was the main factor that made the difference. The benefit of OPCAB was more prominent in distal LMCA lesions and in LMCA lesions with multivessel involvement.

Comparative long‐term efficacy and safety of drug‐eluting stent versus coronary artery bypass grafting in ostial left main coronary artery disease

To date, drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation has not been compared with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for ostial left main coronary artery (LMCA) lesions. Of the 263 patients in the MAIN-COMPARE registry with ostial LMCA stenosis, 123 were treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with DES and 140 with CABG. We compared their 5-year overall survival, composite outcomes of death, Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke, and target vessel revascularization (TVR) rates. Unadjusted analysis showed no significant differences between CABG and DES in overall survival rates (95% confidence interval (CI) for hazard ratio (HR): 0.44 to 1.77, P = 0.71), composite outcomes (death, Q-wave MI, or stroke)-free survival rates (95% CI for HR: 0.41-1.63, P = 0.56), and TVR-free survival rates (95% CI for HR: 0.79-5.03, P = 0.14). Multivariate adjusted Cox regression analysis also showed no significant between-group differences in TVR (95% CI for HR: 0.52-3.79, P = 0.49), death (95% CI for HR: 0.79-2.82, P = 0.22) and the composite of death, Q-wave MI, or stroke (95% CI for HR: 0.65-2.57, P = 0.46). These results were sustained after propensity score adjustment and propensity score matching analysis. DES implantation for ostial LMCA lesions showed similar 5-year outcomes of death, major adverse events, and TVR compared with CABG. Although meticulous adjustments decreased baseline difference between the two treatments, the absence of statistical significance could be attributable to the size of the study sample and hidden bias.

140 Assessment of left main coronary artery lesions by 64 slices coronary tomography: Comparison with IVUS and quantitative coronary angiogram

140 Assessment of left main coronary artery lesions by 64 slices coronary tomography: Comparison with IVUS and quantitative coronary angiogram

Acute myocardial infarction due to the left main coronary artery occlusion: Electrocardiographic patterns, angiographic findings, revascularization and in-hospital outcomes

BackgroundPrimary angioplasty improves outcomes of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, in the highest risk subgroups, the mortality remains high despite modern catheter-based reperfusion therapy. This study analyzed patients with AMI caused by the left main coronary artery unstable lesion, a subgroup considered to be associated with very high early mortality. MethodsA multicenter registry enrolled 6742 consecutive patients with AMI. Ninety-seven patients (1,4% of the entire study population) had left main as the infarct related artery. Baseline clinical characteristics, ECG patterns, coronary angiographic and echocardiographic data were correlated with the revascularization therapies used and with in-hospital outcomes. ResultsTwenty-five patients (25,8%) died during the hospital stay. The deceased patients were older, had more freqently bundle branch block on the admission ECG, had higher Killip class on presentation, more frequently had TIMI flow <3 and PCI success rate was 72% (vs. 100% among survivors). Left main coronary artery (LMCA) lesion impaired distal flow (TIMI flow 0–2 on presentation) in 35 patients: the most frequent ECG presentation pattern for these LMCA occlusions was ST segment elevation (n=17), followed by RBBB (n=9; with LAH 6 and without LAH 3), LBBB (n=6) and ST segment depression (n=3). In other words: acute LMCA occlusion presents in 51% with ECG changes other than ST segment elevations. Patients with TIMI flow 0–2 had higher Killip class on admission, lower ejection fraction and higher in-hospital mortality (37% vs. 20%), when compared to those with TIMI flow 3 on the initial angiogram. ConclusionsDespite modern interventional therapy, acute myocardial infarction caused by the left main coronary artery obstruction bears high early mortality. The presence of bundle branch block, diminished TIMI flow on the initial angiogram, higher age and Killip class are related with increased mortality.

Current management of left main coronary artery disease

Coronary artery bypass surgery is considered as the gold standard treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) disease. Over the last 20 years, improvement in stent technology and operators experience explained the increased number of reports on the results of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) for the treatment of left main (LM) coronary artery lesion. The recent data comparing efficacy and safety of PCIs using drug-eluting stent and coronary artery bypass surgery showed comparable results in terms of safety and a lower need for repeat revascularization for coronary artery bypass surgery. Patient selection for both techniques is fundamental and directly impacts the clinical outcome. Further randomized trials must be conducted to precise the indications of both techniques of revascularization in the treatment of LM disease.

Comparison of Coronary Calcium in Firefighters With Abnormal Stress Test Findings and in Asymptomatic Nonfirefighters With Abnormal Stress Test Findings

Firefighters are known to have an elevated rate of sudden cardiac death compared to the general population. It is unclear whether this finding is related to underlying cardiovascular risk factors or whether firefighting inherently carries additional risk. Our objective was to determine whether Los Angeles county firefighters have higher coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores and increased atherosclerosis as determined using 64-slice cardiac, multidetector computed tomography. A total of 647 asymptomatic firefighters evaluated as a part of a wellness protocol were referred for cardiac multidetector computed tomography to evaluate abnormal exercise treadmill test findings. They were matched by age and cardiovascular risk factors, with 2,533 asymptomatic subjects undergoing cardiac computed tomography because of abnormal electrocardiographic or exercise treadmill test findings. CAC and the prevalence of obstructive coronary artery disease by vessel were derived. Finally, the predictors of CAC were analyzed using regression analysis. Of the firefighters, 49% had detectable CAC compared to 43% of controls (p = 0.015). Although the lesions were most prevalent in the left anterior descending artery in both groups, more firefighters had any left anterior descending artery stenosis compared to the controls (p <0.0001). The firefighters also had more left main coronary artery lesions than did the controls (p <0.0001). The firefighters had significantly greater CAC scores than did with the controls (p <0.001). Furthermore, the firefighters had significantly greater mean CAC scores (66 ± 8 in firefighters vs 33 ± 4 for controls, p <0.001). Firefighter status was independently associated with a 41-point increase in the CAC score (p <0.001). In conclusion, asymptomatic firefighters had more atherosclerosis and CAC than the matched controls.

Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for the Treatment of a Patient With Cardiogenic Shock Due to Acute Total Occlusion of Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Without Supportive Collateral Flow

Total occlusion of unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) is rarely encountered in clinical practice and the incidence cannot be determined precisely, since most of the patients die before hospital admission. Malignant arrhythmia, cardiogenic shock or sudden death due to pump failure develops in most of these patients. The cases complicated by cardiogenic shock have bad prognosis in both the short and long term, despite the advancements in reperfusion treatments. Successful treatment of sudden total occlusion of unprotected LMCA has been rarely reported. Over the last decade, many cases and comparisons in patients with LMCA lesions were reported on percutaneous interventions for unprotected LMCA using different stent and stenting procedures or in comparison to coronary bypass surgery. On the other hand, these patients either had stable coronary artery disease or a partially occluded LMCA in the setting of acute coronary syndromes with well supporting collateral flow. In our case, a 50 year-old male patient with cardiogenic shock and extensive anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction due to acute total occlusion of unprotected LMCA, who was not receiving collateral flow from the right coronary system, was treated successfully through primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty, was presented. In our case, there was an totally occluded unprotected LMCA without any supportive coronary flow to left system. In this regard, our case is unique in literature.

Using Intravenous Ultrasound to Guide Left Main Revascularization: What's the Cutoff?

For left main coronary artery (LMCA) lesions, the need for revascularization might be better determined by minimum lumen area (MLA) as assessed by

Prospective Application of Pre-Defined Intravascular Ultrasound Criteria for Assessment of Intermediate Left Main Coronary Artery Lesions: Results From the Multicenter LITRO Study

This study is a prospective validation of 6 mm(2) as a minimum lumen area (MLA) cutoff value for revascularization of left main coronary artery (LMCA) lesions. Lesions involving the LMCA are prognostically relevant. Angiography has important limitations in the evaluation of LMCA lesions with intermediate severity. An MLA of 6 mm(2) assessed by intravascular ultrasound has been proposed as a cutoff value to determine lesion severity, but there are no large studies evaluating the prospective application and safety of this approach. We have designed a multicenter, prospective study. Consecutive patients with intermediate lesions in unprotected LMCA were evaluated with intravascular ultrasound. An MLA <6 mm(2) was used as criterion for revascularization. A total of 354 patients were included in 22 centers. LMCA revascularization was performed in 90.5% (152 of 168) of patients with an MLA <6 mm(2) and was deferred in 96% (179 of 186) of patients with an MLA of 6 mm(2) or more. A large scatter was observed between both groups regarding angiographic parameters. In a 2-year follow-up period, cardiac death-free survival was 97.7% in the deferred group versus 94.5% in the revascularized group (p = 0.5), and event-free survival was 87.3% versus 80.6%, respectively (p = 0.3). In the 2-year period, only 8 (4.4%) patients in the deferred group required subsequent LMCA revascularization, none with an infarction. Angiographic measurements are not reliable in the assessment of intermediate LMCA lesions. An MLA of 6 mm(2) or more is a safe value for deferring revascularization of the LMCA, given the application of the clinical and angiographic inclusion criteria used in this study.

Angiographically borderline left main coronary artery lesions: correlation of transthoracic doppler echocardiography and intravascular ultrasound: a pilot study

Backgroundthe clinical decision making could be difficult in patients with borderline lesions (visually assessed stenosis severity of 30 to 50%) of the left main coronary artery (LM). The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between transthoracic Doppler (TTDE) peak diastolic flow velocity (PDV) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) measurements in the assessment of angiographically borderline LM lesions.Methods27 patients (mean age 64 ± 8 years, 21 males) with borderline LM stenosis referred for IVUS examination were included in the study. We performed standard IVUS with minimal lumen area (MLA) and plaque burden (PB) measurement and routine quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) with diameter stenosis (%DS) and area stenosis (%AS) assessment in all. During TTDE, resting PDV was measured in the LM.Resultsinterpretable Doppler signal could be obtained in 24 patients (88% feasibility); therefore these patients entered the final analysis. MLA was 7.1 ± 2.7 mm2. TTDE measured PDV correlated significantly with IVUS-derived MLA (r = -0.46, p < 0.05) and plaque burden (r = 0.51, p < 0.05). Using a velocity cut-off of 112 cm/sec TTDE showed a 92% sensitivity and 62% specificity to identify IVUS-significant (MLA < 6 mm2) LM stenosis.ConclusionIn angiographically borderline LM disease, resting PDV from transthoracic echocardiography is increased in presence of increased plaque burden by IVUS. TTDE evaluation might be a useful adjunct to other invasive and non-invasive methods in the assessment of borderline LM lesions. Further, large scale studies are needed to establish the exact cut-off value of PDV for routine clinical application.

Impact of Severe Coronary Disease Associated or Not Associated with Diabetes Mellitus on Outcome of Interventional Treatment Using Stents: Results from HERZ (Heart Research Group of Kanazawa) Analyses

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using a drug-eluting stent (DES) leads to less re-stenosis than PCI using a bare metal stent (BMS), however there is still controversy whether use of a DES for severe coronary disease leads to an acceptable outcome in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study 8159 lesions were treated in 6739 patients (mean age 68.9 years) with coronary artery disease. Use of a DES significantly decreased the re-stenosis rate compared with BMS in both DM (9.6% versus 21.3%) and non-DM (9.5% versus 17.1%) patients. The re-stenosis rate was significantly higher in DM than in non-DM patients in the BMS group but not in the DES group. There was no statistically significant difference in event-free survival after stenting of patients with left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease between the BMS and DES groups. It was concluded that, compared with BMS, DES reduced re-stenosis in patients with DM, however, we advise careful treatment after using DES for severe coronary disease, including LMCA lesions, in patients with DM.

Incidence, Predictors, Treatment, and Long-Term Prognosis of Patients With Restenosis After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation for Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Disease

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence, predictors, and long-term outcomes of patients with in-stent restenosis (ISR) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents (DES) for unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease. Few data on the clinical course and management of patients experiencing restenosis after DES treatment for unprotected LMCA disease have appeared. Between February 2003 and November 2007, 509 consecutive patients with unprotected LMCA disease underwent DES implantation, with 402 (80.1%) undergoing routine surveillance or clinically driven angiographic follow-up. A major adverse cardiac event was defined as the composite of death, myocardial infarction (MI), or target-lesion revascularization. The overall incidence of angiographic ISR in LMCA lesions was 17.6% (71 of 402 patients, 57 with focal-type and 14 with diffuse-type ISR. Forty patients (56.3%) underwent repeated PCI, 10 (14.1%) underwent bypass surgery, and 21 (29.6%) were treated medically. During long-term follow-up (a median of 31.7 months), there were no deaths, 1 (2.2%) MI, and 6 (9.5%) repeated target-lesion revascularization cases. The incidence of major adverse cardiac event was 14.4% in the medical group, 13.6% in the repeated PCI group, and 10.0% in the bypass surgery group (p = 0.91). Multivariate analysis showed that the occurrence of DES-ISR did not affect the risk of death or MI. The incidence of ISR was 17.7% after DES stenting for LMCA. The long-term clinical prognosis of patients with DES-ISR associated with LMCA stenting might be benign, given that these patients were optimally treated with the clinical judgment of the treating physician.

Impact of the Low- to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio on Composition of Angiographically Ambiguous Left Main Coronary Artery Plaque

A high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to a high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio is associated with cardiac events, while the left main coronary artery (LMCA) is considered to be an important target of atherosclerotic plaque accumulation. This aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between a LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and the characteristics of tissue components of LMCA plaque. One-hundred-twenty consecutive patients with stable angina pectoris who received chronic statin treatment underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for the left coronary artery. We prospectively performed integrated backscatter (IB) intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to their LMCAs and evaluated the tissue characteristics. According to the median value of their LDL-C/HDL-C ratios (2.4), they were divided into 2 groups [high LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (>2.4) (n=60) or low LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (≤ 2.4) (n=60)]. There was no significant difference in the data analyzed using conventional IVUS between the 2 groups. In the IB-IVUS analysis, patients with a high LDL-C/HDL-C ratio had a larger lipid volume and a smaller fibrous volume compared to patients with a low LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (52 ± 10% vs. 48 ± 10%, P=0.014 and 45 ± 9% vs. 50 ± 10%, P=0.010). A high LDL-C/HDL-C ratio was associated with a high percentage of lipid volume and a low percentage of fibrous volume in LMCA lesions. Our findings might well suggest the increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients with a high LDL-C/HDL-C ratio.

Left main stenting: is it a different animal?

For several decades, coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) has been regarded as the treatment of choice for patients with unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease. However, because of marked advancements in techniques of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting and CABG, as well as adjunctive pharmacologic therapy, a new evaluation and review of current indications for optimal revascularisation therapy for LMCA disease may be required to determine the standard of care for these patients. The available current evidence suggests that the composite outcome of death, myocardial infarction and stroke is similar in patients with LMCA disease who are treated with PCI with stenting or CABG, the only difference was the rate of repeat revascularisation. Although PCI can be performed successfully in most LMCA lesions, "high-risk" anatomic subsets, especially involving distal LMCA bifurcation lesions, continue to present unique technical challenges to interventional cardiologists, and, therefore, an integrated approach combing advanced devices, tailored techniques, adjunctive support of physiologic and morphologic evaluation, and adjunctive pharmacologic agents should be reinforced to improve clinical outcomes.

E0465 The incidence of renal artery stenosis in the patients with CHD treating with various therapeutic regimens

IntroductionRenal artery stenosis (RAS) is one aspect of a multiterritory atherosclerotic disease. This study was to evaluate the incidence of RAS in the patients with CHD treating with various therapeutic...