Leaf Waste Research Articles

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH DAUN KAYU PUTIH SEBAGAI ELEKTRODA KAPASITOR

A capacitor is an electronic device or component that can function in the business of storing electric charge consisting of two conductors separated by an insulating material/dielectric in each conductor, or what is usually called a chip. Capacitors are devices that can store energy as well as batteries. Eucalyptus leaves are a source of raw materials for the needs of the community that can be made capacitor electrodes. The purpose of this study was to make capacitor electrode materials by utilizing activated carbon and eucalyptus leaf waste and to determine the current and voltage generated from capacitor electrodes with activated carbon and eucalyptus leaf waste using an oscilloscope and avometer. Experimental research method, data collection by testing materials. The results of the research carried out can produce the highest voltage value at a 1:1 material ratio of 0.040V and the lowest at a 1:1 material ratio of -0.044V. While the results of the highest current value at 1:2 material ratio of 0.98A, the lowest at 1:1 material ratio of 0.02A.

Optimasi Pengaruh Waktu Kontak dan Dosis Adsorben Limbah Daun Kayu Putih (Melaleuca cajuputi) dengan Metode Isoterm Adsorpsi Langmuir

Liquid waste from the textile industry contains harmful dyes that can damage the environment. Pollution to the environment can be minimized by processing dye waste before being discharged into rivers or sewers. The dye waste treatment process can be carried out using the adsorption method. The adsorbent used was non-activated and acid-activated eucalyptus leaf waste (HCl 2 M). The solution used as adsorbate is malachite green. This study aims to optimize the absorbance level of eucalyptus (Melaleuca cajuputi) leaf waste against malachite green dye using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm method. The variables used are the mass variation of the adsorbent, the contact time and the adsorption isotherm model. The absorption efficiency value produced by the adsorbent of eucalyptus leaf waste with 2 M HCl activation was 87.4279%. Meanwhile, the non-activated adsorbent is 86.0290%. For time variations of 10 minutes, 15 minutes and 20 minutes on 2 M HCl activated adsorbent resulted in an absorbance of 0.026; 0.022; and 0.02. Based on the graph of the relationship between Ce and Ce/Qe for the non-activated adsorbent, R2 was obtained at 0.7039 while the 2 M HCl activation was 0.966. So, the eucalyptus leaf waste can be used as an adsorbent without a carbonization process, only needs to be given activation treatment using an acid solution.

Valorization of phyto-biomass with tertiary combination of animal dung for enriched vermicompost production

A study was conducted for 90 days in two cycles on 45thday (Cycle I), and 90th day (Cycle II) in 144 vermibins with precomposted cow dung (T1), elephant dung (T2), cow dung + elephant dung (T3) in combination with leaf substrates of Ficus religiosa, Azadirachta indica, Terminalia catappa, Carica papaya, Vitex negundo, Acalypha indica and Borassus flabellifer to generate nutrient-enriched vermicompost. Different vermibin feedstock materials were retained as experimental setup in other substrates with earthworm (vermicompost) and without earthworm (compost). This method was employed in the current study to decompose environmental leaf debris into the earthworm's mass production and transform it into high-value manure for long-term soil fertility control. The majority of the substrates exhibit pH and electrical conductivity in vermicomposts showed an increment while the total organic carbon and carbon to nitrogen ratio were significantly lowered. A prominent percentage increment of total NPK contents (P < 0.05) in vermicompost over initial values (N: 7.09–164.03; P: 4.39–101.09; K: 0.45–84.10). Among the vermibed substrates, Ficus religiosa leaf litter mixed with T3 showed stabilized cocoons and juveniles in Cycle I (45 days), while sub-adults and adults growth was favored in Cycle II (90 days). The higher reproductive potential of earthworms could be due to the composition and palatability of the substrate combination. This study provides a platform for utilizing leaf wastes in combination with animal wastes amended to reproduce earthworms, nutrient enrichment which could benefit soil fertility improvement.

Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose with high degree substitution from Vietnamese pineapple leaf waste

In this work, cellulose was successfully extracted from pineapple leaf waste by 0.75 M NaOH at 90oC and 5 M HNO3 at 70oC for 1.5 h and 5 h, respectively. The obtained cellulose fibres, with average diameters of 150-300 nm, were converted to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) by esterification. The pure cellulose was soaked in a solution mixture of isopropanol and NaOH for 2 h. It was then reacted with chloroacetic acid (MCA) at 60oC for 1.5 h. The optimum conditions for carboxymethylation were found to be 5 g cellulose, 1.5 g MCA, and 15 ml 16% w/v NaOH. The obtained CMC had a high degree of substitution (DS) of 2.3. The properties of CMC were determined.

Sustainable product development of biomass briquette from Samanea saman leaf waste with rejected papaya as the binding agent in Indonesia

The depletion of solid fuels in the world triggers the requirement for the existence of an alternative fuel product as a substitute. In several studies, briquettes have become one of the alternatives used to deal with this problem. However, the selection of briquette material that considers its impact on economic, social, and environmental aspects has not been widely carried out. To solve this problem, the selection of raw materials for briquettes must be determined using the concept of sustainable product development (SPD). SPD is a concept that can be used to determine a new product by considering various aspects, including economic, environmental, and social aspects. Briquette fuel that is derived from leaf waste and rejected fruit as a binding agent can be an alternative to renewable solid fuels since the raw materials come from wastes that have no selling value. The methodology used in this research is by conducting a survey at five markets in Surabaya and proceeding with interviews with the local government official. Pugh Matrix Concept Selection (PMCS) method is used to determine the suitable raw materials and to analyze the sustainability of the product development. Through PMCS, the results show that the best material for briquette production based on economic, social, and environmental aspects is a mixture of Samanea saman leaf waste with a 12.83 rating value and rejected papaya as the binding agent with a 10.44 rating value. Briquette with a mixture of 95% Samanea saman leaf waste and 5% rejected papaya is produced with a mesh size of 60 or 250 μm and a compression pressure of 2 MPa and is identified to have a heating value of 4025.87 Kcal/Kg.

Effects of Post-Harvest Elicitor Treatments with Ultrasound, UV- and Photosynthetic Active Radiation on Polyphenols, Glucosinolates and Antioxidant Activity in a Waste Fraction of White Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata).

Biosynthesis of phytochemicals in leaves of Brassica can be initiated by abiotic factors. The aim of the study was to investigate elicitor treatments to add value to waste of cabbage. A leaf waste fraction from industrial trimming of head cabbage was exposed to UV radiation (250–400 nm, 59 and 99 kJ∙m−2, respectively), photosynthetic active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm, 497 kJ∙m−2), and ultrasound in water bath (35 kHz, at 15, 30 and 61 kJ∙l−1 water), in order to improve nutraceutical concentration. UV was more effective than PAR to increase the level of flavonols (2 to 3-fold higher) and hydroxycinnamate monosaccharides (1 to 10-fold higher). PAR was three times as effective as UV to increase anthocyanins. Interaction of PAR + UV increased antioxidant activity (30%), the content of five phenolics (1.4 to 10-fold higher), and hydroxycinnamic monosaccharides (compared with PAR or UV alone). Indoles were reduced (40–52%) by UV, but the other glucosinolates (GLS) were unaffected. Ultrasound did not influence any parameters. The results are important for white cabbage by-products by demonstrating that UV + PAR can be successfully used as an effectual tool to increase important phenolics and antioxidant activity of waste fraction leaves without an adverse effect on the main GLS.

Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from cardoon “Cynara Cardunculus” waste: Application to the adsorption of synthetic organic dyes

There is a growing interest in the adsorption of pollutants on biosorbents, especially those of plant origin. This study deals with the development of two activated carbons based on Cardoon leaf waste and their application as adsorbents of synthetic organic dyes. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by physicochemical methods and complementary analyses. The different adsorption experiments were followed by varying the mass of adsorbent, the contact time, the pH of the medium, the initial dye concentration and the salinity of the medium. The obtained results indicate that the adsorption equilibrium is reached after a contact time of 75 min for Crystal Violet and 105 min for Congo Red. The adsorption rates remain proportional to the mass of each adsorbent. The influence of the ionic strength is negligible for both dyes. Cardoon leaf waste could be a potential precursor for the preparation of ecological carbon for the reduction or elimination of organic pollutants.

Circular utilization of urban tree waste contributes to the mitigation of climate change and eutrophication

Circular utilization of urban tree waste contributes to the mitigation of climate change and eutrophication

Influence of sampling area and extraction method on the thermal, physical and mechanical properties of Cameroonian Ananas comosus leaf fibers

The wide dispersion of the properties of plant fiber bundles further limits their use. In this study, manual and retting methods were used to extract fiber bundles from the available and underutilized Ananas comosus (AC) leaf waste in Cameroon. These fibers were sampled in three zones: base, middle and head. The fibers extracted by retting in the different zones were found to have better thermal stability. A 2.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite was used for bleaching the various pineapple fibers. Density, fineness, functional groups, mechanical properties, water absorption and morphology of different fibers were characterized. Density and fineness decreased from the head to the base of the leaf and were lower for manually obtained fiber bundles. The peaks of the infrared spectra associated with the functional groups of the pineapple fibers change very little along with the leaf but are clearly more pronounced for the fibers extracted manually. Fibers in the middle of the leaf have been found to have slightly better mechanical and water absorption properties. All fiber bundles can rapidly absorb water following simple exponential kinetics. Bleaching partially removes non-cellulosic materials from the fibers with a transverse shrinkage effect, which improves their fineness, density and hydrophilic function. Unfortunately, it reduces their tensile strength and fracture toughness. These results show that the whole leaf can be used without restriction to extract manually or by retting the fiber bundles intended for the manufacture of textiles and composites. Furthermore, bleaching with sodium hypochlorite seems ineffective due to fiber degradation.

POTENSI DAUN JAHE MERAH SEBAGAI BAHAN DASAR PEMBUATAN ELEKTRODA SUPERKAPASITOR

Red ginger leaf waste (Zingiber Officinale Var Rubrum) has been successfully processed as an active carbon base material for supercapacitor electrodes. The process of making carbon electrodes starts from the preparation of the original material, drying, refining, chemical activation, integrated pyrolysis and neutralization. The focus of this research is on the chemical activator ZnCl2 which is used with different concentrations of (0.1 and 0.5) M. Activated carbon powder is printed using a press to produce carbon in the form of solid coins of uniform size. The optimization of the carbon element in the sample is carried out through a pyrolysis process at high temperature with a one-stage integrated technique. Where, carbonization in the N2 gas environment is carried out starting from room temperature 30°C up to 600°C followed by physical activation until the high temperature reaches 800°C in CO2 gas environment. Characterization of activated carbon samples from red ginger leaves begins with determining the amount of shrinkage that occurs in the pyrolysis process by measuring the mass, diameter and thickness of the carbon coins. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties were tested using two methods, namely cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) in a symmetrical two-electrode system. The electrochemical characterization was carried out under the influence of an aqueous electrolyte of 1M KOH and 1M Na2SO4 at a low potential window of 0-1 V. The optimum conditions of electrochemical properties were found in the red ginger leaf activated carbon sample with a ZnCl2 activator concentration of 0.5M for the electrolyte. KOH with a specific capacitance value of 115.9 F/g. while for electrolyte Na2SO4 found in ZnCl2 activator 0.1M with a value of 72 F/g. Through these results, red ginger leaves are known to have great potential as a base material for activated carbon electrodes to improve the performance of supercapacitors.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Daun untuk Ecoprint dalam Upaya Pemberdayaan Ibu-Ibu Desa Teguhan

The purpose of this service program is to empower PKK women in the village of Teguhan in utilizing leaf waste for ecoprints which have a high selling value and can develop into businesses. Participants in this service were 15 people consisting of PKK women from Teguhan village. The service activity was carried out at the Teguhan village office for 3 days, namely on 18-19 February 2022. The service was carried out by taking care of permits, recording the number of PKK women, socializing eco print materials and mentoring and evaluating activities. Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that this activity is very beneficial for the participants, namely the PKK women in Teguhan Village. The results of this community service resulted in an understanding of the material about eco print with a fairly good achievement with an average of 63%. The results of the demonstration activities and participants' skills in making eco prints showed very good results, with average achievements of 85% and 84%, respectively. The participants received and absorbed the training materials on making eco prints well. Furthermore, the participants were able to demonstrate directly how to make eco prints using certain techniques so that the results obtained were durable and of high quality.

Recent trends in extraction, purification, and antioxidant activity evaluation of plant leaf‐extract polysaccharides

AbstractThis review elaborates on current advances in the extraction, purification, and antioxidant activity of plant leaf‐extract polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are widely used as important ingredients in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Researchers have been investigating useful sources of natural polysaccharides and developing green and feasible extraction procedures for polysaccharides. This review examines different methods for extracting polysaccharides from leaves, and discusses their advantages and limitations. Purification techniques for plant leaf‐based polysaccharides were also highlighted, together with their antioxidant effects. Among different extraction methods, pressurized‐liquid extraction and enzyme‐assisted extraction are considered to be better for large‐scale extraction of polysaccharides from plant leaves. This review could contribute to the design of leaf waste processes at a commercial level for the sustainable recovery of polysaccharides. © 2022 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.

KAJIAN PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH DAUN KAYU PUTIH UNTUK MEMPERBAIKI FAKTOR PEMBATAS KESUBURAN TANAH

The utilization of eucalyptus leaf waste in the processing unit of the eucalyptus oil factory has not been carried out optimally and has great potential as raw material for making organic fertilizer in the form of compost. This study aimed to study the potential use of eucalyptus leaf compost to improve soil fertility limiting factors in Jati Plus plantations. This research was conducted at the Department of Research and Innovation of the Perhutani Forestry Institute, Cepu, Central Java, and in the chemical laboratory of the Department of Soil, FPUB. This study used a completely randomized design consisting of four treatments and three replications. The results showed that eucalyptus leaf waste could be composted with organic carbon content, total nitrogen, total P2O5, total K2O, high organic matter content, high cation exchange capacity, and neutral pH. Perhutani's Teak Plus Plantation has fertility limiting factors on the ustic soil moisture regime, alkaline soil reaction, and clay texture. Eucalyptus leaf waste compost can be used as organic material for the strategic direction of soil management in several Jati Plus Perhutani plantation areas.

Interconnected micro-mesoporous carbon nanofiber derived from lemongrass for high symmetric supercapacitor performance

The hierarchical porous activated carbon nanofiber has been prepared and characterized from the biomass based of lemongrass leave waste (LG). The preparation process used a simple technique through impregnation of ZnCl2 with low concentrations (0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) mol/L. These three concentrations were chosen to maximize the potential of LG to produce carbon nanoporous structures with high surface area. The preparation of activated carbon is performed by a one-step technique, including carbonization and physical activation at a temperature of 800 °C in N2/CO2 atmosphere. The three sample variations resulted in a very good amorphous structure according to the XRD pattern. The sample LG-0.7 has been known to have the best physical and electrochemical properties with an SSA reaching 1694 m2 g−1 with a carbon content of 90.38%. Uniquely, the LG-0.7 sample has a combined morphological appearance of hierarchical pores such as sponges and nanofiber pores. This combined pore strongly supports the electrochemical properties of the carbon electrode with 256 F g−1, a specific energy of 35.6 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 128.3 W kg−1 obtained using the GCD method. Electrochemical testing was carried out at a low potential of 0–1 V with a scan rate of 1 mV s−1 under the influence of an aqueous electrolyte of 1 M H2SO4. These results demonstrate the tremendous potential of lemongrass leaf waste as a raw material for the produce of porous carbon electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors.

PENGARUH PROPORSI LIMBAH DAUN DAN JENIS MOL TERHADAP MUTU BOKASI

[EFFECT OF LEAF WASTE PROPORTION AND TYPES OF LOCAL MIKROORGANISM ON THE QUALITY OF BOKASHI]. The purpose of this study was to get a combination of the treatment of the leaf waste proportion and local microorganism (MOL) type to the quality of bokashi. The use of specific MOL as a bioactivator is expected to produce a good bokashi. The production of bokashi was conducted at the Garbage Collection Center of Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 factors including the proportion of leaves (D) and the type of MOL (M). The first factor consisted of two levels (50% and 70% leaf) and the second factor consisted of 4 levels (rice MOL, soil MOL, bokashi MOL, and leaf waste MOL). The quality of bokashi was measured based on the total cell counts of microbes, pH, C/N ratio, descriptive test (texture, aroma, and colour), and plant growth tests on corn. The results showed that all bokashi have complied with SNI 19-7030- 2004. The best bokasi was obtained from the combination between 50% leaf waste proportion and MOL type of rice. This bokashi had a total microbes of 4.1 x 108 CFU/g, pH value of 7.4, C/N ratio of 10.2, with organoleptic characteristics of loose texture and slightly moisture, slightly soil-scented, blackish color and the hight of test plant of 61 cm. The main advantage of this bokashi compared to others was in the highest number of microbes total and the best texture.

Pemanfaatan Kompos Daun Bambu yang Melimpah untuk Peningkatan Taraf Ekonomi Masyarakat Melalui Budidaya Tanaman Hortikultura di Desa Marga Asih, Kecamatan Cicalengka, Kabupaten Bandung

The impact caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was really experienced by the community and farmers in Margaasih Village, Cicalengka District, Bandung Regency. Efforts are needed to mitigate these negative impacts, especially in terms of the economic and health aspects by utilizing the available resources and opportunities. This community service program aimed to meet these needs, with three activities, namely by: (i) utilizing the abundant bamboo leaf wastes in their village; (ii) taking advantage of opportunities to meet the demand for grapes that are always imported from abroad; and (iii) optimizing their usual farming activities by introducing okra as a new vegetable that is not widely known by the public. These three activities have been carried out in Margaasih Village with a very positive response from them. They felt they got new knowledge and insights about things they have not done before. The bamboo leaf wastes that have been unutilized before can finally be turned into high-value compost. Grape plants could be cultivated by farmers in their lands. The productivity of the agricultural lands can still be increased, i.e, by cultivating okra which has a high economic value. With these three efforts, we hope that farmers can increase the productivity of their farming businesses which in turn can increase their income and welfare.

Batch sorption of vegetable oil from simulated oil-polluted water onto Populus nigra leaf waste

Batch sorption of vegetable oil from simulated oil-polluted water onto Populus nigra leaf waste

Influence of nanoparticles inclusion on the production of bioethanol from corn stalks and leaves

Bioethanol is a viable alternative to petroleum-derived fossil fuels. It is renewable, low-cost, and the preferred fuel for most developing countries worldwide. Although it is possible to make bioethanol from corn stalks and leaves wastes, second-generation biofuels made from agricultural waste feedstocks represent a significant step forward. In the present research, nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) were used as a biocatalyst to achieve maximum ethanol output. The pretreatment of 2% NaOH with NiO NPs, 15-min autoclave condition, showed the highest total and reducing sugar yield was 162.69 g/L and 43.75 g/L. After hydrolysis, the suitable total and reducing sugar yield of 185.43 g/L and 125.42 g/L was chosen for further fermentation with the expansion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) using corn stalk and leaf waste was significantly assisted by incorporating a nanocatalyst; ethanol concentration was increased to 15.8 g/L at 24 hours incubation period. The study revealed critical information regarding ways NiO NPs could be employed to improve the efficiency of the ethanol production bioprocess.

Effect of Acid Concentration on the Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Pineapple Crown Leaf

Microcrystalline cellulose was first extracted from pineapple crown leaf waste which is used very rarely as an alternative material from agricultural residue and then characterized. Microcrystalline cellulose was extracted from this waste through acid hydrolysis with various concentrations. The effect of acidconcentrations with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) on microcrystalline cellulose properties was investigated to determine its potential application as a material. Pineapple crown leaf was hydrolyzed for 2 hours at 45℃ along with various sulfuric acid concentrations (1, 2, and 3 M). The properties of the cellulose were evaluated by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Among all the hydrolysis conditions carried out, the best hydrolysis condition was 3 M sulfuric acid. At this hydrolysis condition, the microcrystalline cellulose presented a rod-like shape, high crystallinity at 83.16%, and have average crystal size of 17.99 nm. The functional group and morphology analysis showed that the resulted product is maintained cellulose I structure and removal of non-cellulosic constituents and the chemical compositions. As for the thermal analysis, the temperature decreased from 177℃ (2 M sulfuric acid) to 149℃ (3 M sulfuric acid) because of the incorporation of sulfate groups after the hydrolysis process. Therefore, microcrystalline cellulose obtained from pineapple crown leaf waste has great potential as reinforcement in the manufacture of composites.

A Cleaner Delignification of Urban Leaf Waste Biomass for Bioethanol Production, Optimised by Experimental Design

This work is focused on optimising a low-temperature delignification as holocellulose purification pretreatment of Platanus acerifolia leaf waste for second-bioethanol production. Delignification was accomplished by acid-oxidative digestion using green reagents: acetic acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide 1:1. The effect of reaction time (30–90 min), temperature (60–90 °C), and solid loading (5–15 g solid/20 g liquid) on delignification and solid fraction yield were studied. The process parameters were optimised using the Box–Behnken experimental design. The highest attained lignin removal efficiency was larger than 80%. The optimised conditions of delignification, while maximising holocellulose yield, pointed to using the minimum temperature of the examined range. Analysis of variance on the solid fraction yield and the lignin removal suggested a linear model with a negative influence of the temperature on the yield. Furthermore, a negative effect of the solid loading and low effect of temperature and time was found on the degree of delignification. Then the temperature range was extended back to 60 °C, providing 71% holocellulose yield and 70% while improving energy efficiency by working at a lower temperature. Successful lignin removal was confirmed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. As evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, the solid structure presented an increased exposition of the cellulose fibre structure.