Methanolic Leaf Extract Research Articles

Evaluation of In vitro Anti-Cancer Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Phoenix pusilla on Colon Cancer Cell Line

ABSTRACT Background: Cancer rates continue to climb, owing largely to the world population’s aging and growth, as well as economically developing countries, a surge in cancer-causing behavior, particularly smoking. The third or fourth most prevalent type of cancer is colon cancer. Cancer of the large intestine (colon) is one of the primary causes of death from cancer. Colorectal cancer prevention is mostly based on adenomatous disease screening approaches. The cytotoxic and pharmacological properties of Phoenix pusilla are widely documented. As a result, there is little recorded evidence of its cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells. Therefore, we planned to study the efficacy of a methanolic leaf extract of Phoenix pusilla against in vitro colon cancer cells. Aim: To evaluate the anti-cancer effects of the methanolic leaf extract of Phoenix pusilla on colon cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: In vitro screening and anti-cancer effects of the methanolic effect of Phoenix pusilla on colon cancer cell lines were assessed by cell viability assays and cell and nuclear morphological studies. For the in vitro cell culture study, different concentrations of Phoenix pusilla leaf extract (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 μg/ml) were used, and IC50 doses were calculated. Results: The results of the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay revealed that the fraction of viability cells significantly decreased in treated cells when compared to untreated control groups, was expressed as 100%, and an inhibitory concentration of μg/ml was identified. A phase-contrast microscope was used to observe cell shrinkage and cytoplasmic membrane blebbing. A fluorescent microscope was used to examine the apoptotic nuclei (internally dyed nuclei, shattered nuclei, and condensed chromatin). Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study results showed that the leaf extracts of Phoenix pusilla had a strong cytotoxic effect and induced significant apoptosis in the colon cancer cell lines at a concentration of 75 μg/ml in the 24 h incubation period. More research is needed to investigate the extract’s active components as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-cancer properties.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Nephelium lappaceum L. against Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Type-II Diabetes in Wistar Albino Rats

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Nephelium lappaceum L. against Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Type-II Diabetes in Wistar Albino Rats

Phytochemical investigation of methanolic leaf extract of <i>Phyllanthus niruriusing</i> fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Medicinal plants have been used for millennia to treat a wide variety of ailments and promote health and well-being.This study analyzed the chemical composition of methanolic leaf extracts of Phyllanthus niruri using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). FTIR identified functional groups including methyl (2922 cm-1), hydroxyl (2858 cm-1), carbonyl (1707 cm-1), alkyl (1452 cm-1), and ester (1031 cm-1) while GCMS detected 15 compounds with the most abundant being octadecanoic acid (23.84%) and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (18.25%). Other relatively abundant compounds included 12,15-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (5.38%) and tetradecanoic acid (3.88%). Many of the identified compounds are fatty acids and derivatives documented to have hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties aligning with P. niruri's reported effects. However, further isolation, testing, and clinical evidence are still needed to fully elucidate therapeutic mechanisms and develop standardized extracts or derivatives as botanical therapies.

Identification of alkaloids from the methanol Leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana using HPLC/GC-MS

Identification of alkaloids from the methanol Leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana using HPLC/GC-MS

Composition and antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Artemisia monosperma L. leaf essential oils and methanolic extracts from plants grown in normal and saline habitats in Egypt

The present work aimed to investigate the effect of salinity in natural habitats in Egypt on the main secondary metabolites of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Artemisia monosperma L. plants compared to plants grown at normal conditions. Plants grown under salinity were collected from Egyptian Western Coastal region habitats irrigated with underground water. Results showed that salinity increased the essential oil percentage of R. officinalis L. by 52.7% and A. monosperma L by 0.29% in addition to the total phenolics and flavonoids content in dry leaves compared to control plants. GC/MS analysis of rosemary essential oils revealed that salinity decreased the amount of some major oil monoterpenes component as verbenone, with a slight effect on 1,8 cineole and increased Camphor, endo- Boreneol, and linalool in addition to the appearance of new specific components such as Chrysanthenone monoterpene ketone and Caryophyllene sesquiterpene, while, in the case of Artemisia, the GC/MS showed that Artemisia ketone, Camphor, β -phellandrene monoterpenes andα-Bisabolol sesquiterpenewere the major oil components; salinity decreased Camphor and β -phellandrene content and increased artemisia ketone and α-Bisabolol oil content. About 11 new oil constituents were detected such as ( +)-2-Bornanone and Sesquisabinene hydrate. Mineral ions (N, K+, Ca+2, P, and Mg+2) uptake by R. officinalis and A. monosperma decreased in plants grown under salinity, while Na content increased compared to corresponding controls. Results demonstrated that both plants could tolerate the high salinity level in natural Western Coastal region soil which promoted more production of valuable secondary metabolites. The antimicrobial effect of R. officinalis L. and A. monosperma L. leaf methanolic extracts, results showed that R. officinalis extracts had an inhibitory response against all tested gram-positive and negative bacteria, in addition to the yeast (Candida albicans), whereas there was no any inhibitory effect concerning A. monosperma L extract on the tested species.

Phytochemical variation between hydrochloric and tartaric acid-derived alkaloidal extracts of Erythrina fusca Lour. leaves: A proton NMR-based approach

Erythrina fusca Lour. (Fabaceae) has been used traditionally to relieve toothache and migraine headaches, cleansing putrid ulcers, and reducing skin inflammations and irritation. Interestingly, most of the reported biological activities on the plant are attributed to its Erythrina alkaloids which are usually extracted through the acid-base method. While the selection of acids for the extraction process is crucial, there is limited information on comparing the efficacy of strong organic and inorganic acids in extracting Erythrina alkaloids, and, more broadly, other types of alkaloids. In this study, comparison between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and tartaric acid (H2T) was made to extract the Erythrina alkaloids. From the same mass (10 g) of the crude methanolic leaf extract, a significantly higher (9-fold) alkaloidal yield was obtained using H2T compared to the HCl. The alkaloidal extracts displayed different proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) profile where identification of their phytochemical constituents was done extensively through comparison with respective data of previously isolated compounds from the Erythrina species. Forty-seven phytochemicals were identified in the HCl extract and they were mostly alkaloids. While the H2T extract not only contained alkaloids, but also flavonoids, and pterocarpans. Cumulatively, 83 phytochemicals were identified from the extracts, including 35 alkaloids, 18 flavonoids, 14 pterocarpans, 9 terpenes, 3 phenols, and 4 saponins. Based on multivariate analysis (MVDA), the alkaloids erysodine (1), erysovine (2), erysopine (3), warangalone (39), calopocarpin (53), and dolichin A (60) were found in both alkaloidal extracts. The PLS-DA model further identified the variation in the two extracts where the HCl extract was characterized by the flavonoids lupinifolin (41) and erythrisenegalone (43). Conversely, the H2T extract contained a broader range of phytochemicals, including the alkaloids glucoerysodine (21) and erythratidinone (28), the flavonoids 5,3′-dihydroxy-4′‑methoxy-5′-(3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl)-2′′,2′′dimethylpyrano-[5,6:6,7]-isoflavanone (51), 5,3′-dihydroxy-5′-(3‑hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butenyl)-4′‑methoxy-2′′,2′′dimethylpyrano-[5,6:6,7]-isoflavanone (52), and catechin (82), the pterocarpans calopocarpin (53) and sandwicensin (63), the terpenes loliolide (70), ursolic acid (80), propyloxyamyrin (83), and stigmast-3-en-4-one (73), the saponins sigmoisides A, B, and E (75, 76, and 77), and the phenol methyl gallate (81). The present findings highlight the value of targeting the extraction process for alkaloids, in this instance Erythrina alkaloids, using different type of acids. Furthermore, these compounds may be considered potential markers that were selectively extracted through the acid-base extraction process.

Evaluation of Adenanthera pavonina-derived compounds against diabetes mellitus: insight into the phytochemical analysis and in silico assays.

Adenanthera pavonina is a medicinal plant with numerous potential secondary metabolites showing a significant level of antidiabetic activity. The objective of the current study was to identify potential phytochemicals from the methanolic leaf extract of Adenanthera pavonina as therapeutic agents against diabetes mellitus using GC-MS and in silico methods. The GC-MS analysis of the leaf extract revealed a total of 17 phytochemicals. Molecular docking was performed using these phytochemicals, targeting the mutated insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (5hhw), which inhibits glucose uptake by cells. Diazoprogesterone (-9.2kcal/mol), 2,4,4,7a-Tetramethyl-1-(3-oxobutyl)octahydro-1H-indene-2-carboxylic acid (-6.9kcal/mol), and 2-Naphthalenemethanol, decahydro-.alpha.,.alpha.,4a-trimethyl-8-methylene-, [2R-(2.alpha.,4a.alpha.,8a.beta.)] (-6.6kcal/mol) exhibited better binding with the target protein. The ADMET analysis was performed for the top three compounds with the best docking scores, which showed positive results with no observed toxicity in the AMES test. Furthermore, the molecular dynamics study confirmed the favorable binding of Diazoprogesterone, 2,4,4,7a-Tetramethyl-1-(3-oxobutyl)octahydro-1H-indene-2-carboxylic acid and 2-Naphthalenemethanol, decahydro-.alpha.,.alpha.,4a-trimethyl-8-methylene-, [2R-(2.alpha.,4a.alpha.,8a.beta.)] with the receptor throughout the 100ns simulation period.

Phytochemical Profile and Bioactivity of the Methanolic Leaf and Root Extracts of South African Bulbine frutescens

Bulbine frutescens is an indigenous succulent medicinal plant in South Africa. The plant is commonly used traditionally for the treatment of skin related ailments. B. frutescens has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-viral and antimicrobial properties. To date, most studies have been conducted on the leaves, while limited reports have been documented on the roots, as well as comparative analyses between both plant parts. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities in the leaves and roots of B. frutescens. Methanolic extracts of each plant part were assessed on the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant (DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, metal chelating) and antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. The results from the phytochemical screening showed that the leaves contained more phytochemical groups than the roots. The roots displayed higher total phenolics (991.7 ± 54.1 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid (285.8 ± 60.6 mg QE/g) and total tannin contents (1698.75 ± 28.15 mg GAE/g) than the leaves. The roots also showed a stronger antioxidant activity in DPPH (3.43 ± 0.16 mg/ml) and metal chelating (0.54 ± 0.01 mg/ml) assays, compared to the leaves, which only showed a higher scavenging power against hydrogen peroxide radicals (1.48 ± 0.02 mg/ml) than the roots. Both plant parts showed intermediate zones of inhibition (10-19 mm) against both bacterial strains, with the exception of the leaves which had a 20.67 ± 0.67 mm inhibition against S. aureus. These results validate the uses of both leaves and roots of B. frutescens in traditional medicine and further suggests for the application of the roots in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.Bulbine frutescens is an indigenous succulent medicinal plant in South Africa. The plant is commonly used traditionally for the treatment of skin related ailments. B. frutescens has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-viral and antimicrobial properties. To date, most studies have been conducted on the leaves, while limited reports have been documented on the roots, as well as comparative analyses between both plant parts. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities in the leaves and roots of B. frutescens. Methanolic extracts of each plant part were assessed on the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant (DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, metal chelating) and antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. The results from the phytochemical screening showed that the leaves contained more phytochemical groups than the roots. The roots displayed higher total phenolics (991.7 ± 54.1 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid (285.8 ± 60.6 mg QE/g) and total tannin contents (1698.75 ± 28.15 mg GAE/g) than the leaves. The roots also showed a stronger antioxidant activity in DPPH (3.43 ± 0.16 mg/ml) and metal chelating (0.54 ± 0.01 mg/ml) assays, compared to the leaves, which only showed a higher scavenging power against hydrogen peroxide radicals (1.48 ± 0.02 mg/ml) than the roots. Both plant parts showed intermediate zones of inhibition (10-19 mm) against both bacterial strains, with the exception of the leaves which had a 20.67 ± 0.67 mm inhibition against S. aureus. These results validate the uses of both leaves and roots of B. frutescens in traditional medicine and further suggests for the application of the roots in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Chemical profiling of bioactive compounds in the methanolic extract of wild leaf and callus of Vitex negundo using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The investigation of plant-based therapeutic agents in medicinal plants has revealed their presence in the extracts and provides the vision to formulate novel techniques for drug therapy. Vitex negundo (V. negundo), a perennial herb belonging to the Varbanaceae family, is extensively used in conventional medication. To determine the existence of therapeutic components in leaf and callus extracts from wild V. negundo plants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this study, we conducted GC-MS on wild plant leaf extracts and correlated the presence of constituents with those in callus extracts. Various growth regulators such as 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), and di-phenylurea (DPU) were added to plant leaves and in-vitro callus and grown on MS medium. The results clearly indicated that the addition of BAP (2.0 mg/L), 2,4-D (0.2 mg/mL), DPU (2.0 mg/L) and 2,4-D (0.2 mg/mL) in MS medium resulted in rapid callus development. The plant profile of Vitex extracts by GC-MS analysis showed that 24, 10, and 14 bioactive constituents were detected in the methanolic extract of leaf, green callus and the methanolic extract of white loose callus, respectively. Octadecadienoic acid, hexadecanoic acid and methyl ester were the major constituents in the leaf and callus methanolic extract. Octadecadienoic acid was the most common constituent in all samples. The maximum concentration of octadecadienoic acid in leaves, green callus and white loose callus was 21.93%, 47.79% and 40.38%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the concentration of octadecadienoic acid doubles in-vitro compared to in-vivo. In addition to octadecadienoic acid; butyric acid, benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl), dospan, tridecanedialdehyde, methylcyclohexenylbutanol, chlorpyrifos, n-secondary terpene diester, anflunine and other important active compounds were also detected. All these components were only available in callus formed in-vitro. This study showed that the callus contained additional botanical characteristics compared with wild plants. Due to the presence of numerous bioactive compounds, the medical use of Vitex for various diseases has been accepted and the plant is considered an important source of therapeutics for research and development.

Comparative antioxidant analysis of extracts prepared from Indigofera longiracemosa aerial parts identifies leaf methanolic extract as a promising antioxidant

Extraction of phytochemicals from the leaves and stems of Indigofera longiracemosa, a previously underexplored dye-yielding plant, was done using four solvents of increasing polarity followed by in vitro assessment of their antioxidant potential. Of the four solvent extracts, methanol extract yielded the highest percentage of phytochemicals. Methanol extracts of leaves and stems also showed the best antioxidant potential in in vitro antioxidant assays. Further, comparison with known standard antioxidant molecules showed lower IC50 values for the extracts tested. Our study thereby validates for the first time the antioxidant potential of I. longiracemosa aerial parts, and identifies an extract enriched in phytochemicals capable of quenching free radicals in vitro at concentrations lower than or comparable to pure antioxidant molecules.

Larvicidal activity of Acacia nilotica extracts against Culex pipiens and their suggested mode of action by molecular simulation docking

Mosquitoes are one of the deadliest and most hazardous animals on Earth, where they transmit several diseases that kill millions of people annually. There is an ongoing search almost everywhere in the world for more effective and contemporary ways to control mosquitoes other than pesticides. Phytochemicals are affordable, biodegradable biological agents that specialize in eliminating pests that represent a risk to public health. The effectiveness of Acacia nilotica methanol and aqueous leaf extracts against 4th instar larvae was evaluated. The results revealed that the methanol extract of A. nilotica had a noticeable influence on the mortality rate of mosquito larvae, especially at high concentrations. Not only did the mortality rate rise significantly, but the hatching of the mosquito eggs was potentially suppressed.Terpenes, fatty acids, esters, glycosides, pyrrolidine alkane, piperazine, and phenols were the most prevalent components in the methanol extract, while the aqueous extract of A. nilotica exclusively showed the presence of fatty acids. The insecticidal susceptibility tests of both aqueous and alcoholic extract of A. nilotica confirmed that the Acacia plant could serves as a secure and efficient substitute for chemical pesticides because of its promising effect on killing larvae and egg hatching delaying addition to their safety as one of the natural pesticides. Molecular docking study was performed using one of the crucial and life-controlling protein targets, fatty acid binding protein (FABP) and the most active ingredients as testing ligands to describe their binding ability. Most of the structurally related compounds to the co-crystallized ligand, OLA, like hexadecanoic acid furnished high binding affinity to the target protein with very strong and stable intermolecular hydrogen bonding and this is quite similar to OLA itself. Some other structural non-related compounds revealed extraordinarily strong binding abilities like Methoxy phenyl piperazine. Most of the binding reactivities of the majortested structures are due to high structure similarity between the positive control, OLA, and tested compounds. Such structure similarity reinforced with the binding abilities of some detected compounds in the A. nilotica extract could present a reasonable interpretation for its insecticidal activity via deactivating the FABP protein. The FABP4 enzyme inhibition activity was assessed for of both methanolic and aqueous of acacia plant extract and the inhibition results of methanol extract depicted noticeable potency if compared to orlistat, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.681, and 0.535 µg/ml, respectively.

Effect of provenance on leaf morphological traits and secondary metabolite levels in leaf extracts of Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) in Morocco

Myrtus communis L. is widely used as an aromatic and medicinal plant. In this work, we investigate the influence of provenance on leaf morphological traits and secondary metabolite levels in leaf extracts of Myrtle. Samples of myrtle from different geographically distinct areas were measured and analysed for polyphenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins, and antioxidant activity using the DPPH test. The analysis of result reveals the significant variance among populations in terms of morphological traits and levels of secondary compounds, particularly in terms of polyphenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins, and reducing power. Correlations between certain studied traits and environmental conditions were recorded. Leaf size and methanolic leaf extract yields from Moroccan myrtle showed as good criteria for natural population selection. Precipitation, temperature, and altitude were determinants of variation in leaf morphological traits, extract yield, and their polyphenolic, tannin, and flavonoid compounds. Based on the studied traits, three major groups were identified with few clear geographical affiliations. The IZA population from the Western Rif and GHA from the Pre-Rif formed a separate group from the other populations, characterized by the highest extract yields. The BRA population from the central plateau formed a distinct isolated group from the others. This population, collected from a location with low annual rainfall values was the richest in tannins with relatively high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids compared to other populations. This means that drought affects the amount of polyphenols and flavonoids. The geographical structure of the third group is mixed, including the IKA and AGH (Pre-Rif) populations, BS and RAB from the Central Plateau, and BT from the Western Rif.

Phytochemical Analysis of Different Plant Extracts and their Inhibitory Effects on Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani

Plant extracts constitutes versatile phytochemicals which can be substituted with commercial synthetic chemicals to inhibit the growth of pathogens. In this study, the methanol and aqueous extracts of guava, jackfruit, tulsi, peppermint and eucalyptus leaves were evaluated in-vitro against Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani isolated from Pomegranate and Guava respectively. Plant extracts were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus and condensed the extract by rotary evaporation. Highest yield was obtained in methanol plant extracts compared to aqueous extract, as it causes differences in the polarity of the extraction which leads to wide variation in the level of bioactive compounds in the extract. Poison food technique was used to test the antifungal activity of plant extracts. Jackfruit leaves methanol extract at 7000ppm showed maximum inhibition of 88.89% and guava leaves aqueous extract at 3000ppm showed minimum inhibition of 48.15% against Aspergillus niger. In case of Fusarium solani maximum inhibition was observed in jackfruit leaves methanol extract at 7000ppm of 87.89% and minimum inhibition was recorded in eucalyptus leaves aqueous extract of 57.41% at 3000ppm.The qualitative phytochemical screening of selected plant extracts showed various phytochemicals in plant extracts like tannins, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoid, saponin and alkaloid. GC-MS analysis of jackfruit methanol extract showed the presence of 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2-hydroxy-1, Octadecanoic acid and Benzene, 1, 2-dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl). All these findings implied the availability of various phytochemicals might be a source of antifungal agent for inhibition of pathogens and to improve the postharvest quality of fruits.

Hepatoprotective effects of leaf extract of Annona senegalensis against aflatoxin B1 toxicity in rats.

Global aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities is of the most concern in food safety and quality. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of 80% methanolic leaf extract ofAnnona senegalensisagainst aflatoxin B1(AFB1)-induced toxicity in rats.A. senegalensishas shown to inhibit genotoxicity of aflatoxin B1in vitro. The rats were divided into six groups including untreated control, aflatoxin B1only (negative control); curcumin (positive control; 10 mg/kg); and three groups receiving different doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg) ofA. senegalensisextract. The rats received treatment (with the exception of untreated group) for 7 days prior to intoxication with aflatoxin B1. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine were measured. Hepatic tissues were analysed for histological alterations. Administration ofA. senegalensisextract demonstrated hepatoprotective effects against aflatoxin B1-induced toxicityin vivoby significantly reducing the level of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and regenerating the hepatocytes. No significant changes were observed in the levels of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine for the AFB1intoxicated group, curcumin+AFB1andAnnona senegalensisleaf extract (ASLE)+AFB1(100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg body weight [b.w.]) treated groups.Annona senegalensisis a good candidate for hepatoprotective agents and thus its use in traditional medicine may at least in part be justified.Contribution:The plant extract investigated in this study can be used in animal health to protect the organism from toxicity caused by mycotoxins.

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial study of silver nanoparticles using methanolic fraction of Artemisia vulgaris leaf

Rational selection of active biomolecules in the synthesis of nanoparticles for reducing the precursor and functionalizing the nanoparticles (NPs) can offer remarkable comeback of biocompatibility and biological applicability. This work aimed at the synthesis of a cost-effective, ecofriendly, and a facile approach of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using methanolic leaf extract of Artemisia vulgaris. The phytochemical constituents present in the methanolic extract were characterized by qualitative chemical tests and spectroscopic measurements and employed for the reduction of silver nitrate into silver nanoparticles. Formation of AgNPs was monitored by UV-visible spectroscopic measurement. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy reflected the presence of characteristic functional groups associated with the phytochemical constituents involved in the formation of nanoparticles. The crystalline phase and morphology of the NPs were assessed form X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively. XRD pattern revealed the crystalline nature of nanoparticles with grain size of ∼ 28 nm based on the Debye Scherer formula. Study of antimicrobial activity of AgNPs against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtili, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, and fungus Candida albicans exhibited good potential to control the bacterial and fungal growth.

Phytochemical Properties and In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Durio zibethinus Murr. on Selected Clinical Isolates

Bacterial and viral infections represent the most challenging diseases to treat in humans due to resistance to most of the therapeutic agents. The advent of drug resistance factors that have challenged the effectiveness of all antimicrobial agents prompted the investigation of antimicrobial activity studies of the methanolic leaf extract of Durio zibethinus Murr. This study is focused on evaluating the phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract of D. zibethinus Murr. on selected clinical isolates: Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (gram-positive bacterial strains), Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi (gram-negative bacterial strains) while Candida albicans and Microsporum audouinii (fungi strains) using the standard agar disc diffusion technique. Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, and phenolic chemicals have all been identified via phytochemical investigation. The result indicated that the leaf extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans and Microsporum audouinii at a range of 10.34–16.02 mm at a concentration of 150 mg/mL relative to standard gentamicin and fluconazole antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for S. aureus was 0.250 mg/mL; for E. coli, it was 0.125 mg/mL; whereas it was 0.250 mg/mL for the two fungal strains, C. albicans and M. audouinii. Our investigation revealed that the D. zibethinus Murr. leaf extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli whereas the extract exhibited the highest antifungal activity against M. audouinii. Our research concluded that the Durio zibethinus Murr. leaf extract had potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, suggesting that it could be utilized to treat various pathogenic diseases.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF ANTISCHIZOPHRENIC ACTIVITY OF METHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Hymenocardia acida Tul. (Phyllantaceae)

Schizophrenia is a severe brain disorder marked by distortions in cognition, emotion, language, perception, and thought, affects an estimated 20 million individuals globally. In Nigeria, where a significant population relies on herbal medicines, including those derived from Hymenocardia acida, to address mental health needs, there have been traditional claims regarding the plant's efficacy in treating schizophrenia. This study aims to screen phytochemical constituents and establish the anti-schizophrenic potential of the methanol leaf extract of H. acida. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids in the methanol leaf extract. The Lorke method determined the intraperitoneal median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract to be above 5000 mg/kg in mice. The anti-schizophrenic activity was assessed through various tests, including apomorphine-induced stereotypic behavior, swim-induced grooming, and haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Results indicated that the methanol leaf extract, at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg, did not significantly reduce apomorphine-induced stereotypic behavior. However, it exhibited a significant and dose-dependent reduction in the average number of grooming episodes and the duration of swim-induced grooming behavior across all tested doses. Notably, the highest dose (1000 mg/kg) significantly reduced cataleptic effects at 60 minutes post haloperidol administration compared to the negative control. These findings suggest the potential anti-schizophrenic activity of the methanol leaf extract of H. acida, supporting its traditional use in addressing psychiatric disorders.

Phytochemical Analysis of Methanolic Extracts of Leaves of Some Selected Medicinal Plants of Jorhat District, Assam, India

Phytochemical Analysis of Methanolic Extracts of Leaves of Some Selected Medicinal Plants of Jorhat District, Assam, India

Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity study of Adenia panduriformis in Zambia using UHPLC-MS/MS-MZmine3, GNPS, and METLIN Gen2

Diseases, especially degenerative illnesses, can be treated and avoided altogether, and good health can be enhanced by including health-promoting foods in the diet without side effects. Adenia panduriformis (Passifloraceae) is a wild vegetable consumed as part of the everyday diet in some communities in Zambia. The plant is also used in traditional medicine to effectively treat and manage many diseases, including degenerative diseases. Because of significant health benefits and medicinal attributes, this vegetable has very high merit to be investigated for its phytochemicals and bioactivities. Therefore, this study screened phytochemicals using qualitative chemical tests and Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS), identified metabolites using molecular networking tools and evaluated the total polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of the methanolic leaf extract of the vegetable. Solvent extraction by maceration recovered metabolites for screening by qualitative chemical tests, extraction by QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) was used to recover metabolites for screening by LCMS/MS, and tentative phytochemical constituents were identified using MZmine3, GNPS (global natural products social molecular networking) and METLIN. Total phenolic content (TPC) determination used the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method at 765 nm. Total flavonoid content (TFC) was evaluated using the aluminium chloride colorimetric assay at 510 nm. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay at 517 nm. Phytochemical screening by qualitative chemical tests revealed the presence of many classes of phytocompounds, such as alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and saponins. TPC was determined to be 122.30 ± 2.00 mg GAE/g, and TFC was 60.17 ± 0.25 mg QE/g. Screening by LCMS/MS revealed the presence of many metabolites, of which 23 phytocompounds were identified using MZmine3, 42 by GNPS, and 21 by METLIN. The crude extract exhibited high DPPH free radical quenching activity with a relatively low IC50 value of 53.48 µg/mL compared to the reference standard ascorbic acid IC50 of 74.47 µg/mL. The significantly lower IC50 value for the wild vegetable than that of ascorbic acid indicates a considerably high efficiency of the metabolites in the vegetable as antioxidants. The presence of many metabolites with health-promoting properties and high antioxidant activity of the leaf extract of A. panduriformis may be the science behind its remarkable health benefits and power to treat and manage a variety of diseases, including degenerative illnesses. This study presents results that indicate the potential of A. panduriformis as a rich source of metabolites with brilliant health-promoting properties and high antioxidant activity, which may open exciting opportunities for further development in the fields of pharmacology and drug development.

Inhibitory Potential of Tribulus terrestris on Calcium Oxalate Crystals, Struvite Crystals and Bacterial Pathogens: A Preliminary Investigation

Kidney stone formation and recurring urinary tract infection (UTIs) are common among the general population. An alternative herbal treatment potential was investigated in this study. This study aims to investigate anti-urolithiasis efficacy of herbal Tribulus terrestris (TT) plant leaf extract in reducing the growth of calcium oxalate and struvite crystal using in vitro methods. In vitro antiurolithiatic potential of TT leaf extract was studied using nucleation, aggregation, and crystal formation assays in synthetic media and in synthetic urine samples. In vitro antiurolithiasis potential of Tribulus terrestris (TT) plant leaf extract was investigated at concentrations ranging from 100 to 1000 μg/ml. Initially, the principal phytochemical constituents of TT methanolic leaf extract was examined. Then antibacterial properties of TT plant leaf extract were tested against common urinary tract pathogens such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The results of the nucleation assay revealed that TT leaf extract reduced up to 55% of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization and inhibits struvite crystal formation up to 85% with 5% (0.43 g) of TT extract. This study revealed a dose-dependent suppression of crystal formation by increased TT plant leaf extract dosage. The antibacterial activity of TT plant leaf extract is greater against E. coli than S. aureus. This anti-urolithiasis potential of TT plant extract can be used as an antidote for individuals who are prone to urinary crystal formation as well as to control urinary tract infections.