Leachate Research Articles

Seasonal comparison of the effect of landfill leachate from Mediouna (Casablanca, Morocco) on germination and α-amylase activity in Lens culinaris and Medicago sativa

Seasonal comparison of the effect of landfill leachate from Mediouna (Casablanca, Morocco) on germination and α-amylase activity in Lens culinaris and Medicago sativa

Characteristics and key driving factors of nitrous oxide emissions from a full-scale landfill leachate treatment system

The characteristics of N2O emission from a full-scale landfill leachate treatment system were investigated by in-situ monitoring over 1.4 years and driving factors responsible for these emissions were identified by statistical analysis of multidimensional environmental variables. The results showed that the maximum N2O emission flux of 2.21 × 107 mg N·h−1 occurred in the nitrification tanks, where 98.5 % of the total N2O was released, with only 1.5 % of the total N2O emitted from the denitrification tanks. Limited oxygen in nitrification tank was responsible for N2O hotspot. The N2O emissions from the parallel lines A and B (both comprising the primary biochemical system) accounted for 52.6 % and 46.6 %, respectively, while the secondary biochemical system contributed only 0.8 % to the total emissions. Higher nitrite concentration in line A and lower nitrogen loading in the secondary biochemical system caused these discrepancies. We found that during the steady state of leachate treatment, intensive N2O emissions of 253.4–1270.5 kg N·d−1 were measured. The corresponding N2O emission factor (EF) ranged from 8.86 to 49.6 %, much higher than those of municipal wastewater treatment. But N2O EF was inconceivably as low as 0.42 % averagely after system maintenance. Influent with low salinity was the key reason, followed by the high MLSS and varying microbial community after maintenance. The dominant genus shifted from Lentimicrobium and Thauera to Norank-F-Anaerolineaceae and Unclassified-F-Rhodocyclaceae. This study underscores the significance of landfill leachate treatment in urban nitrogen management and provides valuable insights into the characteristics and driving factors of N2O emissions from such systems. The findings offer important references for greenhouse gas emission inventories and strategies for N2O control in full-scale wastewater treatment plants.

The Performance of Iron Nanocomposites as Persulfate Activators in Permeable Reactive Barrier Technology for Treatment of Landfill Leachate

Landfill leachate contains a large organic load and a wide spectrum of pollutants, and it needs appropriate treatment to reduce the severity of these contaminants. Therefore, the present study aimed to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia (NH3 ) as target contaminants from the landfill leachate. To this end, the zero-valent iron nanofibers/reduced ultra-large graphene oxide (ZVINFs/rULGO) and converter sludge (CS) were used as persulfate (PS) activators in permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology for removing COD and NH3 . The Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to determine the possibility of using each activator and optimize three parameters: activator, pore volume (PV), and flow (mL/min) using target contaminants. In the Batch process, the effects of pH, activator concentration, and PS/COD mass ratio on COD removal were examined. The BBD experiments provided a satisfactory predictive model, indicating that ZVINFs/rULGO is superior to CS when used as activators of PS in PRB technology. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 )/COD ratio increased from 0.24 in raw leachate to 0.67 in treated leachate, and leachate toxicity was reduced by more than 85%. Additionally, the ZVINFs/rULGO and CS contributed to the activation of PS.

Characterization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and other constituents in MSW landfill leachate from Puerto Rico

Elevated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) concentrations have been reported in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate with higher levels in wet and warmer subtropical climates. Information about landfill leachate characteristics is much more limited in tropical climates. In this study, 20 landfill leachate samples were collected from three MSW landfills on the tropical island of Puerto Rico and results were compared against landfills nationally and within Florida, USA. The samples collected in Puerto Rico underwent physical-chemical analysis, as well as a quantitative analysis of 92 PFAS. Samples described in this study include discrete leachate types, such as leachate, gas condensate, and leachate which has undergone on-site treatment (e.g., RO treatment, phytoremediation, lagoons). A total of 51 PFAS were detected above quantitation limits, including perfluorohexylphosphonic acid, a perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) which has not been reported previously in landfill leachate. ∑PFAS concentrations in this study (mean: 38,000 ng L−1), as well as concentrations of individual PFAS, are significantly higher than other reported MSW landfill leachate concentrations. The profiles of leachates collected from on-site treatment systems indicate possible transformation of precursor PFAS as a result of treatment processes – oxidizing conditions, for example, may facilitate aerobic transformation, increase the concentrations of PFAAs, and possibly increase the apparent ∑PFAS concentration. Extreme climate events, including rising temperatures and more frequent hurricanes, have placed additional strain on the solid waste management infrastructure on the island – adding complexity to an already challenging PFAS management issue. As concern grows over PFAS contamination in drinking water, these findings should inform solid waste and leachate management decisions in order to minimize PFAS emissions in island environments.

Removal performance of leonardite toward volatile organic compounds and toxic metals from landfill leachates

AbstractLeachate from municipal waste contains volatile organic compounds and potentially toxic metals. The leaching of which into water sources also jeopardizes access to clean water. Therefore, reducing the concentration of pollutants in leachate is important to reduce health risks and environmental pollution. In this study, the efficacy of granulated organic leonardite added to leachate from municipal waste in reducing the toxic concentrations of the leachate for different time points (30, 60, 90, and 120 min) at a shaking speed of 200 rpm was investigated. Results demonstrated that leonardite significantly removed various contaminants, including organic acids (71.16%), alcohols (74.31%), aldehydes (68.01%), esters (78.28%), ethers (81.03%), ketones (68.52%), hydrocarbons (84.25%), N compounds (78.56%), S compounds (80.67%), organic N (86.01%), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (93.26%), NH4‐N (84.83%), NO3‐N (89.30%), SO4 (76.62%), PO4 (73.85%), organic C (50.07%), Hg (96.80%), Pb (95.99%), Cu (82.68%), Al (65.56%), total Cr (98.11%), Cd (99.28%), Li (96.31%), Ni (97.27%), and As (67.79%). The leonardite granules used in this study showed high adsorption and removal performance for organic/inorganic and volatile compounds in landfill leachate. These results indicate that leonardite can be a suitable adsorption material for leachate pretreatment. However, it is necessary to perform a durability test to use the material in the long term as a covering on landfills.

Characterization and differentiation of dissolved organic matter in leachate derived from an old Japanese landfill site through Orbitrap mass spectrometry

Elucidating the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is crucial to assessing its impact on the bioavailability and mobility of pollutants in landfill leachate. This study reports a comprehensive 5–month investigation into the characteristics of DOM in leachate from an old Japanese landfill, collected at six different sampling points. The molecular composition, chemical properties, and structural characteristics of DOM were assessed using Orbitrap mass spectrometry and spectral analysis. The leachate DOM mainly consisted of CHO-containing molecules (58.5–88.9%), low-oxygen unsaturated phenolic compounds (40.5–54.0%), and aliphatic compounds (19.4–47.3%), with slight variation among sampling points. A significant portion of the nominal oxidation state of carbon was in the reduced zone (76.2–95.4%). The results underscore the distinct molecular composition of DOM in mature Japanese landfill leachate compared to young and mature leachates from other countries. Two of six sampling points, with notable differences in molecular characteristics, were compared and elucidated. The composition of landfill waste, rather than landfill age, was the main factor affecting the characteristics and differentiation of leachate DOM.

The Relationship between Waste Management Practices and Human Health: New Perspective and Consequences

Waste management, an integral aspect of modern life, exerts a profound influence on both public health and the environment. While existing research explores the environmental impact of various waste management practices, there is a paucity of studies investigating the direct health effects on humans from these practices. This article aims to address this gap by examining the intricate interplay between specific waste management strategies, such as open burning or landfill leachate management, and their potential to cause respiratory illnesses, birth defects, or other health problems in urban areas. Drawing from existing knowledge and recent research, it underscores the imperative of adopting an integrated waste management approach that harmonizes environmental preservation and health considerations. Furthermore, the review spotlights emerging technologies and innovative methodologies that hold promise in mitigating potential health hazards associated with conventional waste management practices. It accentuates the intricate connection between waste management and human health, underscoring the need for holistic strategies that encompass both community welfare and environmental sustainability. This paper advocates for sustainable waste management approaches that not only alleviate health concerns but also promote resource recovery and community engagement. Policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders are encouraged to collaborate in the adoption of effective waste management methods that safeguard both the environment and human health. By recognizing the intrinsic link between environmental and health issues, a harmonized approach can be forged to address them.

Enhanced anaerobic digestion of landfill leachate based on a novel redox mediator: Synergistic mechanism of enhancing extracellular electron transfer

The presence of recalcitrant compounds and toxic substances in landfill leachate results in low anaerobic digestion (AD) efficiency and poor methane production performance. Strengthening the extracellular electron transfer of microorganisms represents an effective approach to promote the AD of landfill leachate. In this study, a novel redox mediator (FeNC-RM) was synthesized through the combination of metal and non-metal doping, intensifying the stable operation of the landfill leachate AD system. Through characterization techniques including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, it was observed that FeNC-RM possesses a larger specific surface area, abundant functional groups, and exceptional electrochemical performance. By adding FeNC-RM, the stability and efficiency of the medium-temperature AD system in the treatment of landfill leachate were improved: Obtained a high removal of chemical oxygen demand which was increased by 30 % compared to the control group and enhanced the specific methanogenic activity by 57.5 % compared to the control group. The electron transport system (ETS) activities of the experimental groups with the addition of RMs were all significantly higher than those of the control group, and the ETS activity of the sludge from the FeNC-RM group was 79.6 % higher than that of the control group. Through a comprehensive analysis of the underlying mechanism, it was determined that three aspects synergistically facilitated electron transfer: FeNC-RM, endowed with electrochemical capabilities, assumed a pivotal role in establishing a conduit for electron transport, thus promoting the synthesis of extracellular humic substances and augmenting electron transport activity. Furthermore, the microbial community was optimized by FeNC-RM, thereby fostering a co-nutritional mechanism between hydrolytic acidification bacteria and methanogens, establishing a direct interspecific electron transport pathway. In this study, an “endogenous + exogenous” electron transport model based on the enhanced extracellular electron transport pathway facilitated by FeNC-RM was proposed. This study offered valuable contributions to the advancement of anaerobic treatment technology for landfill leachate.

EFFECTS OF LANDFILL LEACHES ON GROUND AND SURFACE WATERS: A CASE STUDY OF A WILD LANDFILL IN EASTERN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

<p>Landfill leachate, due to its high total pollution, and above all due to their high organic pollution, represents a significant environmental problem. This study investigated the impacts of the Tilić ada landfill on ground and surface waters. The location of the landfill Tilić ada is extremely sensitive due to the fact that it is located right next to the Drina river bed on the border with the Republic of Serbia, and especially because the source of drinking water Tilić ada is located at a distance of approx. 500 meters. </p> <p>Therefore, analyses of impact of leachate from the landfill were carried out, which indicated that the groundwater is at risk even 5 years after the landfill was closed. At the same time, water analyses from the Drina River were also carried out, which showed that the water quality was not impaired in relation to the defined water class.</p> <p> </p>

Assessing the impacts and contamination potentials of landfill leachate on adjacent groundwater systems

Landfilling is a globally prevalent method for managing municipal solid waste disposal. Nonetheless, the potential for serious contamination and the significant regional disparities in the leachate produced pose varying degrees of risks to groundwater quality. Previous studies have focused on a single landfill or the same geo-climatic conditions, with a limited number of samples having resulted in a narrow distribution of landfill age and scale, which prevents the description of the pattern of change in landfill age and scale. As well as the effect of this change on the contaminants in the landfill leachate and surrounding groundwater is still unclear. Therefore, we sampled and analyzed leachate and surrounding groundwater from 62 landfills with different landfill ages, scales, and operating conditions in a region with dense and varied topography and climate. Aim to explore the effects of different landfill ages, scales, and operating conditions on contaminants in leachate and surrounding groundwater. Findings indicate that pollutant profiles in different media are influenced by the age, scale, and operational status of the landfill, and the impact of leachate on pollutant types and concentrations in groundwater is limited. A significant correlation exists between the concentration of contaminants in the groundwater affected by leaching from the impermeable layer and the age and scale of the landfill when compared to the leachate. The contamination potentials posed by different pollutants vary across environmental media. Total dissolved solids and NH4+-N in leachate presented high contamination potentials, whereas elemental metalloids (Mn, Al, Ba, and Fe) in the surrounding groundwater posed high environmental concerns. These insights furnish new avenues for monitoring, identification, and safeguarding against pollutants in landfills and proximate groundwater, which is imperative for the sustainable management of municipal waste.

Synergistic oxidation of humic acid treated by H2O2/O3 activated by CuCo/C with high efficiency and wide pH range

Combination of oxidation processes are one of the most promising humic acid treatment technologies. Single oxidant or even two oxidants in advance oxidation process can hardly achieve satisfactory removal efficiency of refractory organic matter, mainly humic acid, in the treatment process of reverse osmosis concentrates from landfill leachate. To solve this problem, this study investigated the synergistic degradation of Humic acid (HA) using a Cu and Co supported on carbon catalyst (CuCo/C) in a Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with ozone (O3) system. The catalyst was characterized by performing SEM, XRD, BET, XPS and FTIR technologies. UV–vis spectra, 3D Excitation Emission Matrix Spectra (3D-EEM) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were applied for exploring degradation mechanism of HA. To further understand the oxidation mechanism, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to evaluate the generation of hydroxyl (·OH) and superoxide radicals (O2·-). As a result, CuCo/C catalyst possessed stable catalytic performance for HA degradation with a wide pH range from 5 to 8, while T = 40 °C，catalyst dosage of 2.4 g/L，O3 intake rate of 0.15 g/min and H2O2 dosage of 1.92 mL/L, the degradation rate of total organic carbon (TOC) achieved 40–46.5 mg·L−1min−1. As affirmed by the EPR, ·OH and O2·- were effectively generated with addition of the CuCo/C catalyst. Degradation performance of UV254 proved that the catalytic activity can still be maintained above 95% with removal rate of 82% after 5 cycles reuse. GC-MS shows that the oxidation products mainly consist of amide, benzoheterocyclic ring and carboxylic acid. This work promotes an effective method for degrading HA, which has the potential for satisfactory application in landfill leachate.

Removal of Nitrates in Drinking Water Polluted with Landfill Leachate by an Electrocoagulation System with Mg-Zn

Removal of Nitrates in Drinking Water Polluted with Landfill Leachate by an Electrocoagulation System with Mg-Zn

Evaluation of the mobility of toxic elements from fluorescent lamps under acid rain and landfill leachate conditions

Evaluation of the mobility of toxic elements from fluorescent lamps under acid rain and landfill leachate conditions

Application of environmentally friendly technologies for the management of nanofiltration concentrate from landfill leachate

In this study, the treatability of leachate nanofiltration (NF) concentrate using the modified Fenton process was investigated. The modified Fenton process employs an environmentally friendly oxidant (sodium percarbonate, SPC), an environmentally friendly catalyst (Fe2+), and environmentally friendly activators (electrooxidation-ultraviolet, EO-UV). The study aimed at enhancing the biological degradability of leachate NF concentrate and was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the process variables of the SPC/Fe2+ process were optimized. In the second stage, combined processes were applied under optimum conditions. With the SPC/Fe2+ process under optimum conditions (pH: 5, SPC dose: 10 mM, Fe2+ concentration: 50 mM, reaction time: 60 min, pre-catalyst dosing), removal efficiencies of 53.5%, 47.1%, and 61.6% were obtained for chemical oxygen demand (COD), UV254, and color, respectively. After optimizing the operational parameters of the SPC/Fe2+ process, combined processes of EO/SPC/Fe2+ and UV/SPC/Fe2+ were applied, and higher pollutant removal efficiencies were achieved with the EO/SPC/Fe2+ process. Under optimum conditions, removal efficiencies of 75.3%, 80.5%, and 85.6% were achieved for COD, UV254, and color, respectively. The first-order reaction rate constant was 0.022 1/min for the EO/SPC/Fe2+ process. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)/COD, which increased from 0.040 to 0.080 with the SPC/Fe2+ process, reached 0.455 with the EO/SPC/Fe2+ process. Additionally, with the EO/SPC/Fe2+ process, the biologically degradable COD ratio of leachate NF concentrate increased from 16.7% to 83.5%, and the soluble COD fraction increased from 72.7% to 89.5%.

Identification of prevalent leachate percolation of municipal solid waste landfill: a case study in India

Landfill leachate forms when waste-inherent water and percolated rainfall transfer are highly toxic, corrosive, acidic, and full of environmental pollutants. The release of leachate from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill sites poses a severe hazard to human health and aquatic life. This study examined the impact of leachate from Delhi’s Ghazipur landfill on the nearby groundwater quality. Analysis of leachate samples was done to determine various parameters such as total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, pH, BOD5, COD, nitrate, sulphate, chloride and iron, and presence of coliform bacteria. Significant dissolved elements (22,690–34,525 mg/L) were observed in the samples, indicated by the high conductivity value (1156–1405 mho/cm). However, a stable pH range (6.90–7.80) of leachate samples was observed due to high alkalinity concentrations between 2123 and 3256 mg/L. The inverse distance weighing (IDW) interpolation tool from QGIS 3.22.7 developed spatial interpolated models for each parameter across the Ghazipur area. The IDW interpolated graphs of various parameters over the whole study area confirmed these contaminations. In addition, leachate and groundwater samples were physio-chemically analyzed, and temporal fluctuation in landfill waste has also been studied. The temporal fluctuation results showed that when heat is produced, transmitted, and lost throughout the waste system, the maximum temperature position fluctuates over time. The findings of this study highlight the critical importance of landfill management in reducing groundwater contamination from MSW leachate.

Biotransformation of Pollutants by Pycnoporus spp. in Submerged and Solid-State Fermentation: Mechanisms, Achievements, and Perspectives

Substantial amounts of organo-pollutants, often persistent and toxic, are generated globally each year, posing a threat to soil, water, groundwater, and air. The pollutants encompass a wide range of substances from various sources, which include solid as well as liquid ones, such as landfill leachates and wastewaters. The compounds include paper and pulp mill byproducts, pharmaceuticals, diverse types of plastics, hydrocarbons, pigments, and dyes, as well as pesticides and insecticides. Fungal bioremediation stands out as a promising technology that uses the metabolic potential of fungi to eliminate or mitigate the impact of pollutants. Notably, species of the genus Pycnoporus exhibit significant capabilities for degrading a broad spectrum of toxic molecules. This degradation is facilitated by released ligninolytic enzymes, especially laccase, and cellular enzymes pertaining to the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system. The laccase, which is overproduced by the genus Pycnoporus, is quite remarkable for its high redox potential. The objective of this review is to highlight the proficiency of the Pycnoporus genus in the degradation of pollutants in submerged and solid-state fermentation. Recent studies conducted over the past decade consistently highlight the Pycnoporus genus as a robust contender in the realm of white biotechnology.

Nitrogen removal and carbon reduction of mature landfill leachate under extremely low dissolved oxygen conditions by simultaneous partial nitrification anammox and denitrification

In this study, a SNAD-SBBR process was implemented to achieve ammonia removal and carbon reduction of mature landfill leachate under extremely low dissolved oxygen conditions (0.051 mg/L) for a continuous operation of 266 days. The process demonstrated excellent removal performance, with ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency reaching 100 %, total nitrogen removal efficiency reaching 87.56 %, and an average removal rate of 0.180 kg/(m3·d). The recalcitrant organic compound removal efficiency reached 34.96 %. Nitrogen mass balance analysis revealed that the Anammox process contributed to approximately 98.1 % of the nitrogen removal. Candidatus Kuenenia achieved a relative abundance of 1.49 % in the inner layer of the carrier. In the SNAD-SBBR system, the extremely low DO environment created by the highly efficient partial nitrification stage enabled the coexistence of AnAOB, denitrifying bacteria, and Nitrosomonas, synergistically achieving ammonia removal and carbon reduction. Overall, the SNAD-SBBR process exhibits low-cost and high-efficiency characteristics, holding tremendous potential for landfill leachate treatment.

Enhancing membrane distillation efficiency in treating high salinity organic wastewater: A pressure-driven membrane electrochemical reactor approach

Fouling of membranes continues to be a prominent challenge in the membrane distillation (MD) treatment of high salinity organic wastewater (HSOW). Although membrane electrochemical reactor (MER) can effectively inhibit the membrane fouling of MD, the high cost of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) used in MER limits its widespread application. In this study, cost-effective pressure-driven membranes were employed as a substitute for PEM to establish pressure-driven membrane electrochemical reactors for HSOW pre-treatment. By using ultrafiltration membrane (UFM) and reverse osmosis membrane (ROM), UFMER and ROMER were developed, respectively. Due to the superior electrochemical performance of UFM, UFMER saved 43 % of energy compared to PEMER with the highest removal rate of organics (~85 %) in the simulated HSOW treatment. In practical applications, using UFMER significantly reduced the amount and size of complexes in the real nanofiltration concentrate (NC) of landfill leachate. This contributed to the superior specific flux maintenance (97 %) with a salt rejection (>99 %) and the highest recovered specific water flux (99.6 %) in MD cases. UFMER reduced ~27 % of energy compared to PEMER in MER pre-treatment, and saved the most energy (~39.6 %) in MD post-treatment. Hence, this strategy is potential for forthcoming applications, notably in lowering the membrane cost of MER and energy consumption of both MER and MD.

Nutrient removal and emission of nitrous oxide and methane by a sequencing batch reactor treating wastewater with and without landfill leachate

Wastewater and landfill leachate treatment processes have the potential to generate nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), both significant greenhouse gases (GHG). However, little is known about these emissions when a combined treatment approach (wastewater with leachate) is utilized. This study aimed to assess the emissions of these gases and nutrient removal in an anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) employed for treating wastewater with landfill leachate (1% v/v). Leachate contributes significantly to the removal of organic matter and nutrients, primarily phosphorus. The production and emission of N2O occurred during the aerobic phase, whereas CH4 was produced in the anaerobic and anoxic phases. This gas was emitted at the beginning of the aerobic phase and in the end of anoxic phase. The emission factors obtained in this work were 0.0108 and 0.0119 kg N2O-N per kg TNinfluent and 0.000225 and 0.000253 kg CH4-C per kg CODinfluent with and without landfill leachate, respectively. Regarding CO2-equivalent, the N2O was the major contributor, accounting for 99% of the emitted GHG by the process. Further studies are required; however, the main findings of this study suggest that this system may be appropriate when lower GHG emissions are required.

Occurrence and abundance of microplastics and plasticizers in landfill leachate from open dumpsites in Sri Lanka

This is the first attempt that investigate the abundance of plasticizers in leachate sediment in the scientific literature, alongside the debut effort to explore the abundance of microplastics and plasticizers in landfill leachate and sediment in Sri Lanka. Microplastics in sizes ranging from ≥2.0–5.0, ≥1.0–2.0, and ≥ 0.5–1.0 mm were extracted from the leachate draining from ten municipal solid waste open dump sites and sediment samples covering seven districts. Microplastics were extracted by density separation (Saturated ZnCl2) followed by wet peroxide digestion and the chemical identification was conducted by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Plasticizers were extracted to hexane and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The total mean microplastic abundance in leachate was 2.06 ± 0.62 mg/L whereas it was 363 ± 111 mg/kg for leachate sediments. The most frequently found polymer type was polyethylene (>50%), and white color was dominant. The average concentration of bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenone (BP) and diethyl-hydrogen phthalate (DHEP) in leachate was 158 ± 84.4, 0.75 ± 0.16 and 170 ± 85.8 μg/L respectively. Furthermore, BP and DHEP in leachate sediment was 100 ± 68.3 and 1034 ± 455 μg/kg respectively. As landfill leachate is directly discharged into nearby surface and groundwater bodies that serve as sources of drinking water, the study highlights the potential concerns of microplastic and plasticizer exposure to the surrounding Sri Lankan community through consumption of contaminated drinking water. Therefore, there is a timely need of develop the effective waste management and pollution control measures to minimize the possible threats to both the environment and human health.