Learning Period Research Articles

Current Trends in Endoscopic Ear Surgery.

Current Trends in Endoscopic Ear Surgery.

BUSINESS CONTINUITY OF EDUCATION DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN BANGLADESH: RESPONSE AND RECOVERY STRATEGIES

The pandemic of COVID-19 is considered the mostchallenging problem faced by the world at this moment. This ongoing pandemicIt has ravaged many countries. Furthermore, the situation is deteriorating by theday due to the mutation of various variations. Many developed countries withwell-established medical facilities continue to face problems, while Bangladesh,a developing country on the Indian subcontinent, is doing everything to mitigatethe impact. This lethal virus has not only taken lives but has also wreaked havocon the education system in this impoverished country. To maintain the country'slockdown and social distancing, the government has closed down all educationalinstitutions and began an online learning period from the beginning of thepandemic until today. In this paper, the authors aim to highlight the challengingimpact Bangladesh is currently facing in education and the response andrecovery strategies taken by authorities to drive the education sector.

Оrganization of physical education for students in the distance learning settings

The article provides information on the peculiarities of the organization of physical education process for students in the distance learning settings. Methods: analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature and documentary materials, pedagogical research methods (pedagogical observation), physical activity assessment methods, and methods of mathematical statistics. The study was conducted at the Kyiv National Economic University. The study involved 48 first and second year male students. Certain shortcomings in the organization of physical education process in a distance learning format were emphasized. A decrease in the degree of student satisfaction with the physical education process was identified, which occurred due to a number of shortcomings of distance learning, namely, a decrease in the effectiveness of education as a result of a lack of practical knowledge and skills, a lack of live communication, undeveloped motivation, and an insufficient level of theoretical training. Furthermore, the difficulties in mastering the proper technique of exercises without special sports equipment were identified. It was found that the level of physical activity of students further deteriorated during the distance learning period. Recommendations were developed to increase the effectiveness of the organization of the physical education process during the distance learning period, which included interactive learning, keeping an electronic health journal, using a wide base of video lessons with accessible and interesting types of physical activity for students with different levels of fitness.

Experience does not change the importance of wind support for migratory route selection by a soaring bird.

Migration is a complex behaviour that is costly in terms of time, energy and risk of mortality. Thermal soaring birds rely on airflow, specifically wind support and uplift, to offset their energetic costs of flight. Their migratory routes are a record of movement decisions to negotiate the atmospheric environment and achieve efficiency. We expected that, regardless of age, birds use wind support to select their routes. Because thermal soaring is a complex flight behaviour that young birds need to learn, we expected that, as individuals gain more experience, their movement decisions will also increasingly favour the best thermal uplift conditions. We quantified how route choice during autumn migration of young European honey buzzards (Pernis apivorus) was adjusted to wind support and uplift over up to 4 years of migration and compared this with the choices of adult birds. We found that wind support was important in all migrations. However, we did not find an increase in the use of thermal uplifts. This could be due to the species-specific learning period and/or an artefact of the spatio-temporal scale of our uplift proxies.

Developing an E-Learning Platform Capable of Being Aware of Self-Regulated Learning Behaviors of Role Models

Conventional e-learning platforms require a high self-regulatory learning (SRL) ability to ensure learning effectiveness. However, because not everyone has high autonomy and a high SRL ability, many students quit during the online learning period. To enhance the SRL ability, many studies have developed e-learning platforms based on Zimmerman's SRL training model. However, these platforms still require learners to complete a series of provided learning tasks independently and autonomously. This article developed an e-learning platform based on Zimmerman's SRL training model by using role-model group awareness tools to visualize the learning context and activities of the group of role models in each SRL training phase for learners’ observation, self-reflection, and emulation. To test the model, the learning outcomes of the two groups of students enrolled in the same course were measured experimentally. The experimental class consisted of 36 students using the proposed system, whereas the control class consisted of 35 students using a traditional e-learning platform. The experimental class spent more learning time on the platform and achieved better learning results than did the control class. Moreover, the experimental class had gradually improved assessment scores and SRL-related behaviors. The final section presents explanations, discussion, and implications derived from analytical results.

중도입국 한국어 학습자의 학습전략에 대한 연구

Objectives In order to investigate the appropriate teaching-learning method for immigrant adolescent Korean learners, The purposes of this study attempted to examine the usage patterns of learning strategies and their characteristics.
 Methods To carry on such discussion, after reviewing previous studies and theoretical backgrounds to secure the validity of the study, the questionnaire of “51 questions on learning strategies” that has been categorized into 6 different categories was constructed and was carried out on the study subjects in Korea via Google URL. The survey answers were first analyzed with the SPSS 22 to verify the validity, and the usage patterns of individual strategies were analyzed using T-tests, one-way variance, and response sample analysis.
 Results The analysis on the overall strategy as well as the individual usage patterns showed no statistically significant results; the results were the same for the additional response sample analysis. The ‘top three strategies (high-cognitive, social, cognitive strategies) and the bottom three strategies (compensation, definitional, memory strategies)’ were extracted, and it was found that the ‘cognitive strategy’ had the highest usage rate while the ‘definitional strategy’ had the lowest rate. And in line with this fact, the definitional strategy usage rate was shown to be independent of the learning period, duration of residence, and proficiency, which confirmed that the teaching-learning plan for the respective strategy must be further investigated.
 Conclusions As such, this study provided a new perspective to take into account in preparing a teaching-learning plan for immigrant adolescent Korean learners, who have similar learning purposes with the students studying abroad and yet are in different learning environments; and it provided an ultimate and important reference point for the curriculum development and adjustments.

The Role of the Study of Science for the 2022-2023 Period in Arabic Learning for Islamic Boarding School Students in Lamongan Regency

This article aims to determine the role of the study of science in learning Arabic as well as the supporting and inhibiting factors in learning Arabic at the Al-Mizan Muhammadiyah Lamongan Islamic Boarding School for the period 2022-2023. The approach that the researcher uses is a qualitative descriptive approach using data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed that there were ilqo 'activities held every Monday and Thursday, as well as muhadatsah activities which were held every Sunday morning. There are several factors that will support and hinder Arabic learning, namely: 1) The existence of rules and obligations as female students in participating in activities. 2) holding muhadatsah every Sunday morning and ilqo 'every Monday and Thursday as an addition to the daily mufrodat. 3) There is a special program or language class focused on language learning enthusiasts. The inhibiting factors are: 1) The lack of mufrodat that has not been mastered and taught. 2) Lack of awareness and interest of female students in learning Arabic. 3) Lack of ability of the PIP section who is a teacher and mentor in learning Arabic.

Topical and emotional expressions regarding extreme weather disasters on social media: a comparison of posts from official media and the public

Understanding media frames and the public resonance during disasters is essential for making inclusive climate change and adaptation policies in the context of increasingly extreme weather events. In this study, we use the extreme weather and flood event that occurred in July 2021 in Zhengzhou, China, as a case study to investigate how official media in China reported this event and how the public responded. Moreover, since one accountability investigation report regarding this disaster was released in January 2022, we also compared these posts between the emergency response period and the post-crisis learning period after the report’s release. Topic modeling using the LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) method and emotion analysis were conducted to analyze the posts from Weibo, China’s primary social media platform. The results demonstrated that the posts from official media and the public comments differed in both topics and emotions, with relatively little coherence. During the emergency response period, the media’s posts focused more on the facts, such as the extreme weather event, the places where it occurred, the impacts, and the search and rescue efforts, while the public comments were more about help appeals from the neglected ones in the rural areas, and emotional expressions such as moral support, condolence or encouragement to the victims and their families. After the accountability investigation in January, the media’s posts primarily covered the investigation process, the punishment, the attribution of disaster consequences, and the lessons learned, while the public’s comments were relatively emotional, praised the good, condoled the victims, and condemned the villains. The dominant emotion from the media’s posts was “like” in July 2021, but it became depression in January 2022. Anger was the prevalent emotion from the public during all the stages. This study provided valuable knowledge to the current understanding of the different patterns and dynamics of official media reports and the public’s resonance in disaster management.

Self-Paced Learning in Exploring Noli Me Tangere During the Covid-19 Pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Philippine government made sure that learning was still in force in the country’s basic education system by utilizing a modular approach in delivering its programs. All lessons were to be completed without a teacher on-hand, where students will simply rely on their self-paced learning style in understanding and answering the written activities given in the modules. This study describes the self-paced learning process and experiences of students in the exploration of Jose Rizal’s literary masterpiece, Noli Me Tangere. A phenomenological approach was adopted for this study, focusing on the lived experiences of the research participants during this period of learning under a protracted lockdown. Axial Coding was utilized to construct linkages among data to reveal codes, and emerging themes were analyzed. It is found that students were able to practice self-paced learning despite some negative feedback, while the stakeholders’ support for students during the pandemic is individualized and vital to the student’s learning experience.

A postpartum enriched environment rescues impaired cognition and oxidative markers in aged mice with gestational inflammation.

Previous studies have shown that gestational inflammation can accelerate age-associated cognitive decline (AACD) in maternal mice; enriched environments (EEs) have been reported to protect normally aging mice from AACD and improve mitochondrial function. However, it is unclear whether the nitrosative stress-related proteins tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) are involved in the accelerated aging process of gestational inflammation and whether EEs can slow this process. In this study, CD-1 female mice on the 15th day of pregnancy were injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (50μg/kg; LPS group) or an equivalent amount of normal saline (CON group) from the abdominal cavity for 4 consecutive days. Twenty-one days after delivery, half of the LPS-treated mice were randomly selected for EE until the end of the behavioral experiment (LPS-E group). When the female rats were raised to 6 months and 18 months of age, the Morris water maze (MWM) was used to detect spatial learning and memory ability; RT-PCR and Western blots were used to measure the mRNA and protein levels of hippocampal TET1 and GSNOR. As for the control group, compared with 6-month-old mice, the spatial learning and memory ability of 18-month-old mice decreased, and the hippocampal TET1 and GSNOR mRNA and protein levels were decreased. Gestational inflammation exacerbated these age-related changes, but an EE alleviated the effects. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that performance during the learning and memory periods in the MWM correlated with the levels of hippocampal TET1 and GSNOR. Our findings suggest that gestational inflammation accelerates age-related learning and memory impairments and that postpartum EE exposure could alleviate these changes. These effects may be related to hippocampal TET1 and GSNOR expression.

Understanding the Development of a Design Thinking Mindset During a Biomedical Engineering Third-Year Course.

As students gain more experience with design concepts, they should progress from novice to expert design thinkers. The purpose of this research was to identify the constructs of growth in design thinking (DT) over short- (one weekend) and long-term (10weeks) design challenges. A DT mindset questionnaire was completed by students in a third-year undergraduate biomedical design course at the beginning of the course, after a one-weekend design challenge, and on completion of the course. After the short design challenge, an improvement in 15 of the 19 constructs was observed relative to baseline. Six of these constructs: mindfulness and awareness of the process, embracing risk, abductive thinking, envisioning new things, creative confidence, and optimism to make an impact, were sustained over the course of the semester indicating that a prolonged period of experiential learning can maintain short-term gains in DT. Three of the constructs: holistic views (considering the problem as a whole), diversity, and curiosity showed improvement following the short-term design challenge,then deterioration suggesting that situational circumstances are significant contributors to these constructs of DT. DT generally improves with the opportunity to collaborate, communicate, and design for a specific outcome. However, situational factors including team diversity, instructor expertise, dedicated time for team collaboration, and prior experiences can affect changes in the DT skillset.

Puberty initiates a unique stage of social learning and development prior to adulthood: Insights from studies of adolescence in wild chimpanzees

In humans, puberty initiates a period of rapid growth, change, and formative neurobehavioral development. Brain and behavior changes during this maturational window contribute to opportunities for social learning. Here we provide new insights into adolescence as a unique period of social learning and development by describing field studies of our closest living relatives, chimpanzees. Like humans, chimpanzees have a multiyear juvenile life stage between weaning and puberty onset followed by a multiyear adolescent life stage after pubertal onset but prior to socially-recognized adulthood. As they develop increasing autonomy from caregivers, adolescent chimpanzees explore and develop many different types of social relationships with a wide range of individuals in a highly flexible social environment. We describe how adolescent social motivations and experiences differ from those of juveniles and adults and expose adolescents to high levels of uncertainty, risk, and vulnerability, as well as opportunities for adaptive social learning. We discuss how these adolescent learning experiences may be shaped by early life and in turn shape varied adult social outcomes. We outline how future chimpanzee field research can contribute in new ways to a more integrative interdisciplinary understanding of adolescence as a developmental window of adaptive social learning and resilience.

PELATIHAN DAN PENDAMPINGAN IMPLEMENTASI E-LEARNING MARIBELAJAR DAN METODE PEMBELAJARAN BLENDED LEARNING UNTUK PARA GURU SD NEGERI PENJARINGANSARI II/608 SURABAYA

Management of learning facilities through good synergy between teachers, students, and parents is certainly needed not only during the pandemic, but also later when schools return to normal face-to-face learning activities as happened before the COVID-19 pandemic hit the world. The key to the formation of a good synergy is through good communication between the three parties, so an easy communication facility is needed. The accumulation of messages on whatsapp and participants can delete messages that have been sent to the management group. Assignment assessment becomes difficult and there is a possibility of missing assignments that have been collected by students in the group. Through this community service activity, the use of information technology is implemented through the development of the MariBelajar E-Learning application that adapts to the needs of students, teachers, and parents, especially at SDN Penjaringansari II/608. Like WhatsApp, the application that was built was made to be easy to use. The application will group students based on the class taken. At the beginning of the display of each class, students and parents will be presented with a menu such as a calendar that contains all activities, both material, task information, discussions, and daily task collection menus, so that all information can be well organized. In addition to system implementation, another agenda is the dissemination of blended learning methods which are a combination of offline and online learning methods that are very suitable to be applied in the current learning period. It is hoped that the socialization provided can be an alternative solution for effective learning methods for each class taught by the teacher at SDN Penjaringansari II/608

Rethinking statistical learning as a continuous dynamic stochastic process, from the motor systems perspective.

The brain integrates streams of sensory input and builds accurate predictions, while arriving at stable percepts under disparate time scales. This stochastic process bears different unfolding dynamics for different people, yet statistical learning (SL) currently averages out, as noise, individual fluctuations in data streams registered from the brain as the person learns. We here adopt a new analytical approach that instead of averaging out fluctuations in continuous electroencephalographic (EEG)-based data streams, takes these gross data as the important signals. Our new approach reassesses how individuals dynamically learn predictive information in stable and unstable environments. We find neural correlates for two types of learners in a visuomotor task: narrow-variance learners, who retain explicit knowledge of the regularity embedded in the stimuli. They seem to use an error-correction strategy steadily present in both stable and unstable environments. This strategy can be captured by current optimization-based computational frameworks. In contrast, broad-variance learners emerge only in the unstable environment. Local analyses of the moment-by-moment fluctuations, naïve to the overall outcome, reveal an initial period of memoryless learning, well characterized by a continuous gamma process starting out exponentially distributed whereby all future events are equally probable, with high signal (mean) to noise (variance) ratio. The empirically derived continuous Gamma process smoothly converges to predictive Gaussian signatures comparable to those observed for the error-corrective mode that is captured by current optimization-driven computational models. We coin this initially seemingly purposeless stage exploratory. Globally, we examine a posteriori the fluctuations in distributions' shapes over the empirically estimated stochastic signatures. We then confirm that the exploratory mode of those learners, free of expectation, random and memoryless, but with high signal, precedes the acquisition of the error-correction mode boasting smooth transition from exponential to symmetric distributions' shapes. This early naïve phase of the learning process has been overlooked by current models driven by expected, predictive information and error-based learning. Our work demonstrates that (statistical) learning is a highly dynamic and stochastic process, unfolding at different time scales, and evolving distinct learning strategies on demand.

Application of artificial neural network for prediction of fluoride removal efficiency using neutralized activated red mud from aqueous medium in a continuous fixed bed column.

The present research work approaches the removal of fluoride from aqueous medium using neutralized activated red mud (NARM) in a continuous fixed bed column. Artificial neural network (ANN) technique was applied effectively for optimization of the model for the practicability of the removal process. The consequences of various experimental variables, like bed length, adsorbate concentration, experimental time, and adsorbate solution flow rate are studied to know the breakthrough point and saturation times. The highest removal potentiality of NARM was considered to be 3.815mgg-1 of F- in the bed height of 15cm, starting concentration 1ppm, susceptible time 120min, adsorbate solution flow rate 0.5mLmin-1, and constant room temperature, respectively. Bohart-Adams and Thomas models were considered to describe the fixed bed column effect to the bed height and adsorbate concentrations. The experimental data were applied to a back propagation (BP) learning algorithm programme with a four-seven-one architecture model. The artificial neural network model was considered to be functioning correctly as absolute relative percentage error throughout the learning period. Differentiation between the predicted outcomes from ANN model and actual results from experimental analysis affords a high degree of correlation (R2 = 0.998) stipulating that the model was able to predict the adsorption efficiency. Experimented adsorbent materials were characterized using different instrumental analysis that is scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Remote Learning in Higher Education: Evidence from Poland.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a sudden transformation at universities. The previous mode of teaching has been replaced by remote education, the effectiveness of which depends, among other things, on the technological infrastructure of universities and the digital competence of lecturers and students. The main objective of this study is to evaluate remote learning in higher education from the students' point of view. The uniqueness of the present research approach lies in the identification of four dimensions (socio-emotional, developmental, time-financial, and negative attitude) of students' evaluation of remote learning in higher education. The survey was conducted on 999 students studying remotely, including 518 women and 481 men. Most of the students surveyed had been studying remotely for 1-2 years and were studying full-time for their first degree. The research tool consisted of 16 mixed survey questions. Six of them were related to sociodemographic factors (including those related to the respondents' education), and eight were related to their experiences with and opinions about remote education, respectively. The remaining two questions were used to collect respondents' evaluations of the degree of importance to them of various advantages and disadvantages of remote education. The research showed that among the advantages of remote learning for students, the most important are saving time, the possibility of studying at a university far from home (another city, another country), the possibility of combining work and study, and reduced commuting costs. On the other hand, the disadvantages of remote learning of greatest importance to students include the loss of social ties due to lack of contact with peers, feelings of fatigue resulting from excessive use of information and communication tools, and greater susceptibility to various forms of distraction. In addition, the shape of students' education was relevant to the different dimensions of their evaluation of remote learning in higher education. The social-emotional size of remote learning is more important for students who study remotely in a blended mode (compared to uniform). The developmental dimension is essential for students who participate in remote learning activities for longer during the day. In addition, a more extended period of remote learning promotes the greater importance of the time-financial dimension when evaluating remote knowledge.

Children's lives and rights under lockdown: A Northern Irish perspective by autistic young people

AbstractBy June 2021, children and young people had experienced two periods of lockdown and home learning in Northern Ireland. The detrimental impact of these periods of indefinite confinement is wider reaching than reported educational stagnation, with the fundamental rights of childhood: play; rest; and leisure; all adversely implicated. Autistic children's experiences of Covid‐19 have been largely absent from current crisis and recovery discourse. This is the first published study to directly and specifically involve autistic children both as research advisors and as research participants in a rights‐based participatory study relating to the pandemic. Drawing on concepts of ableist childism and epistemic injustice, this article presents, through Photovoice, the emotional, social and educational experiences of post‐ primary aged autistic young people in Northern Ireland during the first 2020 lockdown of the Covid‐19 pandemic. The project was grounded in a child rights‐based approach and was guided by a group of four autistic young advisors aged 11–15. The paper concludes by arguing that government responses to the pandemic, as experienced by autistic young people, act as forms of oppression that prioritises and further embeds normative non‐autistic structures and responses under the guise of public health necessity.

Implementasi Pendekatan Pendidikan Matematika Realistik Indonesia (PMRI) Pada konsep Merdeka Belajar.

The Minister of Education issued a policy of independent learning to become a new challenge for educators in learning activities. The application of independent learning is an effort given to each educational unit to be free to make innovations and of course it is adjusted according to the area of ​​each educational unit as an open learning process from home which can later provide a learning experience without being demanded by completeness standards or graduation standards. . This policy makes education also take various approaches to improve student learning outcomes. The application of the right learning approach is still far from what is expected, so that student learning outcomes are often not optimal. This can be caused by the efforts and approaches taken are not less precise, resulting in low interest, motivation and understanding of students towards mathematical material. This makes teachers have to consider an appropriate approach that can be applied in the learning process activities which are later expected to improve learning outcomes, especially during the independent learning period at the level. One of the efforts made is to implement an Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education Approach (PMRI) in a series of learning process activities, especially during the government's policy of Merdeka Learning. The method of writing this article is to use a literature study of scientific articles, papers, proceedings, and books that are in accordance with the research focus.

The effect of short-term training on repetition probability effects for non-face objects

The magnitude of repetition suppression (RS) is modulated by the probability of stimulus repetitions when measured by fMRI. This repetition probability effect (P(rep)) is usually expressed in a stronger RS when the probability of repetition trials is higher when compared to blocks with less frequent repetitions. Previous studies have suggested that the P(rep) effect depends on the extensive long-term experience of participants with the stimuli. At the same time, the how short-term learning affects RS and its modulation by P(rep) remains largely unknown. To address this issue, we used fMRI and measured the RS and its modulation by P(rep) for non-face objects (cars) before and after a 10-day long perceptual learning (PL) period and for unfamiliar faces as control. The results showed a significant P(rep) effect for faces within the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) and for cars within the Lateral Occipital Complex (LO) in the pre-training fMRI measurement session. Following the PL period, participants exhibited strong improvements in the subordinate categorization of the trained stimuli. Surprisingly, the magnitude of RS did not change as a function of training, but the P(rep) effect was absent in the post-training fMRI sessions for both stimulus categories. These results suggest that the predictive processes, measured by P(rep) modulation of RS, may be modulated by the short-term perceptual learning experience.

New Context Significantly Changes Expression of Irs2 Gene in Hippocampal Areas.

Memory formation is a complex process involving changes in the synaptic activity and gene expression encoding the insulin-like growth factors. We analyzed changes in the expression of genes encoding the insulin/insulin-like growth factors' proteins at the early period of learning in the CA1 region and dentate gyrus of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus in mice 1 hour after presentation of a new context (contextual fear conditioning) with and without negative reinforcement. It was found that in addition to changes in the expression of immediate early genes c-Fos (in all studied hippocampal fields) and Arc (in dorsal and ventral CA1, as well as in dorsal dentate gyrus), exposure to a new context significantly altered expression of the insulin receptor substrate 2 gene (Irs2) in dorsal CA1 and ventral dentate gyrus irrespectively of the negative reinforcement, which suggests participation of the insulin/IGF system in the early stages of neural activation during learning.