Fractionation Of Leaf Extract Research Articles

Enhancing anticancer activity of Clerodendrum viscosum vent. extracts by solvent fractionation: An in vitro and in silico mechanistic study

Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. is a well-known plant in Indian and Chinese traditional medicine systems. While studies showed its crude leaf extract's cytotoxicity against HT-29 and HeLa cells, various non-bioactive compounds present in crude extracts may influence overall bioactivity. This study aimed to separate the most bioactive fractions from Clerodendrum viscosum’s crude extracts that exhibit anticancer potential against HepG2 cells. Crude extracts were fractionated using a solvent-polarity-based process and their anticancer activity was investigated through in vitro, in silico, and network pharmacology approaches. Nonpolar leaf (CVLH) and root (CVRH) fractions showed maximum cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells without affecting noncancer-origin WRL68 cells. Both extracts induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in HepG2 cells, with CVRH exhibiting a superior effect. GC-MS analysis identified various anticancer phytochemicals differentially present in CVLH and CVRH. Network pharmacology with these phytochemicals predicted Bcl-2 as the primary target, while molecular docking confirmed lupeol, stigmasterol, alpha-amyrin, cycloartenol, and calysterol being the top five phytochemicals exhibiting strong binding against Bcl-2, androgen receptor (AR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Western blot confirmed an elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in HepG2 cells by CVLH and CVRH. In summary, the nonpolar fractions of Clerodendrum viscosum leaf and root crude extracts showed enhanced anticancer activity, suggesting their potential pharmaceutical applications.

Efficacy of Albizia malacophylla (A.Rich.) Walp. (Leguminosae) methanol (80%) leaf extract and solvent fractions against Plasmodium berghei-induced malaria in mice model

Ethnopharmacological relevanceNovel drugs are needed to address the issue of malarial infection resistance; natural items can be a different source of these medications. Albizia malacophylla (A. Rich.) Walp. (Leguminosae) is listed as one of the antimalarial medicinal plants in Ethiopian folk medicine. However, there are no reports regarding the biological activity or phytochemistry of the plant. Aim of the studyThus, this study aimed to evaluate the A. malacophylla crude extract and solvent fractions' in vivo antimalarial activity utilizing 4-day suppressive, preventative, and curative tests in mice infected with P. berghei. Materials and methodsThe parasite Plasmodium berghei, which causes rodent malaria, was used to infect healthy male Swiss Albino mice, weighing 23–28 g and aged 6–8 weeks. Solvent fractions such as methanol, water, and chloroform were given in addition to an 80% methanolic extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg doses. A Conventional test such as parasitemia, survival time, body weight, temperature, and packed cell capacity were employed to ascertain factors such as the suppressive, curative, and preventive tests. ResultsEvery test substance dramatically reduced the number of parasites in every experiment. Crude extract (with the highest percentage suppression of 67.78%) performs better antimalarial effect than the methanol fraction, which is the most efficient solvent fraction with a percentage suppression of 55.74%. With a suppression value of 64.83% parasitemia level, the therapeutic effects of 80% methanolic crude extract were greater than its curative and preventative effects in a four-day suppressive test. The survival period (17 days) was longer with the hydroalcoholic crude extract dose of 400 mg/kg than with other doses of the materials under investigation. ConclusionsThe results of this investigation validate the antimalarial characteristics of A. malacophylla leaf extract. The crude extract prevented weight loss, a decline in temperature, and a reduction in PCV. The results demonstrate that the plant has a promising antimalarial effect against P. berghei, hence supporting the traditional use of the plant. Therefore, it could serve as a foundation for the development of new antimalarial drugs.

Therapeutic effect of the solvent fraction of hexane leaf extract of Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. & K. Krause) (Loranthaceae) in alloxan-induced pathology in diabetic rats

Plant-based products are gradually replacing pharmaceuticals in treating ailments, including diabetes, due to their safety, cost-effectiveness, potency, and availability. Therefore, the current study looked into the therapeutic effect of the solvent fraction of hexane leaf extract of Tapinanthus bangwensis (HEXETACF) (Loranthaceae) in alloxan-induced pathology in diabetic rats. The biochemical parameters were estimated using analytical grade kits via spectrophotometric method. The laboratory rats were distributed into group W (five rats on feed and water), group X (seven rats + 150 mg/kg alloxan solution only), group Y (seven rats + 150 mg/kg alloxan solution + 200 mg/kg BW silymarin for 21 days), and group Z (seven rats + 150 mg/kg alloxan solution + 250 mg/kg BW HEXETACF for 21 days). The results showed that HEXETACF and silymarin (SILY) reduced blood glucose concentration by 33.77% and 34.80%, respectively, after the 21st day of treatment (p < 0.05). Additionally, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in SILY and HEXETACF were significantly decreased compared to the diabetic group (p < 0.05), but no significant decrease in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity was observed between the test samples and the diabetic group. Furthermore, the test samples lowered malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, by improving glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity. The HEXETACF and SILY significantly decreased triglyceride levels (TG) compared to the diabetic group at p < 0.05. They also reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol levels and increased the high-density lipoprotein levels compared to the diabetic group. Additionally, no significant decrease in serum electrolytes (Na+, K+, and Cl-), urea, and creatinine (including albumin and total protein) values was observed in HEXETACF and SILY, while hematological indices increased compared to the diabetic group. Histology results revealed that the test samples had normalized glomeruli, β-islet cells, and hepatocytes. However, a trace of mild congestion was noticed in the STDG. But edemic blood congestion was observed in the diabetic group. In conclusion, the current result demonstrated that HEXETACF may be a promising antidiabetic agent that could replace mSILY.

Evaluation of phytochemical, in vitro antibacterial and rate of kill assay of <i>Terminalia avicennioides</i> leaf against some bacteria associated with diarrhoea

The study was aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents, in vitro antibacterial and rate of kill assay of Terminalia avicennioides leaf extract against some bacteria associated with diarrhoea. The phytochemical constituents of the ethanol of Terminalia avicennioides leaf, aqueous, n- butanol, and ethyl acetate fractions of the leaf extract were determined using standard analytical methods. The antibacterial activities of the leaf extract and extract fractions against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeaic patients were determined in vitro by agar diffusion, dilution and time - kill methods. The result of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoides, tannins, alkaloids, phenols and triterpenes. The crude extract and extract fractions of T. avicennioides leaf were effective against the test bacterial isolates at varied concentration of extracts but the n-butanol fraction was more effective with Minimum inhibitory and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of 6.25 and 12.5mg/ml. The clinical isolates of E. coli and S. Typhimurium were completely killed within 180 minutes of exposure to ethanol leaf extract and extract fractions at varied MBCs of 12.5 mg/ml and 25.0 mg/ml. The clinical isolates of E. coli and S. Typhimurium were more susceptible to n-butanol fraction within 120 minutes of exposure to the extract fraction.

Cytotoxicity Test of Ethyl Acetate Fraction and Ethanol Fraction of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica Papaya. L) Against Hep-2 Laryngeal Cancer Cells

Papaya leaves are used as medicine for fever, malaria, increased appetite, constipation, and anti-cancer. In the previous study using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT), an ethanol extract of papaya leaf had an LC50 value of 23.73 mg/mL. This suggests that papaya leaves are a compound, that uses a 70% ethanol extract of papaya leaves and has cytotoxic potential. Research objectives: This research aimed to determine the cytotoxic effect of the ethanol and ethyl acetate fractions of a 70 % ethanol extract of papaya leaf against Hep-2 cells. Performed in vitro by the direct calculation method (viable cell count), so its LC50 is known. The ethanol and ethyl acetate fraction of papaya leaf extract as a test solution was made in 5 concentrations, with concentrations of 20.93; 16.26; 12.64; 9.82, and 7.63 µg/ml. Result: The results obtained the LC50 ethanol fraction of 11.2616 μg/ml and the ethyl acetate fraction of LC50 12.4 of 882 μg/ml. Conclusion: Based on this, it can be concluded that the fraction of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of papaya (Carica papaya L.) have cytotoxic properties against Hep-2 cells in a range that goes very, very toxic, i.e., 5–50 µg/ml, and have the potential to be developed as an anticancer drug.

B-HEMATIN INHIBITION ACTIVITY OF THE METHANOL LEAF EXTRACT AND RESIDUAL AQUEOUS FRACTION OF FICUS ASPERIFOLIA

Chemotherapy is still regarded as the major intervention in fighting the malaria scourge despite the recent introduction of malaria vaccine. Screening of medicinal plants provides opportunities for the discovery of the potential drug molecules. Ficus asperifolia (Miq) family Moraceae has been traditionally employed in the treatment of many diseases including pain, fever and malaria. The aim of this study was to examine the anitmalarial activity of both the methanol leaf extract (MEFA) and residual aqueous fraction of Ficus asperifolia (RAF) through the determination of their heme polymerization inhibition ability. The powdered leaf was extracted using 70%

In vitro Investigation and GC-MS Analysis of the Chemical Constituents in the Fraction of Hexane Leaf Extract of Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. and K. Krause) Loranthaceae

In vitro Investigation and GC-MS Analysis of the Chemical Constituents in the Fraction of Hexane Leaf Extract of Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. and K. Krause) Loranthaceae

Identification and Toxicity Profiling of Column Fractions of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Ziziphus mauritiana

Different plants may contain varying amounts of phytochemicals and also different degrees of toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemicals present in the most active column fraction of ethanol leaf extract of the Ziziphus mauritiana plant and their toxic effects using brine shrimp lethality assay and animal model. Crude ethanol extract was obtained by maceration while fraction was achieved using a column chromatography experiment. Toxicity was evaluated with brine shrimp lethality assay and albino rat’s models while characterization was achieved with liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry. Ziziphus mauritiana leaves revealed 42 fractions pooled into seven fractions. Fraction three (3) was the most toxic with the brine shrimp lethality assay of (31.48ug/ml) and its toxicological evaluation revealed an adverse effect on the hematological parameter, biochemical indices, and histo-architecture of the liver and kidney of the experimental model studied. LCMS analysis of the most toxic fraction revealed the presence of Antirrhinoside, Lucidumol A, Apigenin 7-glucuronide-4'-(6''-malonylglucoside), Dioscoreside C, Camellioside D, and others which have been reported for various pharmacological effects including adverse effects, The mode of toxicity may be synergistic, individual, or antagonistic which may explain the moderate toxicity observed in animal model. Administration of these fractions may lead to toxicity despite their potential.

Detection of Antibacterial Fraction of Ethanol Extract of Folium Sambung Nyawa (Gynura procumbens) in Salmonella typhi

Background: Folium Sambung Nyawa, a native plant in Indonesia, is known for its abundant medicinal properties. Among its various secondary metabolites, flavonoids stand out, being polyphenolic compounds found in numerous plants and foods. Flavonoids exhibit a wide range of bioactive properties, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-ageing, and antioxidant effects. Objective: This study aimed to assess the antibacterial potential of Sambung Nyawa Leaf extract fractions against Salmonella typhi bacteria. Methods: The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the paper disc diffusion method to determine the inhibition zones. Three fractions---n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water---were tested at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% each, along with negative controls (DMSO) and positive controls (Chloramphenicol). Results: Flavonoid examination using synode reagent yielded positive results. Among the fractions tested, the 30% ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most promising antibacterial activity, with an inhibition zone of 7.65 mm, indicating strong efficacy against Salmonella typhi bacteria. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of the concentrated Sambung Nyawa leaf extract possesses potent antibacterial properties against Salmonella typhi bacteria

Optimization of serum formula active fraction of moringa leaf extract (Moringa oleifera Lambk) as antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus

This study aims to determine the optimum formula for the serum active fraction of Moringa leaves with a combination of carbopol, NaCMC and propylene glycol as antibacterial. Material and methods the fractionation of the extract were tested on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using the diffusion method. The ethyl acetate fraction which has antibacterial activity at a concentration of 15% was made into serum preparations with a combination of carbopol, NaCMC and propyleneglycol. Making serum formulas using the simplex lattice design method resulted in 14 serum formulas. Testing of the physical quality of the preparations carried out included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, viscosity, spreadability, and antibacterial activity. The results of the study on the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa leaves with a concentration of 15% had antibacterial activity against S. aureus with an inhibition zone of 14.36 ± 1.1 mm. The TLC test the chemical compounds contained in the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa leaves were flavonoids, saponins and tannins. The optimum combination proportions for serum preparations obtained variation values, namely carbopol 0.67% and NaCMC 3% and propylengliol 5.32%.

Evaluation of the merit of ethanolic extract of Annona reticulata as an anti-cancer agent in human colon cancer cell lines (HCT-116)

Background Colon cancer is the fourth most common cancer type worldwide. Novel alternative therapeutic anti-cancer drugs against colon cancer with less toxicity are to be explored . This study was aimed to explore the anti-proliferative and anti-migratory activity of various fractions of Annona reticulata ethanolic leaf extract on human colon cancer cell lines (HCT-116) and to explore the potential molecular targets from the most potent plant extract fraction. Methods After obtaining ethical clearance from the institutional ethics committee, the extract and fractions were prepared and a preliminary analysis of the phytochemical was done qualitatively. Total phenolic and flavonoids were determined. Ethanolic leaf extract and its fractions were subjected to cytotoxicity analysis using the sulforhodamine B assay and the most promising fraction which showed the highest viability was selected to study anti-migratory activity. The anti-migratory effect was studied using a scratch wound healing assay. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was done to identify the major phytocompounds present in the fraction. The major five phytocompounds identified from the GC-MS were subjected to bioinformatics analysis. Result Among the four fractions, the petroleum ether fraction exhibited the highest anti-proliferative activity. The migration of colon cancer cells was significantly inhibited by the extract and petroleum ether fraction. The major phytocompounds identified from GC-MS were phytol (13.03%), 2,6-bis (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo (3.3.0) octane (11.95%), gamma.-sitosterol (10.45%), alpha.-tocopherol-beta.-D-mannoside (7.50%) and 3-amino-4-piperonyl-5-pyrazolone (5.84%). The bioinformatics analysis of these phytochemicals showed a high potential to affect the levels of key proteins driving colon cancer progression, inhibiting the enzymes and proteins overexpressed in cancer. Conclusion The outcome of this study endorses the potential of phytochemicals of the petroleum ether fraction of ethanolic leaf extract of Annona reticulata for the development of a new chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of colon cancer.

Antidiabetic Activity, Molecular Docking, and ADMET Properties of Compounds Isolated from Bioactive Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Ficus lutea Leaf Extract

Diabetes contributes to the rising global death rate. Despite scientific advancements in understanding and managing diabetes, no single therapeutic agent has been identified to effectively treat and prevent its progression. Consequently, the exploration for new antidiabetic therapeutics continues. This study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic bioactive ethyl acetate fraction of F. lutea at the molecular level to understand the molecular interactions and ligand-protein binding. To do this, the fraction underwent column chromatography fractionation to yield five compounds: lupeol, stigmasterol, α-amyrin acetate, epicatechin, and epiafzelechin. These compounds were evaluated in vitro through α-glucosidase inhibition and glucose utilization assays in C2C12 muscle and H-4-11-E liver cells using standard methods. In silico analysis was conducted using molecular docking and ADMET studies. Epicatechin exhibited the most potent α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 5.72 ± 2.7 µg/mL), while epiafzelechin stimulated superior glucose utilization in C2C12 muscle cells (33.35 ± 1.8%) and H-4-11-E liver cells (46.7 ± 1.2%) at a concentration of 250 µg/mL. The binding energies of the isolated compounds for glycogen phosphorylase (1NOI) and α-amylase (1OSE) were stronger (<−8.1) than those of the positive controls. Overall, all tested compounds exhibited characteristics indicative of their potential as antidiabetic agents; however, toxicity profiling predicted epiafzelechin and epicatechin as better alternatives. The ethyl acetate fraction and its compounds, particularly epiafzelechin, showed promise as antidiabetic agents. However, further comprehensive studies are necessary to validate these findings.

Molluscicidal properties of wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) leaf extract fractions against invasive golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata)

Molluscicidal properties of wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) leaf extract fractions against invasive golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata)

In Vivo Hypolipidemic, Hypoglycemic, Antihyperglycemic, and In Vitro Antioxidant Effects of Podocarpus gracilis Leaf Extract and Fractions in Diabetic Mice.

Podocarpus gracilis is an evergreen, dioecious tree found in Ethiopia and other African nations. It can reach a height of 60 meters. Without any scientific validation, ethnobotanical studies conducted in Ethiopia revealed that the Podocarpus gracilis plant's leaf is consumed orally to treat diabetes mellitus. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the in vivo blood glucose level lowering, lipid-lowering, and in vitro-free radical scavenging responses of Podocarpus gracilis leaf extract and fractions on experimental mice induced with diabetes. The in vitro antioxidant activity of PGC (Podocarpus gracilis) leaf extract was assessed by using a diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The oral glucose-loaded, normoglycemic, and streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic mouse models were employed. In the STZ-induced mice model, the leaf extract and solvent fractions activity on serum lipid and weight were also measured. The extract and fractions were tested at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg dosages. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the statistical significance of BGL (blood glucose level) changes within and between groups, and Tukey's post hoc multiple comparisons were then performed. In the acute toxicity study of Podocarpus gracilis leaf extract and fractions, there was no evidence of animal mortality at the maximum dose of 2 g/kg during the observation period. The extract-treated group with normoglycemia revealed a significant lowering in BGL at the 4-hour mark of 27.4% (p < 0.001) and 25.2% (p < 0.01) at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively, compared to that in negative control. In the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) model, only 400 mg/kg treated groups at 120 min after exposure showed a BGL reduction of 31.17% which was statistically significant (p < 0.05) in comparison to the negative control. In the single-dose STZ-induced model, eighth-hour BGL measurements from CE 100, CE 200, CE 400, and GLC5 showed drops in BGL of 43.1%, 44.1%, 45%, and 47.3% from baseline fasting BGL values. In the repeated streptozotocin (STZ)-induced model, at all doses of leaf extract and fractions, the fasting BGL was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced. Moreover, the leaf extract and solvent fractions have shown a significant (p < 0.001) reduction of serum lipids such as LDL, TC, and VLDL, and at the same time, it increases HDL at 14 days with body weight gained. In the test for antioxidant activity, the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for leaf extract and the standard medication (ascorbic acid) were 8.2 μg/ml and 3.3 μg/ml, respectively. The IC50 value denotes the concentration of the sample required to scavenge 50% DPPH radicals. The 80% hydromethanolic leaf extract and fractions of Podocarpus gracilis exhibited blood glucose lowering, lipid-lowering activity in normoglycemic, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) mode, and STZ-induced diabetic mice with weight gains. There is scientific support for the alleged traditional use as an antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, and antioxidant activity. The results need to be confirmed by future studies.

Determination of free, esterified, bound bioactive compound contents of Euphorbia cyparissias organs and their biological activities

Euphorbia plants have long been used as herbs in numerous traditional medicines in Anatolia. They were employed for the treatment of microbial infections, skin wounds and gastrointestinal diseases. Euphorbia species are rich sources of phenolic acids, flavonoids and many other natural compounds with antioxidant effects. In the context of this study the phenolic content, antioxidant activity and antidiabetic effect of Euphorbia cyparissias (E. cyparissias) leaf, flower and stalk extracts were evaluated. Three separate phenolic fractions namely free, esterified and bound extracts were prepared from leaf, stalk, and flower organs. Enzymatic treatment was utilized to remove bound phenolics from the cellular structures. A total of nine different extracts obtained from E. cyparissias organs. The highest phenolic fraction was bound phenolics in all three assayed extracts. The highest total phenolic compound (TPC) was found as bound phenolic fraction form in leaf extracts (21.088±0.32 mg GAE/g). Similarly the leaf samples displayed the highest total flavonoid contents (TFC) as bound form (1.798±0.02 mg CE/g). Four different methods were employed to determine the antioxidant potencies of the extracts. In parallel with the TPC and TFC results the bound fraction of leaf extract displayed the highest antioxidant capacities when evaluated with DPPH, ABTS and CUPRAC assays. According to FRAP analysis, free phenolic compounds of the leaves had the highest antioxidant potential. Free, esterified and bound phenolic compound fractions were all displayed inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glycosidase enzymes which is associated with their antidiabetic effects. Especially esterified phenolic compounds displayed significant inhibitory activity against α-amylase while bound fractions found in stalks and flowers exhibited stronger α-glycosidase activities.

Preclinical evaluation of the diabetic wound healing activity of phytoconstituents extracted from Ficus racemosa Linn. leaves

Human body has several multi-layered organs, but skin is one of biggest and easiest to access. It serves as body's primary line of defense alongside various skin diseased conditions. Despite receiving sufficient and appropriate care, diabetes wounds heal slowly and may take a week to complete. A progression of connective tissue patch up is the body's natural defense against tissue damage. Fresh leaves of Ficus racemosa were utilized for the study. In this study, two distinct models were employed to compare how well different Ficus racemosa leaf extracts healed wounds. Excision wounds healed more quickly and to a greater extent after being treated with a flavonoid and tannin fraction of Ficus racemosa leaf extract, suggesting improved epithelization. The extract-treated groups also experienced an increase in breaking potency of incision wounds made; higher breaking strength indicates better wound healing. Complete closure of wound of flavonoid fraction and in fraction of Ficus racemosa extract occurred in 16 and 17 days respectively. Standard treatment increased tensile strength in the diabetic linear incision wound model, followed by treatment with the flavonoid fraction and tannin fraction of Ficus racemosa leaves extract. Ultimate finding and outcome of the present study experimentally demonstrates that extracts of the flavonoid and tannin fractions of Ficus racemosa have wound-healing properties and are effective in treating diabetic wounds. From this study, we state that Ficus racemosa flavonoid fraction and tannin fraction extract has a beneficial effect on blood glucose levels, which shows hypoglycaemic activity.

Vitellaria paradoxa inhibits arsenic-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster via the augmentation of antioxidant system

The Ethyl Acetate Fraction (EACF) of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Vitellaria paradoxa (ELVp) was assessed against Sodium Arsenite (SA)-induced toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of EACF was carried out. The molecular docking of the compounds obtained from GC-MS was performed against D. melanogaster glutathione-S-transferase-2 (GST-2). Firstly, D. melanogaster (Harwich strain) was treated with EACF to determine its effect on longevity. Secondly, D. melanogaster was fed with EACF (1.0 and 3.0 mg/5 g diet) and/or SA (0.0625 mM) for 5 days. Thereafter, the ameliorative role of EACF in SA-induced toxicity was evaluated using the fly’s emergence rate, locomotor activity, oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers. The in-silico study revealed varying degrees of binding affinity of the twelve active compounds of EACF against GST-2 which was comparable with the co-crystalized ligand (glutathione). The EACF increased the longevity of D. melanogaster by 20.0 % compared with control and ameliorated SA-induced reduction of emergence rate and locomotor performance by 178.2 and 20.5 %, respectively. Additionally, EACF ameliorated SA-induced reduction of total thiol and non-protein thiols and inhibition of catalase and GST activities (p < 0.05). These results corroborated with histological data obtained in the fat body of D. melanogaster. Overall, EACF augmented the antioxidant system of D. melanogaster and prevented sodium arsenite-induced oxidative stress due to its high antioxidant property.

HPLC DETERMINATION OF BENZOXAZOLINONE ON JERUJU PLANT (ACANTHUS ILICIFOLIUS): NARRATIVE REVIEW

Mangrove plants in Indonesia are the largest in the world, both in terms of area quantity (+42,550 km2) and number of species (+45 species). Mangroves are a diverse group of salt tolerant plants that grow in intertidal tropical and subtropical forests and represent a rich biodiversity of plants, animals and microorganisms. Acanthus ilicifolius is one of the true mangrove plants which is used as medicine. This literature review aims to determine the study of benzoxazolinone compounds in jeruju plants (Acanthus ilicifolius) from previous studies and to determine the methods, plant parts and solvents used. The literature review method related to the jeruju plant (Acanthus ilicifolius) uses an electronic data base google scholar. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis method is one of the spectroscopic methods widely used in previous studies, because NMR spectroscopy is useful in determining the structure of a chemical compound, both proton (1H) and carbon (13C) NMR. Jeruju leaf extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, phenyletanoid glycosides and coumarin compounds. The methanol fraction of jeruju leaf extract has a pharmacological effect to inhibit edema (inflammation). The extraction method used is maceration, because this method is simple method and most widely used. Meanwhile, the solvents that are more widely used are methanol and ethanol solvents.

Antipyretic Potential of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of Bersama abyssinica Fresen. (Melianthaceae) Leaves Against Yeast-Induced Pyrexia in Mice.

Since fever is a complicated physiological reaction to an infection or aseptic stimulus, finding safer solutions that are more potent and derived from plants is essential to resolving this issue. Bersama abyssinica (Melianthaceae) is traditionally used to treat fever, though this has yet to be proven scientifically. The present study aimed to assess the antipyretic potential of leaf extract and solvent fractions of B. abyssinica. The antipyretic activities of crude extract and solvent fractions of B. abyssinica leaves were evaluated using a yeast-induced pyrexia model at three different dose ranges (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, and 400mg/kg) methanol extract as well as chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions to mice showing an increase in temperature of ≥0.5 °C. The rectal temperature of each mouse was recorded using a digital thermometer. To analyze the data, SPSS version 20 and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD post hoc test to compare results between groups were utilized. The crude extract demonstrated significant antipyretic potential (P<0.05 by 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg as well as P<0.01 by 400 mg/kg), with a maximum of 95.06% reduction in rectal temperature at 400 mg/kg, comparable to 98.37% at 2.5 hours by the standard drug. Similarly, all doses of the aqueous fraction, as well as 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses of the ethyl acetate fractions, resulted in a significant (P<0.05) reduction in rectal temperature when compared to the corresponding value of the negative control group. Extracts of B. abyssinica leaves were found to have a significant antipyretic effect. Thus, the use of the plant for pyrexia in traditional settings has scientific ground.

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of the Leaves of Vernonia auriculifera Hiern. (Asteraceae).

The leaves of V. auriculiferahas been used traditionally for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, and pain in various parts of Ethiopia. However, to our knowledge, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract and solvent fractions has never been experimentally studied. To assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activitiesof V. auriculifera leaf extract and solvent fractions in rodent models. Air-dried leaves ofV. auriculiferawere grounded and macerated using 80% methanol. The air-dried, grounded leaves were also successively extracted with ethyl acetate, and methanol. The residue was then macerated in water for 72 hr. The extract's peripheral analgesic activity, as well as the solvent fractions, were determined using an acetic acid-induced writhing test. The hot plate model was used to assess the central analgesic effect. Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models were used to assess the anti-inflammatory effect in rats. The 80% methanol leaf extract and solvent fractions have demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) peripheral and central analgesic activity. Both 80% methanol leaf extract and solvent fractions of V. auriculifera were found to have anti-inflammatory activity in a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. In the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, all concentrations of 80% methanol leaf extract (ME), methanol fraction (MEF), and aqueous fractions (AQF) of V. auriculifera inhibited exudate and granuloma formation. Although all tested doses significantly inhibited granuloma mass formation, only the medium and highest ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) doses significantly inhibited the generation of inflammatory exudate. This study's findings indicate that the solvent fractions and 80% methanol extract of V. auriculifera have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. This study's findings not only confirm the plants' traditional claim but also provide clues for further investigation of the active principles of this plant for the development of effective and safe analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs.