Leather Items Research Articles

Unlocking the Potential of Tropical Fruit Waste to Develop a Biobased Material: An Environment-Friendly Approach

For the sustainable fashion manifesto, biobased material is a novel creation that is made from leftovers and growing biological cells. As the need to develop sustainable biomaterials is on the rise many researchers have focused their studies on microbes and other biological organisms such as plants to offer cleaner, greener processes and entirely new products. The majority of leather items are produced from the skins of cows and calves, that are killed for their flesh. Bio-based materials with Tropical fruit waste were developed using Bacterial Cellulose (Gluconacetobacter) and leftover peels and rinds of mango, papaya and jackfruit. For the production of Bacterial Cellulose (BC), the use of agricultural leftovers can be a cheap and sustainable method. The basic physical tests show that matrices with BC have higher physical and abrasion resistance compared to the other samples. The research indicates that the presence of BC in the matrix increases the biobased material's strength and elongation twofold. The manufacturing processes are using up the natural resource and cause negative environmental effects, this can be reduced by using waste as raw materials. This study has opened new ways of creating biomaterials without using up resources and meeting consumers' sustainability concerns.

13th century leather footwear from Vilnius Lower Castle

During the archaeological excavations in the territory of the Palace of the Grand Dukes in Vilnius, the remains of leather footwear dating back to the late 13th century was discovered. These were only the cut-off lower parts of the footwear, a pair inserted one into the other and stored in a box together with other exceptional artefacts of that time. The footwear was made of expensive dyed goat leather. The luxurious leather items of footwear were reconstructed on the basis of various conducted artefact tests and studies. Based on the construction properties, it can be assumed that they were intended for indoor wear. Artefacts of analogous construction are only rarely discovered. Known examples were discovered during the excavations in Velikii Novgorod, Tver, Hrodna and several other locations to the east of the Baltic Sea. The artefacts from these territories date back to the late 11th to early 14th centuries.

ANALYSIS THAT INFLUENCE BUSINESS PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT THROUGH PERFORMANCE FACTORS IN SMEs.

This research aims to determine how the competence of the human resources of small and medium entrepreneurs in Surabaya, Sidaorjo, and how their competencies affect their business performance partially or simultaneously. The research method used is descriptive exploratory. And competency variables are translated into four indicators: Knowledge, Skills, Ability, and Leadership. To answer research problems and test hypotheses, researchers used statistical analysis with SPSS software, especially correlation analysis, regression, F test, and t-test. Purposive sampling was utilized to choose the sample of respondents for this study, who were MSME respondents for leather items from Small and Medium Enterprises in Surabaya, Sidoarjo. The test results demonstrate that by enhancing the performance of MSME employees through leadership elements and their abilities, product creation may be made better.

Indigesible foreign bodies in feedfor livestock and preventive measures in farm conditions

In the modern conditions of dairy farming, the presence of indigestible foreign bodies in the stomachs of cattle is common, which is due to many factors. In 15 cows of the farm (6 % of the total number of animals in the herd), culled due to the pathology of the digestive organs, damage to the mesh and adjacent organs was diagnosed. The largest number of indigestible foreign bodies was metal objects, which were found in 8 cows; nylon ropes, kapron nets, polyethylene bags – for 4 cows; rags and leather items – from 2 cows; gravel and pieces of concrete were found in one animal. Consumption of indigestible foreign bodies is a common occurrence in farmed cattle, which can be a significant cause of loss of productivity, premature culling, and even animal death. Proper handling of indigestible foreign objects, plastic waste on the farm should be an integral part of preventive measures for animal disease, reduction of culling and improvement of animal welfare. Comprehensive dispensation must be carried out in the following areas: determination of herd syndromes, clinical studies of animals, laboratory studies of blood, milk, urine, analysis of feeding and keeping of animals. One of the main preventive measures is the regular probing of cows for metal-carrying objects with magnetic probes, the introduction of metal object catchers. Among the workers serving the livestock industry, carry out explanatory work on the danger of spreading various indigestible objects on the territory of fodder lands and livestock farms.

Selection of best leather item using a FAHP method to launch new leather industry in Ethiopia: A case study

The ready-to-wear sector is expanding quickly and already accounts for a significant contribution to Ethiopia's export revenue. Due to its lower labor and investment costs, availability of resources, government assistance, etc. than other sectors, this industry attracts young entrepreneurs from around the nation as investment destinations. However, while investing in the leather industry, there are frequently many more aspects to consider. Again, there are numerous leather investment opportunities in the leathers sector, including handbags, jackets, belts, shoes, gloves, etc. Different sorts of leather items necessitate various levels of capital investment, operator skill sets, and resource requirements, among many other things. Again, based on their capacity for managing businesses, available capital, business location, and other factors, not all investors are in the same position. To assist investors in making decisions on the opening of a new leather industry, this paper presents a FAHP methodology for choosing the best leather item among various possibilities in a fuzzy environment. The methods enable the decision-maker to incorporate language expressions of expert judgment into the evaluation process. Using the suggested process, the ideal leather item is chosen for the launching of a leather industry in Ethiopia under the current circumstances.

GREEN STRATEGY FOR RECLAIMING ECOSYSTEM: MICROBIAL REMEDIATION OF LEATHER INDUSTRY WASTES

Meeting environmental regulations for both liquid and solid wastes are produced during the manufacture of leather items is one of the long-term issues facing the leather industry. Insufficient treatment of these wastes will cause environmental pollution and endanger human health. Trimmings have generally been underutilized among other trash that are produced. Hair is not utilized, however collagen found in trims and garbage. Many organic and inorganic particles together with the discharge of suspended or gas-solid oil and grease, nitrogen-containing compounds, and heavy metals either by themselves or in their reduced salt form, chlorides, sulphates, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solids (TDS) are all considerably generated and influenced by tanning operations. Formaldehyde used in the production of finished leather that are difficult to biodegrade and can cause the production of free formaldehyde, a recognized carcinogen. Microbial bioremediation is a novel technique that may be used in a variety of soil and water environments due to microorganisms' adaptability to remove hazardous pollutants that could offer a safer and affordable strategy. The pollution profile of leather industries, microbial bioremediation for pollution reduction from diverse ecological lattices and interactions between the microbes and contaminants has received substantial attention in this review.

Uncovering Buried Historical Memory: A Conversation with Grzegorz Kwiatkowski

Uncovering Buried Historical MemoryA Conversation with Grzegorz Kwiatkowski Grzegorz Kwiatkowski (bio) and Peter Constantine (bio) Grzegorz Kwiatkowski is a new and dynamic poetic voice from Poland, with six volumes of poetry and several translations on the way, as well as the vocalist of the psychedelic postpunk band Trupa Trupa. His newest collection, Crops, translated into English by Peter Constantine, was published by Rain Taxi in November 2021. In this interview, Constantine and Kwiatkowski discuss the themes of his poetry and his endeavors as a musician and activist. [End Page 34] Click for larger view View full resolution HOLOCAUST CONCEPT JEWISH SHOES FOR REMEMBRANCE DAY, AUSCHWITZ BIRKENAU Peter Constantine: Several years ago a number of students at the University of Connecticut specializing in Polish began translating your work. One of the students, Michal Ciebielski, published his translations in New Poetry in Translation, which caused quite a sensation. Readers were drawn to the stark voices of your poems, the different narrators from a troubling past who tell compelling and often frightening stories in a minimal and distilled form. Grzegorz Kwiatkowski: On reflection I realize that was in fact the first time my work was translated and published outside Poland. I was delighted with the translation. It really hit the mark. The English was minimalistic and cold and very direct. As for the voices in my poems, I feel that an artist in some way has to be like a sponge, and for me that means hearing and absorbing different voices from the past and present. It was important to live with these voices for a while. I think this is the crux of my method: I strive to listen to others as much as I can and to be as open as I can. But I do make a selection from these voices, and this selection is usually very dark. I believe that this dark music that I am seeking and re-creating has its source in my family history, in which the Nazi concentration camp Stutthof played a very central role. Constantine: When I started reading your poetry, I came across an article in the Polish newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza, and then later in the Guardian too, about your grandfather taking you to the Stutthof camp when you were a child, and about the gruesome and momentous discovery you made there more recently. Kwiatkowski: Yes, when I was a child my grandfather took me to Stutthof. It was the first time he’d returned there since World War II. It was a very traumatic experience for him. He tried to reconstruct what had happened to him, and his memories suddenly came alive—memories from when he was an inmate there. Both he and his sister. I was a child, and suddenly I saw my grandfather as a broken person. He was crying, shouting. He was in a state of trauma. It was a very powerful and very devastating experience for me, perhaps the most important experience in my life. My head was suddenly filled with so many questions, vital and simple questions: Why do people hate one another? Why do people murder one another? Why do such places as concentration camps exist? In some way from this time on I was lost, and yet perhaps quite the opposite. I began seeking a way to understand these horrors. Walter Stier by Grzegorz Kwiatkowski translated by Peter Constantine You never saw any trains? nonever we had far too much work to dowe never left the officewe worked day and night And yes, many years after this visit with my grandfather, my friend and Trupa Trupa bandmate Rafał Wojczal and I were walking near the fence of the museum of the concentration camp and found first hundreds and then thousands of shoes. It turned out that there were almost half a million shoes. The Stutthof concentration camp was a kind of shoe-gathering center for all the concentration camps in Europe; the Nazis collected the leather for manufacturing everyday leather items. And when the Red Army soldiers in 1945 “liberated” the camp, they counted the shoes. There were half a million. In 1967, when the Stutthof Museum was established, the director...

Life Histories of Theban Tombs: Transdisciplinary Investigations of a Cluster of Rock-Cut Tombs at Sheikh ‘Abd al-Qurna Edited by Andrea Loprieno-Gnirs (AUC Press Archaeological Reports). Cairo: American University in Cairo Press 2021. Pp. 200. $79.95. ISBN 9781617979910 (paper).

<i>Life Histories of Theban Tombs: Transdisciplinary Investigations of a Cluster of Rock-Cut Tombs at Sheikh ‘Abd al-Qurna</i> Edited by Andrea Loprieno-Gnirs (AUC Press Archaeological Reports). Cairo: American University in Cairo Press 2021. Pp. 200. $79.95. ISBN 9781617979910 (paper).

Beach litter survey of selected beaches of coromondel coast of Tamil Nadu, India

The beach litter survey of the selected beaches of Tamilnadu viz. Marina, (lat 13°055’N and long 80°28’E), Besant nagar (lat 12°99’N, long 80°27E) and Thiruvanmiyur (lat 12°97’N and long 80°26´E) were done in the year 2014. Beach litter survey was done mainly to quantify as well as to know the distribution pattern of different types of litter in all the selected beaches surveyed. The different types of litters surveyed in the year 2014 from Jan-Dec includes nylon/ HDP ropes/fishnet pieces (A), plastics covers, sachets, containers of creams, oil, ointments(B), chappals, foot wear (other than leather items)(C), glass bottles, electric bulbs, CFL bulbs (source of Hg) (D), waste (TV, Computer hard- wares, mobile phone handsets charges)(E) and Thermo col, PUF insulators of AC/Fridge, Styrofoam, etc. (F). Among the total litter distribution item C, chappals, footwear (other than leather items) is the highest (4000g/m2) followed by item B, plastics covers, sachets containers of creams, ointments, oil, (2525 g/m2), item F, thermocol, PUF insulators of AC/Fridge, stryrofoam, (1310g/m2), item D, glass bottles, electric bulbs, CFL bulbs (sources of Hg), (1125g/m2) and item A, nylon, HDP ropes and fishnet pieces, 1075 g/m2. In Marina Beach, in post monsoon season (Jan’14 to Mar’14) the item C is more than in A followed by B,D,F and E in summer season(Apr’14 to June’14) the litter distribution is more in C followed by F, B, D, A &amp; E. In pre monsoon season (July’14 to Sep’14) the item B is more followed by C, F, A, D and E in monsoon season, (Oct’ 14 to Dec’14) the item B is followed by F,C, A, E and D. In Besant nagar beach in post monsoon season, (Jan’14 to Mar’14) the item C is more followed by D, A, B, F and E in summer season (April’ 14 to June’14) the item C is more followed by B,F,A,D and E in pre monsoon season, the item B is more followed by C,F,A,D and E in monsoon season, the item F is followed by B, A, C, D and E. In Thiruvanmiyur beach in post monsoon season(Jan’14 to Mar’14) the item C is more followed by B, A, F, D and E, in summer season, (Apr’14 to June’ 14) the item B is more followed by C,F,A,D and E in pre monsoon season, (July’14 to Sep’14) the item B is more followed by F,A,D,C and E in monsoon season, (Oct’14 to Dec’14) the item D is more followed by B,C,F, A and E. In marina beach, the PCA analysis of the beach litter for 12 consecutive months showed that the 2 components extracted had a variance of 49.02% with an eigen value of 2.45 and 25.63%, cumulative variance of 74.65% with an eigen value of 1.28. In Besant nagar beach, the PCA analysis showed that the 2 components extracted had a variance of 43.51% with an eigen value of 2.18 and 32.73% with an eigen value of 1.64 and the cumulative variance of 76.23%. In Thiruvanmiyur beach, the 2 PCA components extracted had a variance of 55.51% with an eigen value of 2.78 and 30.58% with an eigen value of 1.53 and the cumulative variance of 86.09%.

Konverents „Oma nahk“ / Conference Report: "Own Skin"

On 19th November 2020, members of the Estonian Native Crafts programme of the University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy held a conference entitled ‘Own Skin’. It took place at the Estonian Traditional Music Centre in Viljandi, and focussed on the use of animal hide as a material in handicraft and applied arts. The conference addressed domestic, as well as wild, animal hide, and presentations were made by individual producers, producers’ associations, and representatives of higher educational establishments.&#x0D; Vet, and President of the Kihnu Native Sheep Association, Anneli ÄrmpaluIdvand, asserted that all the products of that ancient breed are worthwhile. The most valuable is their double fleece, which has given them the reputation of providing warm sheepskin coats. She underlined the importance of an approach that makes use of all of the produce that can be derived from sheep.&#x0D; The President of the Estonian Sheep and Goat Breeders Association, Vallo Seera, gave an overview of the mass production dimension of the sheep-breeding industry where shearing and skinning are not planned separately. Taking care of the fleece, skinning, taking the hide to the tannery and processing it further, is all quite expensive, and this is why the hides are usually thrown away. In order to reduce such waste, the awareness of the processors, as well as of consumers, needs to be raised.&#x0D; A student of the leatherwork module at the University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy and an animal protection activist, Kadri Võrel, gave a presentation about the use of wild animal hides in the past and nowadays. She underlined the fact that game hide is a so-called ‘fair leather’ and this should be taken into account when valorising it. The Managing Director of the Estonian Hunters’ Society, Tõnis Korts, presented an overview of the problems relating to animal hides from the point of view of hunters. The Estonian Hunters’ Society has made efforts to promote the better use of hides: its export is supervised, and courses have been held on the correct skinning techniques and initial processing, as well as on making leather items.&#x0D; The Head of the Native Craft Studies of the University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy, Ave Matsin, presented the results of investigations into the use of animal skin in Estonia, which proved to be a surprisingly complicated issue. In order to map the information, it is first necessary to establish the precise role of institutions and the division of responsibilities between the ministries and the state boards.&#x0D; A member of the board of Skineks, Ingmar Baida, gave an overview of the only Estonian tannery, which is located in Jõgeva. Each year, Skineks tans approximately 50 000 lambskins and 100 goatskins. Hunters bring the animal hides to be tanned. Most often this is beaver hide. Out of the 7000–8000 beavers hunted per year, approximately 500 reach the Skineks tannery. A special feature of the vegetable tanning used by Skineks is that the skin is not pressed and therefore the leather maintains its unique surface structure.&#x0D; The head of the leatherwork module and lecturer in traditional leatherwork at Viljandi Culture Academy, Kristina Rajando, gave a presentation about the module and the work of students. The module includes studying animal lifecycles, and continues with skinning and leatherwork. Eve Kaaret, a leather artist and artisan at an accessories and bookbinding studio, discussed the long traditions of making footwear, bags and binding at the Leather Art Department of the Estonian Academy of Arts where leather is still preferred despite the arrival of several other materials. The Director of the Leather Art Department at Pallas University of Applied Sciences, Professor Rene Haljasmäe, surveyed the trends through exhibition pieces made by the students and the professor. In addition to leather art and design, Pallas also teaches students how to restore leather items. Just as it is at the Estonian Art Academy, the vegetable-tanned leather produced by Skineks is highly valued at Pallas too.&#x0D; The round-table discussion that followed the conference concentrated on what might be hindering the more widespread use of local skin and which steps might be taken to increase demand for Estonian local skin and the products that can be made from it.

The Use of Natural Scientific Methods in the Study of Leather Items from Archaeological Excavations

This article outlines the results of analyses of footwear and other late medieval and recent leather items. Orthopedic diagnostics are used to assess an early 18th-century woman’s shoe from the historic center of Kaluga. The insole, made of tightly fitted cords, suggests that the shoe had a corrective function. Infrared spectroscopy and liquid chromatography were used to analyze the leather of which the quiver found during the excavations in Moscow was made, and to evaluate the technique whereby its surface was processed. Natural scientific methods were used to study the various types of leather and threads, and to reconstruct the decorative techniques. Leather footwear from the medieval town of Galich, near Kostroma, is compared to that from other Central Russian towns, revealing local variations in footwear and the distribution areas of its types. It is concluded that natural scientific methods are helpful in the study of such finds.

Использование современных методик при изучении археологических коллекций изделий из кожи

В статье представлены результаты применения современных методик, используемых при изучении обуви и других кожаных изделий позднего Средневековья и Нового времени. С привлечением методов ортопедической диагностики рассматривается женская туфля первой половины XVIII в. из раскопок в историческом центре Калуги. По особенностям внутренней стельки из плотно пригнанных шнурков она отнесена к категории корректирующей обуви. Описывается использование методов инфракрасной спектроскопии и жидкостной хроматографии для определения способов обработки кожи колчана, обнаруженного в ходе археологических изысканий на территории Москвы. Приводятся данные об успешном применении естественно-научных методов при изучении сырья и шовного материала, а также приемов декорирования. Проводится сравнение коллекции кожаной обуви из раскопок Галича Мерьского с материалами из других городов Центральной России. Оно позволяет обнаружить региональные различия обувных коллекций и определить границы распространения отдельных типов обуви. Сделан вывод о необходимости широкого использования при работе с археологической кожей естественнонаучных методов, позволяющих выявить информационный потенциал находок.

Export Trend of the Leather Industry of Bangladesh: Challenges to Sustainable Development

Purpose: The principal objectives of the study are to find out the contribution scenario of the leather sector towards the economic development of Bangladesh and to know the background of the leather industry, export performance, item wise contribution, country-wise export trend and contribution in GDP. Methodology: The present study is a descriptive one and based on mainly secondary information. The data was collected from various journals, research articles, thesis papers, newspapers, online news, survey reports, and annual reports and files. In this study, a descriptive technique was adopted in tabular form, column chart, line chart, pie chart, bar chart to analyze the results and represent collected data and information. Findings: The leather sector of Bangladesh is the second-largest export earners after the ready-made garments sector. This sector contributes enormously to the socio-economic development of Bangladesh. The research findings reveal that the export contribution of leather was 8.14% in FY 1990-91, but after that, the contribution of leather sector is decreasing, one of the main reasons is the export trade had been singlehandedly driven by the RMG sector, now its share is almost 2.52% ($1.01billion) of the export earnings. The study shows that the export earnings from leather footwear were 60% growth rate in FY 2018-19 due to riding the trend of increased leather footwear exports in the United States, whereas, the contribution of processed leather and leather products is 24% and 16% respectively. The study also reveals that the leather sector is contributing significantly to the GDP. Leather items are exported from Bangladesh to about 53 countries of the world. The leather sector is also a major employer of semi-skilled or unskilled workers, directly employs around 200,000 people and around 850,000 are connected to the sector indirectly. Limitations: I faced some difficulties for collecting data. Moreover, the study could not deliberate the reflection of statistical tools for analysis of the data. Practical Implications: The export earnings from the leather industry were in good shape before the inception of tannery relocation. But the tanneries are suffering from 2017 as the relocation hit the production of leather processing because some tanneries are not yet in operation. For improving the export performance, the study will be helpful for stakeholders, industry owners, and management, BTA, BFLLGFEA, LFMEAB and buyer’s association. Originality/Value: The study findings clearly showed and explained the comparative position of the export trend among processed leather, leather footwear and leather goods.

A REASSESSMENT OF LEATHERWORK FROM THE SUTTON HOO SHIP BURIAL

The seventh-century ship burial at Sutton Hoo Mound 1, excavated in 1939, contained an impressive display of gold, silver and bronze objects, weapons and other offerings. Organic materials such as wood, textiles and leather were also present. The leather items were studied, and the results published in 1983, when two pairs of shoes were identified from the extremely fragmented remains that survived. Recently, a reassessment of the leather fragments revised the identification to two bags and a single pair of shoes. Multiple reconstruction techniques, developed over the last twenty years, were used to examine the leather fragments and associated metal fittings to provide a new understanding of the leather items and how they had been placed in the burial.

Of cowboys, fish, and pangolins: US trade in exotic leather

AbstractIllegal wildlife trade is a lucrative business, which is driving many species towards extinction. Pangolins (Manis spp.) and arapaimas (Arapaima spp.) are two CITES listed genera coveted in the leather fashion industry for their unique skin pattern. The US has contributed to the decline of pangolin species and was historically a large market for pangolin leather products. While the US trade in pangolin products has declined since 2000, we suspect that pangolin leather may now be substituted by arapaima products. Arapaima leather trade has increased significantly since the year 2011. We found a strong positive correlation between the US states trading in both arapaima and pangolin leather products. The US states that were most involved in this trade had a lower population density and were comparatively wealthier than others. Leather items of both arapaima and pangolin were found for sale on eBay, with 75% of incidents in breach of eBay policy, and potentially illegal. Pangolin leather products were also falsely advertised as arapaima products. We conclude that arapaima leather is increasingly used to satisfy the persisting demand for exotic leather, and further research is urgently needed to determine the effect of the trade on wild arapaima populations.

Getting rid of the unpleasant odor in new artificial leather using natural and synthetic fragrances

Usually, new artificial leather items are very smelly because they have been created using numerous chemicals. Their full smell remains until they become old enough. Removal of unpleasant chemical odor is important to preserve the safety and health at workplaces, to meet the demands of consumers and to develop marketing strategies. In this work, we focus on studying odor abatement using natural and synthetic fragrances. We have found that, in well-defined conditions, both types of fragrances efficiently hide the chemical odor. However, the use of the synthetic one combined with paraffin oil was more effective and cheaper.

Examination of Crocodilian Leather Goods: A Case Study in Forensic Biology and Merchandise Investigation

Examination of leather items (clutches, man-purses, suitcases, and briefcases) using methods of forensic biology and merchandise investigation revealed their outer parts to be made of crocodile and alligator belly skin, and their lining – of textiles and leather from cattle and small domestic ruminants. The diagnostic features of crocodilian skin structures are also listed.

Leather Artifacts from Tara, Western Siberia, Excavated in 2012–2014

We describe 1083 leather items found during the excavation of Tara, one of the oldest Russian fortifi ed towns in western Siberia. Their preservation is excellent owing to high humidity of habitation deposits and the presence of natural preservatives in the soil. Most items are details of footwear (64 %) and scraps of material (26 %), other leather items are mittens, scabbards, and belts. Unique finds include a saddle holster and a compass case. Most artifacts date to late 1600s–early 1700s. The most popular footwear categories were soft composite shoes and stiff high boots worn by garrison members. Fashion shoes were rigid. On the basis of the collection we reconstruct certain aspects of the early Russian settlement of the Irtysh region at the time when it became part of the Russian Empire.

Development of Automated Leather Cutting Machine

Leather cutting serves a crucial role in modifying the shape. Nowadays, there is a clear difference in cutting technologies applied to leather. Industrial leather processing serves the purpose of mass production of leather items in order to satisfy the demand of essential products like clothes, shoes, bags, etc. these demands from technology to be economically efficient, fast, adaptive and to provide maximum possible results with minimum possible cost. Manual cutting with use of scissors and special knifes is used in leather crafting. This allows producing individual unique items whose value is not determined by functionality but based more on visual effects and design features. Currently technologies which are applied for leather cutting include slitting knifes, manual cutting, die press techniques and Laser Cutting. Use of Die Cutting in collaboration electro-mechanical technology has grown significantly during recent years due to number of advantages over conventional cutting methods; flexibility, high production speed, possibility to cut complex geometries, easier cutting of customized parts, and less leftovers of leather makes Die Cutting more and more economically attractive to apply for leather cutting. This paper studies the leather cutting operations through various research works and provides the theoretical data for Design calculations, fabricate & automate the leather blanking machine in such a way that the required length of leather blank of size 200mm X 200mm can be cut with keeping cost minimum for a sponsored company. Keywords- Die Cutting, Laser Cutting, Leather, Die press techniques, Automate

Rapid and Accurate Identification of Animal Species in Natural Leather Goods by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.

The demand for leather goods has grown globally in recent years. Industry revenue is forecast to reach $91.2 billion by 2018. There is an ongoing labelling problem in the leather items market, in that it is currently impossible to identify the species that a given piece of leather is derived from. To address this issue, we developed a rapid and simple method for the specific identification of leather derived from cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, and deer by analysing peptides produced by the trypsin-digestion of proteins contained in leather goods using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. We determined species-specific amino acid sequences by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis using the Mascot software program and demonstrated that collagen α-1(I), collagen α-2(I), and collagen α-1(III) from the dermal layer of the skin are particularly useful in species identification.