State Leaders Research Articles

Assimilation of Tung Chung Shu’s Philosophy and the Development of Multiculturalism

The purpose of this article is to explore the thoughts of the philosopher Tung Chung Shu who is a figure in Chinese philosophy. Tung Chung Shu managed to compile several aspects of philosophy and culture that developed in China during the Han dynasty. Tung Chung Shu's thought has relevance to the development of multiculturalism, especially in Indonesia amid globalization today. The condition of the Chinese nation has a different cultural background and has succeeded in reformulating the unifying ideology of the country so that it can improve the condition of a society that is experiencing chaos. The philosophy and culture of the Chinese nation that developed when in this condition was the Han Dynasty which was dominated by Taoism, Legalism, and Confucianism. A Chinese philosopher, Tung Chung Shu, combined the three schools with the core teachings of jen, yi, l, chi, and hsin with the main goal of realizing a happy, prosperous, and safe society. The situation of differences that exist in people's lives gave birth to multiculturalism which offers a cultural paradigm to understand and interpret the differences that develop in people's lives. This research uses the abstraction analysis method and then analyzes it through a comparative interpretative approach that begins with description and historical continuity. The results showed that (1) the condition of differences in society can be avoided from conflict if the government can implement multiculturalism policies in regulating the order of government as in Tung Chung Shu's thinking about good governance (2) the condition of a country depends on the attitude of the country's leaders so that the condition of multicultural society can be safe, harmonious, peaceful, prosperous cannot be separated from the role of state leaders (3) in addressing differences need the attitude of wisdom, humanity, courage, wisdom and virtue as the philosophical thought of Tung Chung Shu. In line with the conditions of the multicultural Indonesian nation, Tung Chung Shu's thoughts can be a reference in efforts to develop multiculturalism in Indonesia. This argument is supported by the situation and conditions of the Indonesian nation which has a diversity of ethnicities, cultures, religions, regions, and different cultural traditions.

External coercion and public support: The case of the US–China trade war

Domestic support is crucial for state leaders facing international challenges. Previous studies suggest that in both democracies and autocracies, citizens tend to support their government in resisting external coercion, and state leaders would pay high political costs for backing down, especially after they have publicly committed to standing firm. But it is also frequently assumed that the public would grow weary of international conflict and turn to peaceful settlement. Empirical research on how and why this presumed shift in public opinion would take place remains relatively scarce. This article tackles this issue by examining the dynamics of Chinese public opinion during the US–China trade war in 2018. With a two-wave survey of Chinese citizens, I explore how the government’s strategy affected public approval through two causal mechanisms: the state’s reputation for resolve and economic impact. I find that respondents’ support for standing firm was strengthened by gains in reputation for resolve but attenuated by anticipated economic losses. I also find that respondents were more sensitive to the anticipated economic losses of a prolonged trade war over time and that respondents’ preferences were constantly conditional on their pre-existing anti-American sentiment. These findings illuminate the nuanced considerations of an authoritarian audience whose calculations extend beyond sheer nationalist beliefs and dynamically respond to changing circumstances.

Do Political Leaders Impact Economic Freedom at the Local Level? Evidence from Close Elections

This paper examines whether state and local political leaders’ partisan affiliations affect economic freedom at the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) level. Because political leaders’ partisan affiliations likely correlate with unobserved state- and local-level characteristics that also affect the economic freedom levels of MSAs, we use a regression discontinuity design that leverages close elections as natural experiments to identify a causal effect. Using Stansel (2019)’s index, which aggregates a bundle of policies into a single measure of economic freedom, we find that close Republican majorities in the lower State House increase overall MSA-level economic freedom. This effect is realized through consistent governments (i.e., Republican governor and Republican State House majority) and primarily through changes in labor market policy. At the city level, Republican mayors also increase overall MSA-level economic freedom levels.

The Carried-Off and the Constitution: How British Harboring of Fugitives from American Slavery Led to the Constitution of 1787

AbstractAccounts of the factors that led to the drafting of the U.S. Constitutional Convention have focused on Congress' failures to levy taxes, regulate commerce, and provide security against internal unrest and foreign encroachments. Left out from history are the attempts of the founders to force Britain to return thousands of escapees from slavery they sheltered. Patriot state leaders tried to coerce the return of all fugitives from slavery evacuated with the British army by blocking payment of debts to England in violation of the Treaty of Paris. Such actions ultimately caused the breakdown of the agreement and exposed the structural inability of the Congress to enforce the terms of a duly ratified treaty over intransigent states. Ultimately, the issue of the “carried off” and with it the nation's ability to conduct foreign policy, was the paramount issue that could only be resolved by a fundamental restructuring of the federal structure of government.

Carol Király (1930-2021)

Carol Király (Király Károly) was born on 26 September 1930 in Târnăveni, Mureș County, into a Hungarian family. He attended four primary classes between 1939 and 1943, after which he worked as a construction worker in various construction sites in Luduș, Cluj region. In April 1946, Carol Király volunteered at the Salva-Vișeu construction site, and in 1949, he went to the Danube-Black Sea Canal construction site, where he also worked as a carpenter. He attended evening party courses. In October 1954, he was accepted as a member of the Communist Party, but remained a U.T.M. activist. In September 1956, he was sent to attend the Central School of the Moscow Comsomol for a year. After graduation in August 1957, he was appointed first secretary of the regional U.T.M. committee of the Hungarian Autonomous Region. His real rise began after Nicolae Ceausescu came to power. He became a member of the Council of State and afterwards member of the CC of the Communist Party of Romania and substitute member of the Executive Committee. On 1 April 1972 he sent a letter to the party leadership announcing that he was resigning as First Secretary of Covasna County and alternate member of the Executive Committee. In 1973, he was appointed president of the Union of Craft Cooperatives in Mureș County. In 1975 he ceased to be a member of the State Council. In the late 1970s and 1980s, he was an exponent of the rights of the Hungarian minority in Romania, publicly denouncing their violation through open letters to the state leadership, interviews and material published abroad. In the context of the 1989 revolution, Carol Kiraly was co-opted into the country’s new leadership. He died on 4 November 2021.

New Developments in Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG): A Corporate Disclosure About India's Top ESG Scorer

Nowadays, companies across all assiduity around the world face the challenges of extraordinary dislocation due to climate changes and other social dislocation. It is the responsibility of standard setters and controllers of the fiscal sector to constantly encourage industries to follow and respond rather of ignoring the dislocation. The present study is an independent and methodical analysis of reporting and evaluation of ESG factors and exposure performance of selected Indian companies. This study investigates how top ESG scorer declared Environmental, Social and Governance factors and BRR in their sustainability report. Environmental, Social and Governance disclosure is one of the main arising corporate disclosures aspects. The other ideal of the study is to produce a mindfulness so that appreciation for ESG becomes communicable and becomes hardwired in the organizational foundation. It will further enable gap analysis and drive companies to achieve leadership status within their assiduity and achieve better performance. The corporate sector and the investment community are crucial players towards achieving sustainable development. It ‘ll also give investors a ready-made tool to measured standard of companies. For the compliance of the objective each ESG factors divided into components and analyzed. The study concluded that the Companies having high scored on policy disclosures followed by governance factor, compared to environment and social factors.

Religion and the Prevention of Election Violence: Lessons from Kenya

Religious organizations, including churches, can play an important role in promoting peace and stability. This role is not always recognized by policymakers and academics in the West. This essay shows how many churches in Kenya recently excluded politicians from their religious gatherings and denied them access to the pulpit. They did this to help prevent violence from breaking out around the elections. With the upcoming elections in the United States, churches and church leaders could learn from their Kenyan colleagues. Americans should cherish the separation of religion and electoral politics since it is meant to prevent politics from becoming corrupt or religion becoming untruthful.

Framing the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: an analysis of the narratives of the state leaders of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey, 2002–2022

ABSTRACT The modern phase of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan has lasted for over three decades. Since the independent republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan emerged in 1991, the status of Nagorno-Karabakh has been at the centre of these countries’ foreign and domestic policies. Using Robert Entman’s theory, this article examines speeches about possible remedies to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict by the leaders of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey between 2002 and 2022 and identifies frames that these leaders create over the conflict’s resolution. By enhancing our understanding of how state leaders frame their perspectives on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict for external audiences, this article demonstrates the complex challenges in achieving a peaceful resolution. Understanding these framing strategies is crucial for comprehending the underlying motivations and interests of the involved parties and sheds light on the challenges faced in resolving the conflict through peaceful means.

The State School Mental Health Profile: Findings from 25 States.

State-level leadership and conditions are instrumental to local and regional comprehensive school mental health system (CSMHS) quality, sustainability, and growth. However, systematic documentation of state-level school mental health (SMH) policy, infrastructure, funding, and practice is limited. Using a multi-phase, multi-method process, we developed the State School Mental Health Profile (State Profile) to offer a comprehensive landscape of state SMH efforts. State leaders in 25 states completed the State Profile once over a 3-year data collection period. Mixed methods results are reported in 8 domains. State education agencies were reportedly most involved in SMH technical assistance, advocacy, leadership, funding, and service provision, with mental health agencies reported as second most involved. Nearly half of state respondents reported having a state-level SMH director or coordinator. Policies with the greatest perceived impact require implementation of and funding for SMH services and supports. Despite leveraging multiple sources of funding, most states emphasized lack of funding as a primary barrier to establishing CSMHSs. All states reported staffing shortages. The State Profile can assist multi-agency state leadership teams to self-assess policy, infrastructure, and resources to support CSMHSs statewide. Findings point to areas of opportunity to advance equity across resource allocation, service provision, and policy development.

Minimum Education Requirements For Presidential Candidates In The Administration Of State Government

This study discusses the relevance of minimum education for presidential candidates, as stipulated in Article 169 of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections, focusing on the concept of state capacity. State capacity theory identifies three main elements: extractive, coordinative, and compliance. Higher education is considered important in increasing the capacity of state leaders, especially in dealing with the complexity of leadership tasks. Using juridical-normative research methods, this study conducted an analysis of a number of Indonesian presidents who had undergraduate education backgrounds or higher education levels. The formulation of the problem in this study is: What is the basis for consideration of the education of presidential candidates at least high school as one of the conditions for candidacy? And the results illustrate the stagnation in related laws and regulations, especially Article 169, which maintains the minimum limit of high school education for presidential candidates. By involving state capacity theory, the authors conclude the need for updates in the educational requirements of presidential candidates to increase the country's capacity to face increasingly complex tasks and challenges. Continuous evaluation of the education system and laws and regulations is essential to create more qualified national leaders in the future.

Reforming Education in Ukraine Through the Introduction of STEM Technologies and Artificial Intelligence

The relevance of the article is that in today’s world of changes, there is a realization that in all spheres of public life, the achievements of science and culture, the new needs in the modernization of the education system of Ukraine. One of the possible ways of further development of this sphere is not only education reforms, but also innovations, i.e. controlled processes of emergence, perception, evaluation, development and application of innovations. The purpose of the article is to identify legislative innovations in the reform of education in Ukraine, innovative types of educational institutions in accordance with the reform, defining the essence of education reforms and innovations and features of the reform of the system of university education. It is possible to distinguish between reforms at the national and interagency (i.e., only within the education system) level, but any interstate reform is always coordinated with the highest state leadership and is accompanied by reforms in other spheres. Legislative innovations in reforming education in Ukraine are also introduced through pedagogical innovations - those innovations that are developed and implemented by state agencies and organizations of education and science. The article identifies innovative types of educational institutions in Ukraine in accordance with the reform, the innovative processes in the education system are studied; the essence of education reforms and innovations and peculiarities of the reform of the basic and university education system of Ukraine are defined.

Dynamic Leadership Mechanism in Homing Pigeon Flocks.

In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on exploring the principles and mechanisms underlying the emergence of collective intelligence in biological populations, aiming to provide insights for human society and the engineering field. Pigeon flock behavior garners significant attention as a subject of study. Collective homing flight is a commonly observed behavioral pattern in pigeon flocks. The study analyzes GPS data during the homing process and utilizes acceleration information, which better reflects the flock's movement tendencies during turns, to describe the leadership relationships within the group. By examining the evolution of acceleration during turning, the study unveils a dynamic leadership mechanism before and after turns, employing a more intricate dynamic model to depict the flock's motion. Specifically, during stable flight, pigeon flocks tend to rely on fixed leaders to guide homing flight, whereas during turns, individuals positioned in the direction of the flock's turn experience a notable increase in their leadership status. These findings suggest the existence of a dynamic leadership mechanism within pigeon flocks, enabling adaptability and stability under diverse flight conditions. From an engineering perspective, this leadership mechanism may offer novel insights for coordinating industrial multi-robot systems and controlling drone formations.

A Survey and Research on the Leadership Status and Development Strategies of College Student Cadres in Chinese Vocational Colleges

This study utilizes literature review and questionnaire methods to investigate the leadership knowledge, skills, and attitudes of college student cadres in Chinese vocational colleges. Data analysis is conducted using SPSS 22.0 statistical software. The research reveals that the leadership level of college student cadres in Chinese vocational colleges is generally weak, with significant differences observed in age, registered courses, leadership positions, leadership experience, and training. Based on these findings, strategies for improving both the student cadres and school leadership development are proposed. Suggestions include expanding the sample coverage, conducting in-depth factor analysis, long-term tracking studies, interdisciplinary research, and integrating theory with practice, thereby innovating training methods.

BAKU STATE UNIVERSITY DURING THE HARD TRIALS OF 1920S-1930S: CRITICAL ADMINISTRATIVE CHALLENGES AND RED TERROR

This paper focuses on the higher education reforms carried out in the Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1920s and 1930s and their impact on Baku State University. Beginning from the first years of the Soviet rule, the People’s Commissariat of Education in the Azerbaijan SSR concentrated the authority to lead all cultural and educational affairs. The main areas of the spiritual life of the newly established Soviet republic, its education, science, literature, and art, were actually brought under the control of the party and state leadership. The conducted research shows that by putting an end to the existence of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic with the April invasion of 1920 and establishing their regime in Azerbaijan, the new authorities radically changed the conditions for the operation of Baku State University. Party and state bodies of the Azerbaijan SSR initiated immediate reorganization of the university's work in accordance with the new ideological and political realities. The main directions of education and scientific activity at the university began to be restructured on the principles of class and party affiliation. All these issues, related to the development of the university, are considered on the basis of archival documents in order to reveal the historical realities of the period under study.

William R. Safarjan (1943-2023).

This article memorializes William R. Safarjan (1943-2023). Dr. Safarjan spent much of his career working as a clinical psychologist for the California Department of State Hospitals at Atascadero State Hospital, 1984-2009. During his professional career, Dr. Safarjan served in many roles with the California Psychological Association, including president in 1998, liaison to the California Psychological Association, and membership chair and chair of the research political action committee. He served as vice chair of the American Psychological Association (APA) membership committee, chair of the APA committee of state leaders, council of representatives from California. In addition to his work in psychology, Dr. Safarjan served in several professional organizations including Rotary International where he was recognized as an outstanding club president (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

PERAN R20 DAN BENTUK KRITIK TERHADAP SEKULARISASI

The diversity of human beliefs becomes a fertile ground for building a strong voice in political competition. The fusion of religion and politics to achieve a goal creates various conflicts because these two elements should not be combined while carrying the idea of secularism. Secularism focuses on separating political interests from religious interests. In this research, we focus on R20, which is an activity that invites various heads of state and religious leaders, not only focusing on religious issues, but also on global conflicts such as environmental, economic, social, and political issues. This research adopts a qualitative method with data collection from online literature. Through this method, the research aims to explain the R20 activities that have been carried out as an effort to criticize the idea of secularism, which seeks to exclude religion from the political aspect. The implementation of R20 proves that no matter how strong the desire is to separate religion and politics, it should not be forgotten that these two aspects will always coexist, whether it is politics based on religious teachings or religion that drives politics.
 Keywords : Secularism, Religion, Politics, R20

An examination of whether and how leader humility enhances leader personal career success

AbstractHumble leaders are traditionally thought to create a great deal of human and social capital, yet be overshadowed by self‐promoting rivals for promotions. We propose that through informal career mentoring, humble leaders can improve their organizational status and promotability. We tested our model among a multisource sample of 610 leaders across 18 industries and 21 job functions who participated in a leader development program. Leader humility was reported by the focal leaders' peers, leader mentoring behavior was reported by the focal leaders' direct reports, leader status was reported by the focal leaders' immediate bosses, and leader promotability was reported by the focal leaders' superiors. Results generally confirmed that leader humility predicted leader mentoring behavior, which in turn predicted leader status, and ultimately higher leader promotability ratings. We discuss how our findings extend and enrich the literatures on leader humility and mentoring, showing how humble leaders can ascend organizational hierarchies.

How State Education Leaders Supported Students’ Access to Education Amidst the COVID-19 Crisis: Lessons for Policy

While recent research provides insights into how district and school leaders responded to the extraordinary disruptions created by the COVID-19 pandemic, less is known about the role of influential state-level education leaders during the crisis. In this paper, we draw on interviews with state leaders to examine their efforts to support students’ access to education during the pandemic. Findings reveal how state leaders engaged in local-level capacity building, advocacy, and collaboration to promote continuity of education. However, their work was complicated by limited capacity at the state level, political tensions, local control, and pervasive stress over time. The paper concludes with implications for policymakers to better prepare for future crises.

The Strategic Use of Narratives and Governance of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Major Autocratisers in Europe

ABSTRACT By the end of 2022, scholars had published heavily on authoritarian consolidation at the time of COVID-19 and explored how governments adopted measures weakening democratic checks and balances yet strengthened their regimes during the COVID crisis. Yet, we do not know much about how political leaders narrated the pandemic in their domestic and foreign policy choices in a way that reinforces their power. By focusing on the major autocratisers in Europe (Hungary, Poland, Turkey, and Serbia) whose democracy scores have fallen the most over the last 10 years, we reveal a set of influential narratives identified in the discourses of state leaders and government representatives which were constructed around the governance of the COVID-19 pandemic. These narratives were utilized by political leaders to legitimize their repressive policies geared towards controlling the society, and to contest the European Union (EU) in particular and the liberal democratic order in general.

On training at the undergraduate level in pedagogy in Kyrgyz Republic and China

Relevance. This study considered the main stages of development of higher pedagogical education in Kyrgyz Republic and China, as well as the problems of teacher training in Chinese and Kyrgyz universities at the present stage. The relevance of the issues of researching the demand for Chinese and Kyrgyz higher pedagogical educational institutions, the problems of reforming and adapting educational programmes to new socio-cultural conditions was noted. The reasons and main stages of development of the system of higher pedagogical education in Kyrgyz Republic and the People�s Republic of China were analysed, the active involvement of the state leadership in reforming the system of higher education, building new university campuses, creating the necessary conditions for training specialists was noted.Purpose. The purpose of this article was to investigate the causes, preconditions, conditions, and main stages of the development of the system of training of pedagogical specialists in the Kyrgyz Republic and China, as well as to analyse the current state and features of educational programmes of Chinese and Kyrgyz pedagogical universities.Methodology. Critical-analytical method, comparative method, analysis of open data sources were used as research methods.Results. The study showed that the state reforms towards liberalisation and openness of economic and social life, which have been carried out in China since 1978 and in Kyrgyz Republic after independence in 1990, have had a positive impact on the development of the education system in the country. At the same time, the popularity of the teaching profession under liberalisation has declined markedly, which has had a negative impact on the quality of training of entrants and graduates of teacher training institutions.Conclusions. The practical significance of the study is to systematise the specific features of theoretical training and practical experience of higher teacher education because of reforms of the educational system in such dynamically developing countries as Kyrgyz Republic and China.