Least Amount Of Energy Research Articles

Glyphosate and nickel differently affect photosynthesis and ethylene in glyphosate-resistant soybean plants infected by Phakopsora pachyrhizi.

Nickel (Ni) and glyphosate (Gl) are able to reduce the symptoms of Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, in soybean. However, their combined effects on the energy balance and ethylene metabolism of soybean plants infected with this fungus has not been elucidated. Therefore, the effects of Ni, Gl, and the combination of Ni + Gl on ASR development, photosynthetic capacity, sugar concentrations, and ethylene concentrations in plants of a Gl-resistant cultivar, uninfected or infected with P. pachyrhizi, were investigated. Inoculated plants supplied with Ni had the highest foliar Ni concentration in all the treatments. Gl had a negative effect on the foliar Ni concentration in Ni-sprayed plants. The ASR severity was reduced in plants sprayed with Ni and Gl. Carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations were higher in inoculated Ni, Gl, and Ni + Gl plants than in control plants. Based on the chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, the photosynthetic apparatus of the control inoculated plants was damaged, and the least amount of energy was directed to the photochemistry process in these plants. The reduced capacity of the photosynthetic mechanism to capture light and use the energy absorbed by photosystem II in inoculated plants was reflected in their reduced capacity to process CO2 , as indicated by the high internal CO2 concentrations and low rates of net carbon assimilation. The low sugar concentrations in inoculated plants from the control treatment were linked to their reduced photosynthetic capacity due to the high ASR severity. In uninfected plants, the ethylene concentration was not affected by Ni or Gl, while the ethylene concentration decreased in inoculated plants; this decrease was more pronounced in plants from the control treatment than in treated inoculated plants. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the role played by both Ni and Gl in ASR control from a physiological perspective. Soybean plants exposed to Ni and Gl were able to maintain high ethylene concentrations and photosynthetic capacity during the P. pachyrhizi infection process; as a result, these plants consumed less of their reserves than inoculated plants not treated with Ni or Gl.

Sustainable Solutions for Better Public Road Transportation

Transportation undoubtedly fastens economic growth by providing ways to initiate various modes. Population explosion, industrialization, and urbanization created more challenges to environmental stability. Urban transport is one of the essential components of urban development. Sustainable transportation includes the most efficient and convenient movement of people and vehicles with the least amount of energy, congestion, and environmental impacts. Therefore proper sustainable transport solutions are needed to pace with the developmental process. The paper attempts to provide some solutions that can ensure better human health and protection of the environment. These solutions include minimizing toxic gas emissions, electro mobility, road traffic management, congestion pricing, better parking policies, etc. These ecofriendly modes can improve the quality of public road transport and human life.

Simple model of atherosclerosis in cylindrical arteries: impact of anisotropic growth on Glagov remodeling.

In 1987, Seymour Glagov observed that arteries went through a two-stage remodeling process as a result of plaque growth: first, a compensatory phase where the lumen area remains approximately constant and second, an encroachment phase where the lumen area decreases over time. In this paper, we investigate the effect of growth anisotropy on Glagov remodeling in five different cases: pure radial, pure circumferential, pure axial, isotropic and general anisotropic growth where the elements of the growth tensor are chosen to minimize the total energy. We suggest that the nature of anisotropy is inclined towards the growth direction that requires the least amount of energy. Our framework is the theory of morphoelasticity on an axisymmetric arterial domain. For each case, we explore their specific effect on the Glagov curves. For the latter two cases, we also provide the changes in collagen fiber orientation and length in the intima, media and adventitia. In addition, we compare the total energy produced by growth in radial, circumferential and axial direction and deduce that using a radially dominant anisotropic growth leads to lower strain energy than isotropic growth.

Insight into the dynamics of the Non-Newtonian Casson fluid on a horizontal object with variable thickness

With quick variations and growths in engineering technology, the activation and binary chemical reaction have sparked vast interest for engineers and scientists due to its immense applications in chemical engineering, food processing, processes of transportation, reservoir of geothermal, etc. In the energy activation, the least amount of energy is required for stimulation of reactants, wherever a chemical change undergoes. Internal energy change of the viscoelastic fluid is the fundamental part of thermophysical properties determining their enactment is a subject of extensive debates over the years. With this significance, we present the steady-state momentum heat and mass transfer flow of a viscoelastic fluid flow in the existence of pre-exponential factor. The velocity of the fluid over the horizontally stretched pin is changed linearly with the axial distance while Casson fluid is supposed as a fluid model. A similarity transformation eases the Navier–Stokes partial differential equations that are transformed into ordinary differential equations and solved numerically through bvp4c solver for the velocity, concentration and energy fields. Moreover, viscosity and conductivity are assumed to be dependent on temperature. Results are discussed near the boundary layer of the pin, while diffusivity is dependent on concentration. A reaction in the form of pre-exponential factor is taken on the surface of pin. Parameters like the ratio parameter, viscosity parameter and viscoelastic parameter are used to control the flow field. We also find that velocity field declines for growing values of viscoelastic parameterγ. Stripe of temperature field shows increasing behavior with positive values of heat generation parameter b but shows adverse behavior with negative values of b. Small values of Dramkohler number Da gives larger values of Prandtl number but in case of Eckert number we saw an opposite behavior. The fitted rate n and temperature difference parameter have conflicting influence on concentration profile. Activation energy E and ε1 causes increment in the behavior of temperature profile. Moreover, numerical data of current paper is compared with previous data.

Machine learning based for reducing energy conserving in WSN

Two main factors pose challenges in designing wireless sensor network systems, namely energy and bandwidth. In this paper, we will focus on the topic of decreasing energy consuming in wireless networks by employing the Artificial intelligent in this domain. In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensors are working by small batteries. Since the small batteries are restricted power resources, they should use carefully. The proposed algorithm extends the life of these batteries by making use of artificial intelligence science in general and cluster technology in particular, by finding the optimal number of clusters for the network so that the routing process consumes the least amount of energy and that is the bottleneck in the energy consumption in the network. The K-mean algorithm used as the basis for the network sensor clustering process and optimal fixed packet size used according to radio parameters and transceiver channel conditions. By following this manner, the energy consumption of each sensor node can be decreased individually then the overall network lifetime will be increased.

Energy Calculator for Solar Processing of Biomass with Application to Uganda

Rural areas of developing countries often have poor energy infrastructure and so rely on a very local supply. A local energy supply in rural Uganda frequently has problems such as limited accessibility, unreliability, a high expense, harmful to health and deforestation. By carbonizing waste biomass streams, available to those in rural areas of developing countries through a solar resource, it would be possible to create stable, reliable fuels with more consistent calorific values. An energy demand calculator is reported to assess the different energy demands of various thermochemical processes that can be used to create biofuel. The energy demand calculator then relates the energy required to the area of solar collector required for an integrated system. Pyrolysis was shown to require the least amount of energy to process 1 kg of biomass when compared to steam treatment and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). This was due to the large amount of water required for steam treatment and HTC. A resource assessment of Uganda is reported, to which the energy demand calculator has been applied. Quantitative data are presented for agricultural residues, forestry residues, animal manure and aquatic weeds found within Uganda. In application to rural areas of Uganda, a linear Fresnel HTC integration shows to be the most practical fit. Integration with a low temperature steam treatment would require more solar input for less carbonization due to the energy required to vaporize liquid water.

Modeling machining energy consumption including the effect of toolpath

Abstract It's important to accurately and effectively estimate the overall machining energy consumption so as to compare and select the toolpath that uses the least amount of energy. To this end, a framework to model the energy consumption when machining a workpiece is proposed in this paper. This framework consists of a toolpath planning stage and an energy-modeling stage. The proposed framework is demonstrated using a sample workpiece. The results show that the framework is effective in estimating the machining energy consumption and identifying the optimal toolpath. The framework represents an important method for identifying robust decisions for energy efficiency improvement. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ ). Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 27th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) Conference.

Ultrasound and heterogeneous photocatalysis for the treatment of vinasse from pisco production.

Production of the distilled alcohol pisco results in vinasse, dark brown wastewater with high polyphenols contents and chemical oxygen demand (COD). No prior research exists on the efficiency of advanced oxidations processes (AOPs) in treating pisco vinasse. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the efficiency of ultraviolet (UV), ultrasound (US), US + UV, heterogeneous photocatalysis (HP), and HP + US treatments. Polyphenols, COD, and color removal, as well as oxidation-reduction potential, were monitored over a 60-minute treatment period. Energy consumption levels and synergies were also calculated. The HP + US treatment achieved the best removal ratios for polyphenols (68%), COD (70%), and color (48%). While the HP treatment was the second most efficient in terms of polyphenols (62%), COD (58%), and color (40%) removal, this AOP comparatively required the least amount of energy. Considering the energy efficiency and relatively high pollutant-removal rates of the HP treatment, this AOP is recommended as a practical alternative for treating pisco vinasse.

Choosing efficient actions: Deciding where to walk.

Humans evolved to be endurance animals. Our ancestors were persistence hunters; they would chase animals, including gazelles, until they ran them into exhaustion. Put simply, people evolved in an ecological niche that selected for endurance and efficiency of locomotion. To locomote to any destination, one could take countless different paths, each requiring different amounts of energy. Because the ground is typically not flat or homogeneous, the straight direct path is often not the most energetically efficient. For hills below 14°, the direct straight path up the hill is the most energetically efficient. However, for hills above 14°, walkers would minimize their absolute energy expenditure by taking a zigzagged path so that their gradient of ascension is 14° [1]. In three experiments, we assessed the degree to which people make bioenergetically efficient decisions about locomotion through path selection. In Experiment 1, people were immersed into a virtual environment and adjusted the angle of ascension of a virtual path up hills of various gradients so that when taking the path, they would expend the least amount of energy when they reached the top. The second experiment was of a similar design, but was conducted in the real word. In the last experiment, in a virtual environment, participants choose between two paths up hills of various gradient, where these paths varied in the energy required for ascent. Participants made these judgements both before and after motor experience with gradient climbing on an incline trainer. For steep hills, we found that people choose much straighter paths over the bioenergetically optimal zigzagged paths. Motor experience did lead to higher probability for choosing optimal paths for steep hills, but lead to less optimal paths for shallower ones. These results show clearly that individuals show a straight path bias when deciding how to ascend hills.

Optimal Stochastic Evasive Maneuvers Using the Schrödinger’s Equation

In this letter, preys with stochastic evasion policies are considered. The stochasticity adds unpredictable changes to the prey’s path for avoiding predator’s attacks. The prey’s cost function is composed of two terms balancing the unpredictability factor (by using stochasticity to make the task of forecasting its future positions by the predator difficult) and energy consumption (the least amount of energy required for performing a maneuver). The optimal probability density functions of the actions of the prey for trading-off unpredictability and energy consumption is shown to be characterized by the stationary Schrodinger’s equation.

Rapidly Deployable IoT Architecture with Data Security: Implementation and Experimental Evaluation.

Internet of Things (IoT) has brought about a new horizon in the field of pervasive computing and integration of heterogeneous objects connected to the network. The broad nature of its applications requires a modular architecture that can be rapidly deployed. Alongside the increasing significance of data security, much research has focused on simulation-based encryption algorithms. Currently, there is a gap in the literature on identifying the effect of encryption algorithms on timing and energy consumption in IoT applications. This research addresses this gap by presenting the design, implementation, and practical evaluation of a rapidly deployable IoT architecture with embedded data security. Utilizing open-source off-the-shelf components and widely accepted encryption algorithms, this research presents a comparative study of Advanced Encryption Standards (AES) with and without hardware accelerators and an eXtended Tiny Encryption Algorithm (XTEA) to analyze the performance in memory, energy, and execution time. Experimental results from implementation in multiple IoT applications has shown that utilizing the AES algorithm with a hardware accelerator utilizes the least amount of energy and is ideal where timing is a major constraint, whereas the XTEA algorithm is ideal for resource constrained microcontrollers. Additionally, software implementation of AES on 8-bit PIC architecture required 6.36x more program memory than XTEA.

Life cycle comparison of carpet dyeing processes

Carpet manufacturing continues to adopt advanced technologies and new processes. One important process is central to the carpet product, dyeing for the color and beauty of patterns derived for modern carpets. Carpets and fibers are dyed by a variety of different processes at different stages of production, from the fiber, the yarn, or the carpet, depending on the product use, economy of the process, and market demand for the color. Dyeing technology for carpets has evolved to advanced processes and is discussed in this paper. Fiber can be dyed as it is extruded, as in the case of solution dyeing; yarn can be dyed as in skein, or space dyeing; or whole carpet pieces can be dyed as in beck or continuous dyeing. This paper is the first direct comparison of these five carpet dyeing processes with the goal to understand the technology changes to more advanced manufacturing. Using a life cycle approach, gate‐to‐gate (within the factory) inventories are created to assess resource and energy consumption associated with each of the processes. The life cycle inventories are created based on process flow models of product manufacturing to provide transparency. A single color agent (beta‐copper phthalocyanine) and a single face fiber (nylon 6) are used for the comparison. The older batch processes, such as beck and skein, consume the most water and energy, while the most recent advanced process of solution dyeing uses the least amount of energy and water.

Energy optimization associated with thermal comfort and indoor air control via a deep reinforcement learning algorithm

The aim of this work is to propose an artificial intelligence algorithm that maintains thermal comfort and air quality within optimal levels while consuming the least amount of energy from air-conditioning units and ventilation fans. The proposed algorithm is first trained with 10 years of simulated past experiences in a subtropical environment in Taiwan. The simulations are carried out in a laboratory room having around 2–10 occupants and a classroom with up to 60 occupants. The proposed agent was first selected among different configurations of itself, with the 10th-year of training data set, then it was tested in real environments. Finally, a comparison between the current control methods and this new strategy is performed. It was found that the proposed AI agent can satisfactorily control and balance the needs of thermal comfort, indoor air quality (in terms of CO2 levels) and energy consumption caused by air-conditioning units and ventilation fans. For both environments, the AI agent can successfully manipulate the indoor environment within the accepted PMV values, ranging from about −0.1 to +0.07 during all the operating time. In regards to the indoor air quality, in terms of the CO2 levels, the results are also satisfactory. By utilizing the agent, the average CO2 levels fall below 800 ppm all the time. The results show that the proposed agent has a superior PMV and 10% lower CO2 levels than the current control system while consuming about 4–5% less energy.

Specific energy consumption of vacuum filtration: Experimental evaluation using a pilot-scale horizontal belt filter

Horizontal vacuum belt filters are used for continuous solid–liquid separation in a wide variety of industrial processes. Despite the low pressure difference (usually Δp < 0.8 bar), the high air pumping requirement to maintain the pressure difference results in considerable energy consumption. In this article, the specific energy consumption of vacuum filtration and air flow rates of a pilot-scale horizontal vacuum belt filter unit are investigated. The results show that a claw-type vacuum pump consumes only half the energy compared to a conventional liquid ring vacuum pump at corresponding operating points. A comparison between the specific energy consumption of vacuum filtration and thermal drying of the filter cake to zero moisture revealed that vacuum filtration accounted for less than half of the total energy consumption in the applied experimental conditions at Δp = 0.2–0.5 bar. The majority of the total pumping requirement of the pilot-scale filter resulted from leaks, and only 2–25% of the air flow found its way through the cake and the filter medium. The results suggest that there is a combination of the pressure difference level and the mass of solids deposited per filtration area that together with thermal drying consumes the least amount of energy per solids mass.

Quantification of the Energy Flows During Ultrasonic Wire Bonding Under Different Process Parameters

Despite of its wide and long-term application for interconnections in the field of microelectronics packaging, a quantitative understanding on the mechanisms of ultrasonic (US) wire bonding is still lacked. In this work, the energy flows from the electrical input energy to the different mechanisms during the US bonding process are quantified based on real-time observations via which the relative motions at the wire/substrate and the wire/tool interfaces can be detected. The relative motions at the two interfaces are proved to be caused by both the continuous plastic deformation and the US vibration. The normal force and US power interdependently affect the relative motion amplitudes. The deduced energy flows show that the energy from the transducer mainly flows to the vibration induced friction at the two interfaces and the microwelds formation, deformation and breakage. Despite of their significance to the process, the other mechanisms receive only little amount of energy. The impacts of the process parameters including normal force, US power and time on the energy flows are quantitatively investigated. A good coupling of the normal force and the US power guides more energy to the formation of microwelds while a long process time would increase the friction induced energy consumption.

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ПРОЦЕССА ЗАКАЧКИ ФИКСИРОВАННЫХ ОБЪЕМОВ ЖИДКОСТИ В ДВА НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ

Представлен новый подход к решению задачи оптимизации работы динамической системы «насос+трубопроводная сеть». В статье состоянием процесса закачки называются объёмы жидкости, поступившие через каждый трубопровод в данный момент времени. Эти объёмы взяты в качестве основных функций, зависящих от времени и описывающих процесс закачки. Система функций определяет воображаемую линию – траекторию закачки в пространстве, задаваемом плановыми объёмами закачки через каждый трубопровод. Регулирование потока в трубопроводах любыми устройствами, создающими местное гидродинамическое сопротивление (устройствами) даёт возможность получать различные траектории. Влияние регулирующих устройств оценивается коэффициентом открытости трубопровода или потока, определяемым как отношение потока (расхода) в частично перекрытом трубопроводе к потоку в полностью открытом трубопроводе. Рассмотрены два варианта закачки, в которых продемонстрировано, что разным траекториям может соответствовать своя потребляемая энергия. Проведён анализ используемой при количественных исследованиях и оценке работы насоса величины, равной отношению напора, создаваемого насосом, к КПД, соответствующему этому напору. Показано, что при повышении напора или снижении подачи данная величина возрастает. Поскольку затрачиваемая насосом энергия зависит от формы траектории, энергия становится функционалом, для поиска минимума которого привлекаются методы вариационного исчисления. Таким способом находится экстремаль – траектория, на которой затраты энергии и времени минимальны. Траекторией, описывающей оптимальный режим закачки, оказывается прямолинейный отрезок в пространстве закачки, концы которого соответствуют начальному и конечному состояниям процесса закачки. Для реализации данного процесса предложен алгоритм, позволяющий определить, какой трубопровод следует частично перекрыть, и рассчитать меру перекрытия, рассматривая регулирующее устройство как устройство, задающее коэффициент местного сопротивления. Цель работы: определить оптимальный способ закачивания в два трубопровода, в котором насос и трубопроводная сеть рассматриваются как единая взаимосвязанная система. Объекты исследования: насосы, используемые для поддержания пластового давления, два трубопровода, снабжённых устройствами для регулирования расхода жидкости. Методы исследования: метод для нахождения оптимального режима – вариационное исчисление. Результаты. Работа насоса требует наименьшего количества энергии и времени, если заполнение заданных объёмов происходит одновременно. Для процесса экономичного закачивания в два трубопровода дан алгоритм определения степени перекрытия трубопроводов.

Comparison of energy consumption of wheat production in conservation and conventional agriculture using DEA

Energy is one of the essential resources for human life and mainly classified as non-renewable resources. Since huge amounts of energy are consumed in the agriculture sector, an energy audit is an essential strategy in countries. Conservation agriculture as a tool for sustainable development can lead to saving agricultural resources. In the current investigation, energy audit for wheat conservation and conventional production systems was performed. For this purpose, 48 farms were selected randomly in 2016, and their energy performance was evaluated and compared. The data were analyzed to calculate energy parameters. Also, data envelopment analysis technique was used to identify the possible ways to achieve higher efficiency in farms. To this end, current and optimum situations and saving energy in different cultivation systems were determined using Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes (CCR) model. The research results showed that the average energy ratio, net energy gain, specific energy, and energy productivity for conservation farms were 4.31, 137,656MJha-1, 5.56MJkg-1, and 0.18kgMJ-1, respectively. Corresponded values for conventional farms were measured to be 3.03, 90,101MJha-1, 7.69MJkg-1, and 0.13kgMJ-1, respectively. Data envelopment analysis results revealed that the highest saving energy in conventional system belongs to diesel fuel and irrigation inputs, and the least amount of energy saving was seen in human labor input. While for the conservation system, the highest and the least amount of energy saving belongs to nitrogen and human labor, respectively.

Minimal dissipation in processes far from equilibrium

A central goal of thermodynamics is to identify optimal processes during which the least amount of energy is dissipated into the environment. Generally, even for simple systems, such as the parametric harmonic oscillator, optimal control strategies are mathematically involved, and contain peculiar and counter-intuitive features. We show that optimal driving protocols determined by means of linear response theory exhibit the same step and $\delta$-peak like structures that were previously found from solving the full optimal control problem. However, our method is significantly less involved, since only a minimum of a quadratic form has to be determined. In addition, our findings suggest that optimal protocols from linear response theory are applicable far outside their actual range of validity.

Addressing scalable, optimal, and secure communications over LoRa networks: Challenges and research directions

The Internet of things (IoT) enables large‐scale deployments of very low‐power devices connected through wireless lossy links and able to interact with the surrounding environment (sensing and actuation). Two main challenges are then present: make them communicate; handle their energy consumption while respecting some cost constraints. Low‐power wide area networks (LPWANs) tackle these challenges by offering long‐distance coverage while guaranteeing the use of a very little amount of energy for communications. Among many LPWAN technologies, long range (LoRa) networks provide a very promising but incomplete basis for satisfying the needs expressed by the applications running on low‐power devices. This paper describes the LoRa technology from the architectural point of view and points out those aspects that permit its seamless integration into the IoT. As major contribution, a focus on the current and future research on LoRa networks is provided by inspecting 3 facets: scalability, quality of service, and security.

Performance Optimization and Development of an Efficient Solar Photovoltaic Based Inverter Air Conditioning System

Presently, Inverter Air Conditioners are becoming popular due to their several advantages. This technology results in consuming less amount of energy for achieving weatherization and has potential to be easily powered by economical energy systems. Few correlated research have been carried out in this field but the outcomes are not significant due to system cost. In this work, the proposed Solar Photovoltaic based Inverter Air Conditioning system using DC motor was designed, modeled and tested for the weather conditions of Aligarh-India. Based on the simulation results, this work formulates an optimization problem depending on the general weather conditions and the time of operation, in order to reduce the operating cost. Optimized design specifications are outlined and verified for onsite implementation.