Leaf Waste Research Articles

Nicotiana tabacum Leaf Waste: Morphological Characterization and Chemical-Functional Analysis of Extracts Obtained from Powder Leaves by Using Green Solvents.

Tobacco cultivation and industrialization are characterized by the production of trillions of pre-harvest and post-harvest waste biomasses each year with the resulting negative effects on the environment. The leaves of blunt, pre-harvest waste, could be further used to obtain bioactive metabolites, i.e., polyphenols and alkaloids, for its potential cosmetic use. This study was conducted to obtain bio-compounds from pre-harvest tobacco leaf waste (var. Virginia) by applying conventional and green solvents (NaDES). Leaves and ground leaf waste were characterized based on their microscopic features. Conventional solvents, such as water, acetone, ethanol, and non-conventional solvents, such as Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NaDES), i.e., sucrose:lactic acid (LAS), frutose:glucose:sucrose (FGS), lactic acid:sucrose:water (SALA), choline chloride:urea (CU), and citric acid: propylene glycol (CAP) were used for bioactive extraction from tobacco waste powder. CU, FGS, and acetone/ethanol had similar behavior for the best extraction of alkaloids (6.37-11.23 mg ACE/g tobacco powder). LAS, FGS, SALA, and CU were more effective in phenolic compound extraction than conventional solvents (18.13-21.98 mg AGE/g tobacco powder). Because of this, LAS and SALA could be used to obtain phenolic-enriched extracts with lower alkaloid content rather than CU and FGS. Extracts of the powder obtained with conventional solvent or CU showed a high level of sugars (47 mg/g tobacco powder) The ABTS antioxidant capacity of tobacco leaf powder was higher in the extracts obtained with CU, FGS, and acetone (SC50 1.6-5 µg GAE/mL) while H2O2 scavenging activity was better in the extracts obtained with LAS, CAP and SALA (SC50 3.8-8.7 µg GAE/mL). Due to the biocompatibility of the NaDES with the components of tobacco leaf waste, the opportunity to apply these extracts directly in antioxidant formulations, such as cosmetics, phytotherapic, and other formulations of topic use seems promising. Furthermore, NaDES constituents, i.e., urea and organic acid can also have beneficial effects on the skin.

Upaya Perwujudan Lingkungan Bersih Melalui Pengolahan Sampah Organik menjadi Pupuk Kompos

This activity aims to overcome the problems faced by one of the Adiwiyata schools in Malang City, namely SMPN 26 Malang in managing organik waste to make it more useful, namely compost. Based on interviews conducted by the service team with the school, it was agreed that three methods would be carried out in this activity, namely (1) As a solution for organik waste management, the service team provided a solution by managing organik waste into compost, (2) Because the school did not have adequate understanding of waste management into compost, training is conducted on processing waste into compost and (3) because so far there has been no assistance regarding the practice of processing organik waste, the practice of managing organik waste into compost is carried out. All activities have been carried out well. All of the training and mentoring can be completed and the dry leaf waste that was previously scattered can be managed into organik waste which can then be used by school residents to fertilizer plants in the surrounding environment.

Sustainable development of biomass-derived activated carbon through chemical and physical activations and its effect on the physicochemical and electrochemical activity

ABSTRACT Activated carbon derived from biomass waste and their application as supercapacitor electrodes have aroused a considerable research interest in recent years. In this work, we demonstrate the use of Coffea canephora leaf (CCL) waste for the preparation of activated carbon as supercapacitor electrodes via chemical activation with straightforward pyrolysis at high temperatures for the first time. Potassium hydroxide with three different concentrations, i.e. 0.1 M, 0.3 M, and 0.5 M, was used as activating agent. The as-prepared activated carbon using 0.3 M KOH (CCL-0.3) displayed good physicochemical properties and exhibited superior electrochemical performance than the other two samples (0.1 and 0.5 M). CCL-0.3 achieved the specific capacitances of 297 F g−1 and 220 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in 1 M H2SO4 and 1 M Na2SO4 electrolytes, respectively. Moreover, CCL-0.3 in 1 M H2SO4 exhibits the equivalent series resistance (R s ) and the charge transfer resistance (R ct ) value of CCL-0.3 in 1 M H2SO4 of 0.73 Ω and 4.9 Ω, respectively. Additionally, this study provides strategies for preparing activated carbon as supercapacitor electrode materials with superior performance via chemical activation with straightforward pyrolysis for the renewable energy storage devices.

Spodoptera frugiperda MANAGEMENT IN Zea mays L. USING VINASSE AND CORN-MULBERRY MULCHING

<p class="Newparagraph"><strong>Background: </strong>Soil cover with crop residues is an ancient tradition that is gaining momentum in conservation agriculture´s current trends. <strong>Objective:</strong> The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of soil mulching with corn-mulberry on <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em> management in corn <em>Zea mays </em>variety Tuson after imbibition in vinasse. <strong>Methodology:</strong> The first part of the experiment evaluates the effect on germination with seed previously soaked in vinasse in 1:15 ratio under controlled conditions for 30 min. The second part was developed in the Unidad Empresarial de Base “Antonio Maceo” Yara, Granma, Cuba under field conditions, which consisted of two treatments: (T1) corn-mulberry soil mulching 2 t ha<sup>-1</sup> before planting and (T2) control group without cover. The percentage of maize plants were evaluated from 1 to 3 and from 4 to 5 degrees in damage at 30 days, in addition to agricultural yield at 150 days. Both experimental stages were performed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). <strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that germination percentages increased by using 1:15 vinasse, whereas the corn-mulberry soil cover decreased <em>S. frugiperda</em> incidence at the same time and increased agricultural yields. <strong>Implications:</strong> Future studies should find an equilibrium point that guarantees the use of crop residuals as agroecological practices in soil protection and conservation, as well as in animal feed sources in places and season where natural forage is affected. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Soil cover with corn-mulberry mulching from leaf waste before sowing decreases <em>S. frugiperda</em> incidence and corn yield increases. </p>

Morphological, mechanical, and color strength properties of infrared dyed pineapple leaf fibers

The enormous number of pineapple plantations in Malaysia are dominated by small to large agronomists governed by the Malaysian Pineapple Industrial Board, which addresses almost all pineapple industry-related issues. In Malaysia, more than 147,000 hectares of land are utilized for pineapple plantations, which create 65 tons of residue per hectare. Consequently, the waste production comes from the long leaves of the harvested mother plants of pineapples that are cut off to allow the young sucker to grow freely, which then can be found abundantly. However, the handling practice for pineapple leaf waste in Malaysia is still poorly managed. Realizing the importance of this issue, as an alternative to reduce waste, fibers from pineapple leaves were extracted and dyed to improve the aesthetic value and marketability of pineapple leaf fiber by adding dyeing substrates using a low energy consumption dyeing approach. Two different techniques of dyeing were used to investigate the morphological, mechanical, color strength, and colorfastness properties of dyed pineapple leaf fibers. The dyeing of pineapple leaf fibers was investigated using C.I. reactive blue 5, C.I reactive red 11, and C.I Reactive yellow 86 at different concentrations. As a result, the characterization of dyed pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) showed that the dyeing process modified the original structure of PALF but no significant differences were observed on dyed PALF in the comparison of each dyeing technique. In addition, under optimized conditions of two dyeing techniques dyed PALF presented lower breaking strength, whereas comparable breaking strength value was gained with each technique. Fibers of both dyeing techniques displayed interesting color findings with excellent colorfastness to washing, lightfastness, and good colorfastness to perspiration. The infrared dyeing method resulted in similar and better dyeing behavior compared to exhaustion dyeing techniques. This method could further be refined by considering the production of textile materials, which can provide alternative to the usage of highly expensive silk fibers in the songket making industry.

Community Empowerment through Processing Bamboo Leaves Waste into Liquid Smoke

This Community Service activity aims to process dry bamboo leaves into liquid smoke using pyrolysis techniques. Methods of activity in the form of counseling, training, and mentoring. Participants in the activity were 30 residents of Mejono Village. The resulting product is grade 3 liquid smoke. The effectiveness of the activity is measured using the Pre-test and Post-Test values. The results show an increase in knowledge, production skills, and marketing skills for liquid smoke products. This activity can be an inspiration, motivation, and ongoing activity for the tourism management team to process dried bamboo leaf waste into liquid smoke products that can provide added value for the Gronjongwariti water tourism manager and farmers in Mejono Village.

Evaluating floor types during simple composting of leaf wastes

This study aimed to evaluate the type of floor in the composting process of leaf wastes. The waste consisted of cacao leaves (<em>Theobroma cacao</em> L.), rubberwood leaves (<em>Hevea brasiliensis</em>), teak leaves (<em>Tectona grandis</em> L.f), matoa or Fijian longan leaves (<em>Pometia pinnata</em>), durian leaves (<em>Durio zibethinus</em>), and grass. The research was conducted by composting the leaf mixtures in a composting box sizing 220 cm in length, 180 cm in width, and 100 cm in height. A long box was partitioned by using plastic tarpaulin into four boxes for different floors, namely cement, soil, tarpaulin, and rice husks. A mixture of leaves of 127 kg to 176 kg was introduced in each box and was composted for 145 days. Variables observed were temperature, the height of heap, the mass of material (initial and final), C/N ratio, NPK contents, compost color, odor, pH, and moisture content. The results showed that compost quality fulfilled Indonesian National Standard (SNI 19-7030-2004) regardless of the floor types. However, the type of floors affected the compost process and yield. The composting process with tarpaulin-layered or husk-layered floors produced better compost in terms of N, P, C/N ratio, and color as compared to those resulting from cemented or barely soil floors.

THE MESOPOROUS BIOSILICA CATALYST FROM ANDONG BAMBOO LEAF FOR DIRECT-PYROLYSIS REACTION

Silica is a functional material with broad benefits, including as a catalyst. It is essential to substitute synthetic silica with natural silica to support green technology and economic development. The silica extraction process from bamboo leaf waste was carried out using an acid-base solution and a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) template structure to get mesoporous biosilica. This mesoporous biosilica was then applied as a biocatalyst for α-cellulose direct pyrolysis. Biosilica was characterized using various analyses including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Surface Area Analyzer (SAA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), gravimetric methods, and applications to the cracking process using Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS). The CTAB addition is divided into three variations, namely 0.05:1, 0.1:1, and 0.2:1. The data found that the highest yield was produced in the CTAB biosilica 0.2:1, and the silica content in the bamboo ash and CTAB biosilica sample was 60% and 90.5- 93.6%, respectively. The surface acidity of the biosilica ranged from 1.97 and 2.1 mmol/g. The essential groups in the biosilica formed are hydroxyl, silanol, and siloxane groups, with the morphology of the silica being observed to be irregular in shape, forming aggregates like coral. The surface area of biosilica with the ratio of 0.05:1, 0.1:1, and 0.2:1 was 177.068 m2 /g, 661.166 m2 /g, and 684.852 m2 /g, respectively, with a pore size distribution following the mesoporous class. The α-cellulose cracking using py-GCMS with a biosilica catalyst at CTAB variations of 0.05:1, 0.1:1, and 0.2:1 yielded a hydrocarbon content of 44.88%; 61.6%; and 30.4%.

Variations in composition and stability of biochars derived from different feedstock types at varying pyrolysis temperature

Feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature primarily affect the properties of resultant biochar. Therefore, the effects of several different feedstock types and various pyrolysis temperatures on structural, chemical, proximate, morphological, and elemental compositional characteristics of the resultant biochars were explored. Nine types of wastes (date palm fiber waste (DF), date palm leaf waste (DL), date palm petiole waste (DP), tomato plant waste (TM), cucumber plant waste (CC), poultry litter (PL), chicken feather waste (CH), cow dung (CD), and conocarpus waste (CN) were collected and pyrolyzed at varying temperatures (300, 400, 500, and 600 °C) to produce different types of biochar, which were subjected to physio-chemical, proximate, and ultimate analyses. Distinctive variations were observed in the characteristics of the used feedstock types and their derived biochars. The biochars derived from CC exhibited the highest pH (8.41–11.02), while the biochars derived from CH demonstrated the minimum pH (7.99–8.40). Overall, the biochars derived from PL, CC, TM, and DL showed higher contents of C as compared to the other biochars, suggesting higher stability. Contrarily, the biochars derived from CH and CD exhibited a higher labile C fraction, indicating its lower recalcitrance than other tested biochars. The biochars produced at low pyrolysis temperatures showed a comparatively amorphous surface with lower alkalinity and electrical conductivity, while higher moisture, net negative charge, labile carbon, and volatile contents. Contrarily, the higher pyrolysis temperature demonstrated the higher ash and fixed carbon contents with more surface porosity and comparatively higher non-labile carbon fraction. Biochar produced at 600 °C exhibited H/C and O/C atomic ratios of <0.2, suggesting higher stability and recalcitrant potential against biochars produced below 500 °C, which showed H/C and O/C atomic ratios in the range of 0.2–0.4.

Efektivitas Larva Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) dalam Mereduksi Pakan Limbah Organik Sawi Putih dan Daun Singkong

Black Soldier Fly (BSF) is an insect that reduces organic waste by utilizing its larvae which will extract energy and nutrients from vegetable waste such as mustard and cassava leaves waste, fruits, food scraps, animal carcasses, and feces as food ingredients. This study aimed to see the effectiveness of BSF larvae in reducing feed organic waste of chicory and cassava leaves. The method used in this research is a laboratory and experimental scale experiment. The results of this study showed that the effectiveness of BSF larvae in reducing organic waste feed on cassava leaf waste samples was 57% for 1x3 feeding frequency, but decreased in 1x1 feeding frequency, which was 40%. While the percentage value of sample reduction by BSF larvae in chicory samples was 53% for 1x3 feeding frequency, but experienced a decrease in 1x1 feeding frequency, which was 38%. The effectiveness level of BSF larvae in reducing waste samples can be said to be effective at 1x3 feeding frequency.

Potensi Pigmen Pewarna Alami pada Corak Warna Lipa Sabbe sebagai Sumber Belajar IPA

Along with the growing public awareness of personal and environmental health, lipa sabbe products with natural colors are increasingly popular. Natural dyes are advantageous because they do not need to be imported, are safe for human health during the manufacturing process, do not pollute the environment, and are safe. Although synthetic dyes are easier to use, they are harmful to health, produce hazardous waste, pollute the environment, and are made from imported materials. This study aims to determine the types of plants that can be used as natural dyes for lipa sabbe. Qualitative methods with literature studies sourced from journals, books, or other related scientific articles are used in this research. The results showed that natural dyes in lipa sabbe became one of the Science Learning Resources with natural dyes including extracts from cocoa shell waste, coconut fiber waste, oil palm shell waste, rambutan peel waste, mangosteen peel waste, guava leaf waste, mango leaf waste and avocado leaf waste is plantation waste that can be used as a natural lipa sabbe dye. The pigments in this material produce yellow, reddish brown, gray, and black colors.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: , ,.

Effectiveness of Clove Oil (Syzigium aromaticum) as Biolarvacide of Aedes aegypti

Background: The vector control that is often done so far is by chemical control, which will continually have a negative impact. Therefore, it is necessary to control methods that are more friendly to the environment, effective and efficient, and safe for health, one of which is the use of essential oils from plants. Clove (Syzigium aromaticum) is one of the plants that can be used as an alternative larvicide to kill mosquito vectors because it contains many chemical compounds, including eugenol compounds, eugenol acetate, methyl eugenol, b-caryophyllene, methyl eugenol, saponins, flavonoids and larvicidal tannins. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of clove leaf waste oil (Syzygium ) as a biolarvicide for the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Methods: The research method used is experimental with a Quasi-Experimental Design approach and Post-test Control Group Design. The object of this research is clove leaf waste oil (Syzigium aromaticum) that has been obtained from the distillation of dried clove leaf waste. The object of this research is the third-stage larvae and adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes obtained by rearing or self-reproducing mosquitoes in the laboratory. The bioassay test method used a glass test vessel with a volume of 200 ml of solution consisting of a mixture of water (aquades) with clove leaf waste oil. This study used a treatment concentration of 0.006%; 0.007%; 0.008%; 0.009% and 0.01%. The control used aquades (0%). Then put 25 Aedes aegypti larvae in the test container and then observe the number of mortality larvae during 24 hours of observation. Results: The results showed that clove (Syzygium aromaticum) leaf waste oil was effective as a biolarvicide with LC50 at a concentration of 0.005% and Kruskal Wallis test value of 0.000 (P&lt;0.05) which means that there is significant difference in the number of deaths of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae at each concentration. Conclusion: Clove leaf waste oil (Syzygium aromaticum) is effective as a biolarvicide for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

Production and characterization of enriched vermicompost from banana leaf biomass waste activated by biochar integration

Vermicomposting uses less energy and requires fewer infrastructures, and it is capable of restoring soil nutrition and carbon. Banana cultivation produces lots of trash in a single crop season, with 30 tonnes of waste generated per acre. The biodegradable fraction of banana leaf waste is thrown out in large quantities from temples, markets place wedding halls, hotels, and residential areas. Vermicomposting can be used for recovering lignin, cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose from banana leaves. Earthworm digests organic materials with the enzymes produced in gut microflora. Biochar adds bulk to vermicomposting, increases its value as fertilizer. The goal of this study was to amend biochar (0, 2, 4 and 6%) with banana leaf waste (BLW) + cow dung (CD) in three different combinations (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1) using Eisenia fetida to produce enriched vermicompost. In the vermicompost with biochar groups, there were higher levels of physicochemical parameters, as well as macro- and micronutrient contents. The growth and reproduction of earthworms were higher in groups with biochar. A maximum of 1.82, 1.18 and 1.67% of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium was found in the final vermicompost recovered from BLW + CD (1:1) amended with 4% biochar; while the other treatments showed lower levels of nutrients. A lower C/N ratio of 18.14 was observed in BLW + CD (1:1) + 4% biochar followed by BLW + CD (1:1) + 2% biochar amendment (19.92). The FTIR and humification index studies show that degradation of organic matter has occurred in the final vermicompost and the substrates with 4% biochar in 1:1 combination showed better degradation and this combination can be used for nutrient rich vermicompost production.

Removal of Basic Fuchsin Red dye by Turmeric leaf waste biochar: Batch adsorption studies, isotherm kinetics and RSM studies

&lt;p&gt;In this study, the basic fusion dye was adsorbed from wastewater using turmeric leaf waste biochar and the experimental outcomes were fitted with isotherm and kinetics. Further, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was also performed to analyse the concurrent interactive effects of the process variables. Pyrolysis of turmeric leaf waste biomass resulted in biochar yield of 44.65% at temperature of 300 °C. The biochar had moisture content of 4.21%, volatile matter of 45.38%, ash content of 17.74% and fixed carbon of 32.65% respectively. The batch adsorption studies showed maximum dye removal of 87.44 % and 71% at temperature of 35 °C, dosage of 0.3g, time of 60 min, pH of 7 and dye concentration of 50 ppm respectively for biochar and biomass respectively. The experimental data obtained at equilibrium condition fitted well in pseudo-second order and Langmuir isotherm with R2 value of 0.98 respectively. This study provides base for usage of turmeric leaf-based waste for synthesis of biochar and for effective removal of dye from aqueous environment.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D;

Stabilization of dairy industry sludge with leaf litter using as composting and its effect on Spinacia oleracea plant growth

A dairy industry is the large scale food production industries playing an important role in causing environmental pollution. Solid waste is a serious threat to environmental hazards through its liquid and solid waste generation. Hence, it is needed to handle such waste by enhancing new cleaner technologies by recycling the waste and generate safe environment using organic fertilizer to soil. Dairy industry waste is dumped in landfill which has disadvantage of being expensive occupying more open area resulting in alteration of ground water and soil profile quality. The wastewater generated by dairy industry is categorized as raw waste. The activated sludge is treated during analysis of various parameters under the consideration. Thus, the objective of the present study is to analyze physico-chemical and phyto-chemical parameters of combination and Spinacia oleracea plant after treating with the Dairy waste and mix leaf litter waste. Current research study, revels that various concentration of dairy waste and leaf litter combination can turn into good quality compost for ecofriendly crop cultivation. In the present study, Dairy waste + Leaf waste 25 % (T3) and Dairy waste + Leaf waste 75 % (T5) combination was good compost and it is a viable organic waste management. It has a potential to enhance proper waste management system, while promoting cultivation of vegetable for food precautions. The application of this organic amendment could promote and improve agro-ecosystem and also helpful for minimization of dairy waste.

Effect of Soil Amendments with Botanical Leaves on Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) is a earliest crop which is a member of the Phaseoleae tribe of the Leguminosae Family widely known as Lobia, which is a better alternative source for protein, minerals etc., as compared to other legumes. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) cause a major loss in cowpea production by hindering nutrient and water uptake. Leaf waste of marigold, rose, calotropis, euphorbia, neem and castor as botanical amendments were experimented under field conditions during kharif 2021 for their effectiveness against the root knot nematodes, rhizobium nodule and growth parameters. Field studies were conducted in randomized blocks with six treatments and three replications. Among the composts, the treatment Neem leaf compost remarkably increased the Plant height at 90 DAS (293 cm), root length at 90 DAS (29.16cm), rhizobium nodules (5), and significantly decreased the root weight at 90 DAS (3.5 gm) and root knots in the root system of cowpea at 90 DAS (10.67). The weight of the roots decreased because of a decrease in the number of root knot in cowpea compared to other composts and control T0.

Chemical, Thermal and Mechanical Characterization of Licorice Root, Willow, Holm Oak, and Palm Leaf Waste Incorporated into Maleated Polypropylene (MAPP).

The effect of four lignocellulosic waste fillers on the thermal and mechanical properties of biocomposites was investigated. Powdered licorice root, palm leaf, holm oak and willow fillers were melt compounded with polypropylene at two different weight contents, i.e., 10 and 30, and then injection molded. A commercially available maleated coupling agent was used to improve the filler/matrix interfacial adhesion at 5 wt.%. Composites were subjected to chemical (FTIR-ATR), thermal (TGA, DSC, DMA) and mechanical (tensile, bending and Charpy impact) analyses coupled with a morphological investigation by scanning electron microscopy. Although similarities among the different formulations were noted, holm oak fillers provided the best combination of thermal and mechanical performance. In particular, at 30 wt.% content with coupling agent, this composite formulation displayed remarkable increases in tensile strength and modulus, flexural strength and modulus, of 28% and 110%, 58% and 111%, compared to neat PP, respectively. The results imply that all these lignocellulosic waste fillers can be used successfully as raw materials for biocomposites, with properties comparable to those featured by other natural fillers.

Characterization of a new natural cellulose fiber from Enhalus acoroides and its potential application

Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle is a tropical seagrass species that contains large amounts of cellulose and hemicellulose. During monsoons, leaves of this species wash up along beaches, accumulate and decompose anoxically, causing unpleasant odors. This leaf waste could be exploited by extracting the cellulose fibers. Prepared leaf waste was alkaline-treated and bleached. At each stage of treatment, the properties of the fiber were characterized by color spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The diameter of the untreated fiber was 66.67 µm. After alkaline treatment, the diameter was 8.30 µm. Bleaching with hydrogen peroxide decomposed the alkaline-treated fiber into individual microfibrils with a diameter of 6.67 µm. The bleached microfibrils had a high whiteness value of L*= 92.47, and high degrees of thermal stability (Tmax 363 °C) and crystallinity (59%). The properties of the bleached microfibrils were appropriate for the reinforcement of a polymer composite. Therefore, using compression molding, we produced a biodegradable seeding pot prototype from a thermoplastic starch (TPS) reinforced with 5 wt% of bleached fiber from E. acoroides (L.f.) Royle.

The Long Composting Period Effect of Leaf Shallots on the Compost Quality

Compost is a solid organic material that biologically changes into a final product that can be used as fertilizer. Utilizing shallot leaf waste as raw material for composting is the latest technology and has never been applied by shallot farmers. This study aimed to determine the best quality of shallot leaf compost with the long treatment of the composting process. This process was supported through Trichoderma, sp activator with 106 cfu/mL density. The treatment design was arranged as follows: K0 = no composting (leaves were simply dried in the sun), K1 = composting for 1 day, K2 = composting for 2 days, K3 = composting for 3 days, K4 = composting for 4 days, K5 = composting for 5 days, K6 = composting for 6 days, K7 = composting for 7 days, K8 = composting for 14 days, K9 = composting for 21 days, and K10 = composting for 28 days. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the shallot leaf waste with the composting process was dried by the sunlight (natural composting) and had a C/N ratio. Meanwhile, the C-organic and N-total of this composting process were better than that of composting using a solution containing Trichoderma sp. activator.

Counseling and Socialization About Making Cow Candy as Supplementary Feed for Ruminants

Additional feed Forage is defined as feed that contains relatively higher crude fiber or undigested material. than concentrate. To achieve high livestock productivity, additional micro elements such as minerals and vitamins are required. Urea Molasses Block (UMB) is one type of supplement feed that contains these micro elements. This service partner is the Hasta Karya Jorong Solok Dalam Farmer Group. One of the things that can be done is by managing and utilizing Gambir Leaf Waste which is the residue from the extraction of gambier sap into something useful and useful as one of the ingredients in making cow candy. The purpose of this community service activity is to increase the participation of the Polytechnic. Payakumbuh State Agriculture in applying technology in accordance with the needs and conditions of farming communities in the field and adding insight and knowledge of farmer groups in making candy cows as additional feed for ruminants.&#x0D;