Methanolic Leaf Extract Research Articles

Cadmium as a male reproductive toxicant and natural and non-natural ways to tackle it: a review.

Cadmium (Cd) is a naturally occurring environmental pollutant, a toxic substance that causes oxidative stress. According to epidemiological studies, the data suggested that environmental and occupational Cd exposure may be related to several diseases and severe testicular damage. However, studies are going on to explore the mechanism of Cd-induced male reproductive toxicity and its treatment strategies. Currently, researchers are focusing on naturally occurring bioactive compounds, plant extracts, and biochemical, which have better efficacy, less toxicity, and high bioavailability. This review focuses on the mechanistic effect of Cd on testicular toxicity and different categories of compounds having a beneficial impact on Cd-induced male reproductive toxicity. Some potent bioactive antioxidants are quercetin, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, curcumin, and silymarin. In comparison, plant extracts are Costus afer leafmethanol extract, methanol root extract of Carpolobia lutea, red carrot methanolic extract, Panax ginseng extract, and biochemicals including melatonin, progesterone, glutamine, L-carnitine, and selenium. Advanced and more detailed studies are needed on these compounds to explore their mechanism in attenuating Cd-induced testicular toxicity and can be potential therapeutics in the future.

Immunostimulating potentials of methanolic extract of <i>Plectranthus parviflorus</i> in chickens vaccinated against Newcastle disease and Infectious bursal disease

Outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) and Infectious Bursal disease (IBD) have been reported in vaccinated poultry flocks in many countries highlighting the need for the administration of immunostimulants to improve immunity in such birds. The immunomodulatory effects of methanol leaf extract of plectranthus parviflorus on ND and IBD antibody titre was investigated. One hundred day-old cockerels were randomly assigned into five groups each, A-E and A1-E1 for Newcastle disease and Infectious bursal disease studies respectively. Groups A and A1 were control groups and received water only while groups B and B1 received LaSota and IBD intermediate plus ® vaccine respectively. Groups C and C1, D and D1 were administered 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg of Plectranthus parviflorus orally for three days before vaccination respectively, while groups E and E1were given 100mg/kg of the extract orally three days post vaccination. Blood samples were obtained via jugular vein at day-old and 14 days as well as on days 7, 14 and 21 post vaccination. Haemagglutination- inhibition (HI) test and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to assay the antibody titre against ND and IBD respectively. A decline in maternal antibody over 14 days was observed for antibody titre against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease from 6.1 to 1.8 geometric mean (log2) and (1043.37±2.1) to (524.48±2.7) respectively. Group D was observed to have a significant titre value of 2.3 and 3.7 geometric mean (log2) 14 and 21 days post ND vaccination while group D1 also had a significant increase (1037.90±3.6) titre 14 days post-vaccination. This study showed that plectranthus parviflorus extract had a significant effect on Newcastle disease and Infectious bursal disease humoral response when administered orally at 200mg/kg before vaccination with ND and IBD vaccines respectively.

Quisqualis indica Linn.: HRLCMS/MS profiling and anti-asthma activity of leaf extracts

BackgroundAsthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, involving various cells and cellular elements precisely eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and macrophages. Worldwide, about 300 million people are affected by asthma, and is expected that 100 million people may get affected, in 2025. Quisqualis indica is commonly planted as an ornamental plant in India; and has medicinal uses. Therefore, the petroleum ether (60–80 °C) LPE and methanolic extract LME of the Quisqualis indica leaves were analyzed for anti-asthmatic activity by mast cell degranulation and Milk induced eosinophilia and leukocytosis in mice.ResultsIt was found that Quisqualis indica leaf extracts exhibited protection against the degranulation of mast cells and a reduction in the difference count of leucocytes and eosinophils. LPE and LME (400 mg/kg) have shown 33% and 63% of mast cell protection. LME has shown the most significant mast cell stabilizing action comparable with the standard drug. The extracts decreased the difference count of leucocytes and eosinophils. LME (400 mg/kg) has shown a difference in eosinophil count and a decrease in leukocyte count most comparable with the standard Dexamethasone. Methanolic extract analyzed for phytochemicals by High Resolution Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy /Mass Spectroscopy method showed the presence of various Phyto-compounds.ConclusionFrom the analysis of methanolic leaf extract of Quisualis indica revealed the presence of phytocompounds such as Apigenin7-glucoside, Gallic acid, Quercetin, Quercitrin, Kaempferol, etc. The significant decrease in eosinophil and leukocyte count in animals might be due to the higher content of Tannin and flavonoids. A reduction in leukocyte and eosinophil is regulated by type 1 hypersensitivity and adaptogenic factors hence Quisqualis indica is effectively helpful in allergy conditions like asthma.Graphical abstract

GC-MS profiling of anticancer and antimicrobial phytochemicals in the vegetative leaf, root, and stem of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

Withania somnifera has been used for a long time in traditional medicine. Its crude extract, dried powder, and purified metabolites from mature plants have shown promising therapeutic potential. To further investigate its potential, the detection of phytochemicals with anticancer and antimicrobial properties in the vegetative stage is essential. Hence, this study was done to identify phytochemical constituents using GC-MS analysis for anticancer and antimicrobial activities in the vegetative stage from methanolic extracts of stem, leaf, and root in W. somnifera. The air-dried plant parts were extracted with methanol at low pressure to concentrate using a rotary evaporator at 40°C. To identify phytochemicals, Shimadzu GCMSQP2010, Japan, was used with the NIST107.LIB database. The GC-MS identified 35 unique phytochemical peaks at the vegetative stage in W. somnifera. In leaves, the antibacterial phytochemicals included cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl, with a high abundance, and cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl, with the least abundance. In roots, the phytochemicals 2,2-dimethoxybutane, with high abundance, and cathinone, with least abundance, were found to have antibacterial properties, whereas trans-2,3-epoxyoctane, with high abundance, and 2,2-dimethoxybutane, with least abundance, were found to have anticancer properties. In stem, the antibacterial phytoconstituents octasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15-hexadecamethyl, and benzenemethanol, alpha.-(1-aminoethyl), were found to be the most abundant and least abundant, respectively, while arabinitol and pentaacetate had both anticancer and antibacterial activities. At the vegetative stage, GC-MS studies of stem, leaf, and root parts revealed the occurrence of potential phytochemicals for antibacterial and anticancer activities in W. somnifera.

Evaluation of the neuropharmacologic potentials of methanol leaf extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius in mice

Background and AimDespite the plethora of drugs currently available, neurodegenerative diseases are leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Hence, there is a need for the development of more alternatives that are safe, efficient, and effective. In Nigeria, the leaves of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius are used ethnomedicinally for the management of central nervous system related disorders such as convulsion and anxiety. In this study, we evaluated some neuropharmacological effects of the methanol leaf extract of C. aconitifolius (CAE) in mice. MethodsDifferent groups of mice (n = 5) were administered 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of CAE and then evaluated for sedative-hypnotic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties using standard protocols. ResultsThe onset of sleep was significantly reduced (P < 0.001), and sleep duration was significantly (P < 0.01) prolonged at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. All doses of the extract significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the number of head dips in hole-board test. In elevated plus maze test, the dose of 400 mg/kg increased (P < 0.05) the number of open arm entries without altering the time spent in the open arms of the maze. At 400 mg/kg, there was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the duration of immobility in forced swimming test. Doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract reduced (P < 0.05) the duration of immobility in the tail suspension test. The extract did not exhibit any anticonvulsant effect either in chemically induced or electrically induced models, and there was no significant alteration in motor coordination in extract-treated mice. ConclusionOur results showed that CAE possesses sedative-hypnotic and antidepressant properties but lack anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and muscle relaxant actions in mice.

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and toxicity studies of Schima wallichii growing in Nepal

ABSTRACT The present study focuses on qualitative and quantitative phytochemical and biological analysis in bark and leaf extracts of Schima wallichii growing in Gulmi, Nepal. TPC and TFC were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. The DPPH assay was used for antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity was studied with the agar-well diffusion method. The presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, quinones, coumarins, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins was detected by qualitative phytochemical analysis. Total phenolic content in an aqueous leaf extract and methanol bark extract ranged from 199 ± 5 to 219 ± 8 mg GAE/g. Similarly, the flavonoid content found between 6.0 ± 1.7 in bark to 33 ± 2 mg QE/g in leaf extract. The antioxidant activity of IC50 36 ± 3, 39 ± 1, 52 ± 3, and 73 ± 4 µg/mL for methanolic bark extract, methanolic leaf, aqueous bark, and aqueous leaf extracts, respectively. The bark methanol extract showed the most antibacterial activity with ZOI of 10.0 ± 0.3, 8.0 ± 0.3, 14 ± 0, and 11 ± 1 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli, respectively. Plant extracts were found to be nontoxic to mildly toxic to the brine shrimp nauplii. The plant is found to be rich in phenolics, and flavonoids showing significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and is nontoxic against brine shrimp nauplii. The plant imparts a health-promoting effect that needs to be explored in pharmaceutical research.

Anti-Arthritic, Anti-Inflammatory, Thrombolytic, Membrane Stabilizing, Antifungal and Cytotoxic Activity of Polyscias scutellaria Leaf Extract: An In-vitro Analysis

The objective of this investigations was to evaluate in Vitro anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, antifungal and cytotoxic activities from the methanolic leaf extract of Polyscias scutellaria. Primary evaluation of methanolic extract of Polyscias scutellaria leaf (MEPSL) was performed via phytochemical screening. Presence of Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, carbohydrates and reducing sugars were observed by phytochemical screening, among other secondary compounds. Using in vitro methods of protein denaturation, the anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory properties of MEPSL was investigated. The results showed that the extracts significantly slowed down arthritis and inflammation with the percent inhibition of 94.59% and 86.33% at the conc. of 1000 µg/mL compared to the standard diclofenac sodium (98.19%) and acetyle salicylic acid (98.56%) at same concentration respectively. The thrombolytic activity of the extracts was additionally examined by clotlysis method, and the results showed that the ability to break up blood clots increased with the amount of extract used with the value of 97.32% which is very significant compared to the standard streptokinase which showed clotlysis of 91.304%. MEPSL was also showed action that stabilized membranes by using heat induced hemolysis method, which could be helpful in treating conditions like bleeding and swelling with the percent of protection value of 58.87% when compared to standard diclofenac sodium with the percent of protection value 73.63%. Antifungal action was also seen, which shows that it could be used to treat diseases caused by fungi with the zone of inhibition 7-36 mm varying on the type of fungi. Lastly, in vitro method was used to investigate the extracts' damaging effect on Artemia salina by using shrimp lethality assay. The results showed significant cytotoxicity with the LC50 value of 1.057 µg/mL compared to the standard vincristine sulphate (LC50 value of 0.608 µg/mL). To sum up, it is clear that the phytochemical found in this plant can be used for wide range of drug discovery field due to its potent pharmacological actions.

Exploring the Phytoconstituents, Bioactivity, and Applications: Comprehensive Analysis of Methanol Leaf Extract from Mangifera indica L. using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

The purpose of this study is to examine extraction, isolation and identification of useful phytochemicals from Methanol leaf extract of Mangifera indica L. by using GCMS. The Methanol extract of GCMS study shows the significant Phytoconstituents like triterpene, fatty acids, monoterpene, aromatic flavoring agent, esters, n-alkanes, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon, diterpene, olefin, monoglyceride, monoterpenoid phenol, keton, poly unsaturated poly acid were found to present in major and minor amount. As per literature review most of components show various bioactivities with useful applications in different fields. Mangifera Indica plant leaves is capable to play a major role in medicine formulation and helps to build the capacity to form a secondary metabolite like steroids, alkaloids, flavonoides, phenols etc. These identified phytochemicals can be useful to heal many diseases and improvement of health of human beings. Across India, many plants are available with significant medicinal values, among them Mangifera indica L leaves having number of very useful phytochemicals present in its leaves material. Mangifera indica L is one of the most important plants with high medicinal value, which is manifested in present study.

Syzygium malaccense leaves methanol extract modulate some biochemical and inflammatory markers and prostate histology of testosterone-estradiol valerate induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats.

The effect of Syzygium malaccense methanol leaf extract (SMLE) on some parameters of testosterone-estradiol valerate induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in rats was assayed. Thirty male albino rats were used and they were grouped as: Control: received 1 mL/kg olive oil (oral and subcutaneous); BPH: received subcutaneously 9 mg/kg dihydrotestosterone (DHT)+0.9 mg/kg estradiol valerate (ESV) and orally 1 ml/kg olive oil; finasteride: received 9 mg/kg of DHT+0.9 mg/kg ESV (subcutaneously) and 5 mg/kg finasteride (orally) and test groups 1 and 2: received 9 mg/kg of DHT+0.9 mg/kg ESV (subcutaneously) and 200 and 400 mg/kg SMLE (orally). The duration of the treatment was 28 days. The BPH group had increased prostatic total proteins, oxidative stress, interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor-α, prostate weights, serum concentrations of prostate specific antigen, estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone, and C-reactive protein, dyslipidaemia, altered prostate histology and hormonal levels but had no significant change (p>0.05) in haematological indices relative to the control. Finasteride or S. malaccense modulated most of these parameters as corroborated by prostate histology. Acute toxicity study indicated the non-toxicity of SMLE. SMLE showed strong in vitro antioxidant activity which corroborated its in vivo antioxidant activity. The study showed that S. malaccense could be useful in the management of BPH.

Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. leaf as a potential antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory agent

Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest diversity of plants worldwide, including the Chisocheton genus. The Chisocheton genus has been widely used in traditional medicine due to a variety of compounds with different activities, such as antiplasmodial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory. The focus of this research is to determine the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-bacterial activity of Chisocheton pentandrus leaf extract from the Bali Botanic Garden plant collection, as well as the chemical compounds contained in the extract. The antioxidant activity test was carried out by capturing DPPH-free radicals, the antidiabetic test was carried out by assaying its inhibitory activity toward α-glucosidase enzyme, the antibacterial test was carried out using the agar diffusion method, while LC-MS/MS was used to determine the compounds contained in the extract. The results showed that the C. pentandrus leaf methanol extract showed the highest inhibitory activity as an antioxidant and inhibitor of the α-glucosidase enzyme in the very strong category; however, the extract is not effective in inhibiting bacterial growth.

Antioxidant and anti-arthritic activity of Bombax buonopozense P. Beauv. leaves

Bombax buonopozense (Bombacaceae) leaves have been used traditionally for arthritis in south-western Nigeria. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-arthritic activity of B.buonopozense in Complete Freund adjuvant-induce arthritic wistar rats. The plant leaves methanol extract and fractions were screened for preliminary phytochemicals and brine shrimp lethality was determined. Total phenolic content (TPC), Total flavonoid content (TFC) as well as anti-oxidant activity of the extract and fractions were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Cyclophosphamide, gallic acid, and ascorbic acid were used as standards respectively. Anti-arthritic activity of crude methanol extract (BBME) at 100, 200 and 400mg/kg was evaluated in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis model in rats. Data were analysed using Graph pad prism version 5, two-way and one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc test. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolics. The brine shrimp lethality assay of the crude extract and fractions gave LC50 value≥1000μg/mL, compared to Cyclophosphamide (LC50=224.7±0.35μg/mL). The BBME had TPC value of 19.8±0.56mg GAE/g, while the TFC of ethyl acetate fraction was the highest (173.5±0.05mg QE/g). The ethyl acetate fraction has the highest antioxidant activity (IC50=20.96±0.23μg/mL) as compared to ascorbic acid (2.8±0.01) and rutin (20.6±9.26μg/mL). BBME significantly reduced the paw circumference. BBME (400mg/kg) prevented biochemical changes to a greater extent than Celecoxib (20mg/kg). Bombax buonopozense leaves could be an effective antiarthritic and holds prospect in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Enicostema axillare (Poir. ex Lam.) A. Raynal and its alpha amylase inhibition activity

Due to its numerous applications, commercial demand for silver nanoparticles produced by biological means is rising. This procedure has no adverse effects, is inexpensive, takes little time, and is non-toxic. The current work uses leaf extracts from Enicostema axillare (Mamajavo) to synthesise silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles may be characterised by UV–VIS, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and EDAX. The effectiveness of the screening inhibition assay and alpha-amaylase inhibitory activities is assessed using methanolic leaf extracts and silver nanoparticles. The outcome shows that AgNps exhibit aggregates of grains with a restricted size distribution range between 60 and 80 nm. In comparison to leaf extract, silver nanoparticles made from methanolic leaf extracts have high alpha-amaylase inhibitory action. This study showed that Enicostema axillare's AgNps decrease in the presence of alpha-amylase inhibitors.

Investigation of the Antibacterial Effect of Taraxacum officinale Extracts Extracted in Different Solvents on Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285 Standard Strain by Broth Microdilution Method

Bacteria causing hospital-associated infections continue to become resistant due to antibiotic resistance, which has become a global problem worldwide and accordingly, the antibiotic options used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by these bacteria are limited. In the light of the data obtained from experimental studies on plants, it is thought that plant extracts may be a promising option in the treatment of infectious diseases. In this study, it was aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of Taraxacum officinale extracts on Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285 standard strain by broth microdilution method and to pioneer different studies that will investigate the antibacterial effects of plant extracts on resistant B.fragilis strains that cause hospital-acquired opportunistic infections after invasive interventions and trauma. In this study, the T.officinale plant collected as a result of field work was divided into root, leaf and flower parts and dried at 70 °C for 24 hours and then turned into powder. Dried plant samples were extracted in ethanol and methanol for 24 hours. The obtained extracts were stored at -80 °C to be used in the broth microdilution method. B.fragilis ATCC 25285 standard strain was used as the bacterial strain. As a result of the experiments performed with broth microdilution method, the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) value of root, leaf and flower extracts with ethanol was determined as 200 μg/ mL, the methanolic root extract as 100 μg/mL and the methanolic leaf and flower extracts as 200 μg/mL. As a result, ethanol and methanol plant extracts were found to be effective on B.fragilis strain.

Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant potential of different parts of invasive plant Sonchus wightianus DC

The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the phytochemical characterisation, antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacies of methanol extracts of leaf, stem, and root parts of S. wightianus. The phytochemical characterisation by GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of different phytocompounds such as Lupenone (38.02% in leave extract), Leupeyl acetate (33.43% in root extract), 24- Noursa −3, 12- diene (27.16% stem extract). S. wightianus methanol extracts demonstrate IC50, 8.52 µg/ml, 7.72 µg/ml and 9.08 µg/ml using DPPH, FRAP and MCA scavenging assay, respectively. The antibacterial activity of different methanol extracts was evaluated against four microorganisms with a mean zone diameter of inhibition ranging from 13 to 19 mm. For quantitative phytochemical analysis, the highest Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonol Content (TFC-2) were found for steam methanol extract (321.7 mg GAE/g of dry extract, 162.4 mg QE/g of dry extract respectively).

Estimating Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Arbutus Pavarii Extracts

The primary aim of the current study was to evaluate and compare antioxidant activity in leaves and flowers extracts of arbutus pavarii. For the purpose, the antioxidant potential of crude methanol extracts of arbutus pavarii was screened in vitro using reducing power, phosphor molybdenum assay, and radical scavenging activity by employing DPPH, NO, .OH methods as well as ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) tests to confirm the antioxidant potential of these extracts. Resultantly, it was confirmed that the leaves extract (LE) has displayed higher reducing ability compared with flowers extract (FE). The maximum antioxidant activity was found it in leaves methanol extract (199.38±12.73 mg of ascorbic acid/g of dry weight). The Methanolic LE was able to reduce the DPPH concentration with an IC50 of 1.09 ± mg/mL, which was noticeable stronger (P &lt; 0.01) than that of the positive control (ascorbic acid), (IC50 = 0.01 ± 1.6 mg/mL) and FE (IC50= 1.25 ± mg/mL) as well. The LE showed slightly inhibited .OH radical (IC50, 0.78 mg/mL) compared with FE (IC50, 0.91 mg/ml). The obtained results of this investigation indicated the usefulness of utilization of arbutus pavarii leaves as a reliable source of antioxidants for nutritive and industrial purposes.

Phytochemical investigation of Mezoneuron benthamianum Baill, isolation, in vitro antioxidant, alpha-amylase inhibition, and in silico modelling studies

Mezoneuron benthamianum (Leguminosae-caesalpinioideae family), is widely used across West Africa for the treatment of bacterial, fungal, and inflammatory diseases. This study is aimed at investigating the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Mezoneuron benthamianum leaf and root. The pulverized leaf (1 kg) was extracted by maceration with dichloromethane and methanol to give the dichloromethane (MBLD) and methanol (MBLM) extracts, while the root (2 kg) samples were extracted using dichloromethane and methanol (1:1) to give the dichloromethane-methanol extract (MBRDM) which was further partitioned to give the hexane (MBRH), ethyl acetate (MBRE) and methanol (MBRM) extracts respectively. The leaf methanol extract (MBLM) was fractionated using column chromatography (70–230 mesh size) which led to the isolation of compound 1. The extracts and isolated compounds were subjected to in-vitro antioxidant assay with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and α-amylase inhibitory assay using porcine pancreatic α-amylase respectively. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis compound 1 showed strong peaks at 1678 and 1612 cm−1 suggesting the presence of a carbonyl and an aromatic group respectively. 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis of compound 1 showed two peaks at 3.80 (3H, s) and 7.04 ppm (2H, s) indicating methoxy and aromatic protons respectively. 13C NMR also confirmed the presence of the methoxy peak at 50.8 ppm, four aromatic peaks at 108.76, 120.19, 131.25, 145.14 ppm indicating a para-disubstituted benzene ring, and a carbonyl peak at 167.80 ppm, this led to the elucidation of compound 1 known as methyl gallate. The antioxidant activities of the extracts and compounds showed that MBLM (IC50 = 112.0 μg/ml) and MBRE (IC50 = 91.84 μg/ml) had the highest activity of the leaf and root extracts respectively while methyl gallate (IC50 = 91.84 μg/ml) had lower activity than gallic acid (IC50 = 27.4 μg/ml), ascorbic acid (IC50 = 43.94 μg/ml) and BHT (68.94 μg/ml). The α-amylase inhibitory activities showed that MBLD (IC50 = 27.4 μg/ml), MBRE (IC50 = 72.2 μg/ml), gallic acid (IC50 = 27.4 μg/ml) and methyl gallate (IC50 = 43.9 μg/ml) had higher activity than the standard drug acarbose (IC50 = 378.2 μg/ml). For the In silico study, methyl gallate was docked into the active site of the targeted diabetic proteins; human pancreatic alpha-amylase, pig pancreatic alpha-amylase, and tetrameric IIB-HSDI. The results showed that methyl gallate had good interactions with the proteins, with binding affinities of −4.8, −4.8 and −6.5 kcal/mol respectively. Furthermore, in silico pharmacokinetics and toxicology properties of methyl gallate using the AdmetSAR and SwissADME software showed that the compound has good pharmacokinetic properties and it is generally non-toixc. This research has revealed detailed chemical and biological studies on Mezoneuron benthamianum and its isolated compound as an antioxidant and antidiabetic.

Chemical Composition of Methanol Extracts from Leaves and Flowers of Anemonopsis macrophylla (Ranunculaceae).

Anemonopsis Siebold et Zucc. is an unstudied single-species genus belonging to the tribe Cimicifugeae (Ranunculaceae). The only species of this genus-Anemonopsis macrophylla Siebold and Zucc.-is endemic to Japan. There are no data on its chemical composition. This work is the first to determine (with liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry, LC-HRMS) the chemical composition of methanol extracts of leaves and flowers of A. macrophylla. More than 100 compounds were identified. In this plant, the classes of substances are coumarins (13 compounds), furocoumarins (3), furochromones (2), phenolic acids (21), flavonoids (27), and fatty acids and their derivatives (15 compounds). Isoferulic acid (detected in extracts from this plant) brings this species closer to plants of the genus Cimicifuga, one of the few genera containing this acid and ferulic acid at the same time. Isoferulic acid is regarded as a reference component of a quality indicator of Cimicifuga raw materials. The determined profiles of substances are identical between the leaf and flower methanol extracts. Differences in levels of some identified substances were revealed between the leaf and flower extracts of A. macrophylla; these differences may have a substantial impact on the manifestation of the biological and pharmacological effects of the extracts in question.

Hypoglycemic, antidiabetic and toxicological evaluation of leaf extract of Xylopia parviflora (A. rich.) Benth

BackgroundAlmost all Xylopia species have a long history of being used therapeutically in China due to their potent antioxidant properties. Xylopia parviflora (X. parviflora) is a relatively novel plant comprised mainly of beta-pinene, which has a rich history in Chinese medicine and is a principal active constituent in numerous Chinese herbs such as Rakkyo, the Chinese onions, Huasi Baidu Fang and Ru Xiang which are all native to China. ObjectiveThe study evaluated the antidiabetic potentials of the methanol leaf extract of X. parviflora and its toxicity profile. MethodsA modified version of the OECD guidelines was used to conduct acute and sub-chronic toxicity tests on the plant extract. The extract's effects on glucose, haematological, and biochemical components were evaluated using standard procedures. Using glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) and distilled water as positive and negative controls, the extract was tested for its antidiabetic activity in diabetic rats with streptozotocin induction at 50, 150, and 300 mg/kg for 28 days. Furthermore, vital organs underwent histopathological examination. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Dunnett multiple comparison tests were used for the statistical analysis, with a significance level of p < 0.05 ResultsPreliminary phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, deoxy-sugars, and anthraquinones. The extract's median lethal dose (LD50) was greater than 2000 mg/kg in mice. Although it significantly reduced blood glucose levels in normal rats at 150 and 300 mg/kg doses, it had no toxic effects on the haematological and biochemical components of the collected blood samples. The extract produced an antidiabetic, non-dose-dependent impact on day seven at all the tested doses in streptozotocin-induced rats. On days 14, 21, and 28, however, glibenclamide and extract activity at all tested doses were comparable. At 200 mg/kg, the extract did not affect the histology of the liver, brain, kidney, or pancreas, but at 400 and 800 mg/kg, it had a slight and severe impact on these organs, respectively. ConclusionAccording to the study's findings, X. parviflora has antihyperglycemic activity and is non-toxic at low doses but may be harmful at high doses.

Cercaricidal efficacy of plant extract: evidence from the methanolic leaves and bark extracts of &lt;i&gt;Anacardium ocidentale&lt;/i&gt; (Linnaeus)

Schistosomiasis continues to be a public health problem causing in unsatisfactorily high level of morbidity. Praziquantel is a recent medicine for treatment but unable to kill emerging schistosomes. It does not prevent re-infection and its constant application may lead to the advent of drug-resistant parasites. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the methanol crude extract of A. occidentale revealed the presence of Tannins, Flavonoids and Saponins. Cercaricidal activity on Gymnocephalous cercaria, after 120 minutes of contact in a concentration of 0.10 mg/mL, showed that there was 92 and 34% death when exposed to the methanol leave and bark extracts of A. occidentale leaves, and A. occidentale bark respectively. There was 99% and 98.5% mortality between the methanol bark extract of A. occidentale and the leaf of A. occidentale plant respectively in a concentration of 0.60mg/mL. Lethal concentration on Gymnocephalous cercariae showed that A. occidentale methanolic bark extract had the highest LC50 and LC84 of 0.151 and 0.204 mg/mL respectively while A. occidentale methanol leaf extract had the lowest LC50 and LC84 of 0.123 and 0.162 respectively. A. occidentale methanol bark extract had the lowest LC50 of 0.237 and A. occidentale methanol leaf extract had the lowest LC 84 of 0.316 mg/ml. The correlation coefficient of the plant parts showed a strong positive correlation between the log concentrations and probit mortality. The extracts had an effect on the cercariae tested. A. occidentale leaves extract showed highest cercaricidal activity. Gymnocephalous cercariae was more susceptible to the plant parts than the Brevifurcate cercaria

A potential antiviral against COVID-19 obtained from Byrsonima coccolobifolia leaves extract

In this study, we specifically focused on the crude methanolic leaf extract of Byrsonima coccolobifolia, investigating its antifungal potential against human pathogenic fungi and its antiviral activity against COVID-19. Through the use of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry, direct infusion electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry, and chromatographic dereplication procedures, we identified galloyl quinic acid derivatives, catechin derivatives, proanthocyanidins, and flavonoid glycosides. The broth dilution assay revealed that the methanolic leaf extract of B. coccolobifolia exhibits antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans (IC50 = 4 μg/mL). Additionally, docking studies were conducted to elucidate the interactions between the identified compounds and the central residues at the binding site of biological targets associated with COVID-19. Furthermore, the extract demonstrated an in vitro half-maximum effective concentration (EC50 = 7 μg/mL) and exhibited significant selectivity (>90%) toward SARS-CoV-2.