Connective Tissue Layer Research Articles

Viscoelastic Properties of Hyaluronan in Physiological Conditions.

Hyaluronan (HA) is a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is particularly abundant in soft connective tissues. Solutions of HA can be highly viscous with non-Newtonian flow properties. These properties affect the movement of HA-containing fluid layers within and underlying the deep fascia. Changes in the concentration, molecular weight, or even covalent modification of HA in inflammatory conditions, as well as changes in binding interactions with other macromolecules, can have dramatic effects on the sliding movement of fascia. The high molecular weight and the semi-flexible chain of HA are key factors leading to the high viscosity of dilute solutions, and real HA solutions show additional nonideality and greatly increased viscosity due to mutual macromolecular crowding. The shear rate dependence of the viscosity, and the viscoelasticity of HA solutions, depend on the relaxation time of the molecule, which in turn depends on the HA concentration and molecular weight. Temperature can also have an effect on these properties. High viscosity can additionally affect the lubricating function of HA solutions. Immobility can increase the concentration of HA, increase the viscosity, and reduce lubrication and gliding of the layers of connective tissue and muscle. Over time, these changes can alter both muscle structure and function. Inflammation can further increase the viscosity of HA-containing fluids if the HA is modified via covalent attachment of heavy chains derived from Inter-α-Inhibitor. Hyaluronidase hydrolyzes HA, thus reducing its molecular weight, lowering the viscosity of the extracellular matrix fluid and making outflow easier. It can also disrupt any aggregates or gel-like structures that result from HA being modified. Hyaluronidase is used medically primarily as a dispersion agent, but may also be useful in conditions where altered viscosity of the fascia is desired, such as in the treatment of muscle stiffness.

Testicular myxosporidiasis and ultrastructural characteristics of Myxobolus bufonis (Myxobolidae) infecting the Egyptian toad Bufo regularis (Bufonidae). A light and electron microscopic study.

The phylum Myxozoa comprises more than 2180 species, almost all of which are considered to be obligate parasites of aquatic fishes and amphibians. They are dangerous pathogens responsible for severe economic losses. From March to September 2014, 40 adult male Bufo regularis (Bufonidae) captured from different areas at Giza province, Egypt, were surveyed for myxosporean parasitic infection. Of these, 22 (55%) were infected by histozoic plasmodia, which produced spores after rupture belonging to Myxosporidia. The present investigation introduced a new data for the recorded parasite observed by light and transmission electron microscopy. The infection was diagnosed as large clusters of macroscopic plasmodia embedded in the testicular tissue causing distortion at the site of infection. The host reaction was manifested by the encapsulation of the plasmodia with a thick layer of connective tissue. Plasmodia were whitish in color, elliptical to ovoid in shape measuring 0.54 ± 0.2 (0.34-0.63) mm in diameter. The spores were subspherical, reaching 7.1 ± 0.2 (6.2-8.4) μm in length and 6.3 ± 0.2 (5.8-7.0) μm in width with two equal-sized polar capsules regularly arranged at the anterior pole of each spore. They were 3.4 ± 0.2 (3.0-4.2) μm in length and 1.9 ± 0.2 (1.6-2.4) in width with 6-8 turns of polar filaments. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the plasmodia were surrounded by a plasma membrane with numerous projections and pinocytotic channels extended toward the host cell. The generative cells and the different developmental stages were arranged at the periphery of the plasmodia while immature and mature spores were centrally arranged. Sporogenesis, capsulogenesis, valvogenesis, and spore maturation of the present parasite were also described.

A histopathological analysis of the epidemiology of coronary atherosclerosis: an autopsy study.

BackgroundAtherosclerosis accounts for a large proportion of cardiovascular system associated morbidity and mortality. We studied the possible association between the histopathological changes of the coronary atherosclerotic lesions and the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) using autopsy cases.MethodsWe performed an autopsy analysis (n = 13, 4 women, 9 men mean age 67.5 years; age range 56–93 years) of SCD which occurred in patients aged over 50 years during March 2010 to December 2013. The following variables were considered: sex, age, medical history, autopsy findings to macroscopic and histological evaluation of the heart. The autopsies were performed according to standard techniques. In all subjects, the heart was dissected following standard autopsy protocol and a 5 cm section of the right coronary artery (RCA) in the atrio-ventricular groove from its origin, a 5 cm segment of the left anterior descending artery (LADA) distal to the origin of the circumflex artery, but including the region of origin of the circumflex branch and left coronary artery (LCA) from its origin till the circumflex branch were excised, dissected out, fixed in 10 % formalin, marked for identification and sent for histopathological analysis.ResultsAtherosclerotic plaques were identified in 6.5 % of specimens, 69.34 % of males and 30.66 % of female. Such plaques were typically concentric and more represented with necrosis, calcification, cholesterol crystals, and giant cells, as well as had a higher inflammatory cell count. Furthermore, intima and media thickness of coronary arteries were significantly higher in studied specimens with visualize the connective tissue layers of the adventitia and the fatty acid containing adipose cells in the periadventitial tissue. Furthermore, the degree of microscopic lesion of atherosclerosis increased proportionally with the increase in the intensity of lipid deposition and with the percentage of collagen in the atherosclerotic plaques.ConclusionIn this study, age estimate to be a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis in individuals more than 50 years old and may be used to predict SCD. Altogether, an enhanced understanding of the pathobiologic processes responsible for atherosclerotic changes might allow for early identification of a high-risk coronary plaque and thereby provide a rationale for innovative diagnostic and/or therapeutic strategies for the management of coronary patients and prevention of acute coronary syndromes.

Microvascular vessel preparation: What are we really removing during adventitial stripping?

Although adventitial stripping has been routinely recommended and practiced during vessel preparation for microsurgical anastomoses, detailed descriptions vary regarding the adequate extent of such maneuver. We aimed to histologically clarify which components of the vessel are removed during adventitial stripping, using arterial samples harvested during microsurgical breast reconstruction. Thirteen deep inferior epigastric arteries, nine internal mammary arteries, and four thoracodorsal arteries were evaluated in each step of vessel preparation, which were (1) grossly as a vascular bundle, (2) before vessel preparation, and (3) after vessel preparation under the operative microscope. Histologic components of each sample were evaluated under light microscopy. The combined thickness of the intima and the media and the thickness of the adventitia were measured and compared. Two distinctive layers of connective tissue were observed outside the media before vessel preparation. Outer loose areolar tissue with coarse fibers was mostly removed during vessel preparation. However, the inner adventitial layer with dense, fine collagen fibers consistently remained after vessel preparation and ostensible adventitial stripping. The average thickness of this layer was comparable with that of the media. Although there was no definitive demarcation between the two differential connective tissue layers, a vasa vasorum layer was distinctly seen between the two layers. The tissue removed during standard microsurgical vessel preparation or vessel stripping is not the entire layer of the adventitia, and the inner adherent layer of adventitia with fine collagen fibers should be preserved and included in the microsuture with the intima and media during anastomosis.

Validation of color Doppler sonography for evaluating relative displacement between the flexor tendon and subsynovial connective tissue.

A common pathologic finding in carpal tunnel syndrome is fibrosis and thickening of the subsynovial connective tissue. This finding suggests an etiology of excessive shear forces, with relative longitudinal displacement between the flexor tendon and adjacent subsynovial connective tissue. The purpose of this study was to validate color Doppler sonography for measurement of tendon displacement over time. Eight unmatched fresh frozen cadaver arms were used to evaluate color Doppler sonography for measurement of tendon displacement. The middle flexor digitorum superficialis tendon was moved through a physiologic excursion of 20 mm at 3 different tendon velocities (50, 100, and 150 mm/s). We found that color Doppler sonography provided accurate measurement of tendon displacement, with absolute errors of -0.05 mm (50 mm/s), -1.24 mm (100 mm/s), and -2.36 mm (150 mm/s) on average throughout the tendon excursion range. Evaluating relative displacement between the tendon and subsynovial connective tissue during finger flexion-extension movements also offered insight into the gliding mechanism of the subsynovial connective tissue. During flexion, we observed a curvilinear increase in relative displacement, with greater differential motion at the end range of displacement, likely due to the sequential stretch of the fibrils between successive layers of the subsynovial connective tissue. In extension, there was a linear return in relative displacement, suggesting a different unloading mechanism characterized by uniform relaxation of fibrils. We demonstrated the validity of color Doppler displacement for use in the evaluation of relative motion. Color Doppler sonography is useful in our understanding of the behavior of the subsynovial connective tissue during tendon excursion, which may elucidate the role of finger motion in the etiology of shear injury.

The Effectiveness of a Customized Titanium Mesh for Ridge Preservation with Immediate Implantation in Dogs.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a newly designed titanium mesh (TM) for preserving the buccal bone around an immediately placed implant following tooth extraction in dogs. Immediate implant placements were performed bilaterally in the mesial socket of the fourth premolar in five dogs. In one site, the TM was affixed to the fixture using its own stabilization components (TM group), and the contralateral site was left untreated (control group). All surgical sites were intended to be submerged with primary flap closure. Histologic and histomorphometric analyses were performed 16 weeks postoperatively. All implants were histologically osseointegrated, and buccal bone resorption was evident in both groups with the high rate of TM exposure (4/5). The most coronal level of bone-implant contact and the bone crest were not statistically different between the TM and the control group. A dense connective tissue layer consistently predominated under the TM, where mineralized tissue was not observed, and the vascularity and cellularity were minimal. It can be conjectured that preservation of buccal plate by using the TM in immediate implantation was not predictable due to vulnerability to wound dehiscence and substantial pseudoperiosteum formation beneath the TM.

Early detection of nerve injury in transthyretin-related familial amyloid polyneuropathy.

This scientific commentary refers to ‘ In vivo detection of nerve injury in familial amyloid polyneuropathy by magnetic resonance neurography’ by Kollmer et al. (10.1093/brain/awu344). Transthyretin-related familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP) is a severe adult-onset autosomal dominant peripheral neuropathy with a median survival of less than 10 years from symptom onset (Plante-Bordeneuve et al. , 1998). Mutations in the TTR gene facilitate the dissociation of the stable tetrameric TTR protein into pro-amyloidogenic monomers. These misfold, aggregate and are deposited as TTR amyloid fibrils within the endoneurium—the layer of connective tissue surrounding the myelin sheath (Fig. 1)—and other tissues. Common clinical features of TTR-FAP include a peripheral neuropathy (most commonly presenting as a small fibre length-dependent neuropathy), an autonomic neuropathy and a cardiomyopathy. The estimated overall disease prevalence is 1:1 000 000. However, prevalence varies widely and may be as high as 1:1000 in parts of Portugal, Spain and Japan. Diagnosis can be difficult and is often delayed, particularly in non-endemic areas, as a result of the wide spectrum of clinical presentations and incomplete penetrance (Adams et al. , 2014). One of the major ongoing challenges in the disease is to identify early and sensitive biomarkers to allow earlier initiation of therapies and to enable clinical trials in early stage patients, before irreversible axonal neural degeneration has occurred. In this issue of Brain , Kollmer and colleagues address this challenge and show that nerve injury in the lower limbs can be detected, localized and quantified using quantitative MRI in both symptomatic patients and presymptomatic gene carriers (Kollmer et al. , 2014). Figure 1 Morphological appearances of sural nerve biopsy in a patient with amyloid neuropathy. Semi-thin resin preparation ( A ) stained with methylene blue azure–basic fuchsin shows a transverse section of a nerve fascicle in which there is a substantial loss of large and small …

Сравнительная экспериментальная оценка эффективности композиционного и PTFE протезов при пластике грыж пищеводного отверстия диафрагмы

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal synthetic material for prosthetic hiatal hernia.
 Materials and methods. Experimental study was carried out in 24 adult rabbits of different sexes. In the ex-periment prosthetic hernioplasty hiatal hernia was simulated. The animals were divided into two groups: 12 hernioplasty with implantation of a monofilament macroporous lightweight composite prosthesis (50% polypropylene, 50% monocryl) and 12 hernioplasty with implantation of a microporous prosthesis from polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE. Comparative analysis of reparative processes in the implantation of endoprosthesis was carried out in the 7th, 30th, 90th and 180th postoperative day.
 Results. Intra-operative complications in the groups didn’t registered. In the postoperative period after implanta-tion of the composite prosthesis in all periods, the complication wasn’t identified. There are the complications in 3 cases (25%) of the use of PTFE prosthesis in the late postoperative. One patient was found to displacement of the implant on 90th day of the experiment, and 2 observations - cigar-shaped deformation of the prosthesis on the 90th and 180th days of the postoperative period. Feature of the morphological picture in the implantation of the prosthesis PTFE was a large amount of thick convoluted collagen fibers, not germinating implant. The implant is made of composite material, was surrounded by a thin, soft fiber, uniform layer of mature connective tissue with an orderly arrangement of collagen fibers sprouting prosthesis.
 Conclusion. It was established that the most suitable implant for plastic hiatal hernia is a composite prosthesis as firmly fixed to the diaphragm germinating its connective tissue and has no tendency to shift. The implantation of PTFE prosthesis has a more favorable course of the wound process, however, the implant doesn´t invade connective tissue and is encapsulated with the formation of rough scar.

Physiology of the pleural space.

The pleural cavity is created between the 4(th) and 7(th) week of embryologic development. These embryonic components of visceral and parietal pleurae develop different anatomic characteristics with regard to vascular, lymphatic, and nervous supply. There are two layers: a superficial mesothelial cell layer facing the pleural space and an underlying connective tissue layer. The pleura might present inflammatory response and maintenance of the pleural fluid is observed. The latter function is especially important in the mechanical coupling of the lung and chest wall. Fluid is filtered into the pleural space according to the net hydrostatic oncotic pressure gradient. It flows downward along a vertical pressure gradient, presumably determined by hydrostatic pressure and resistance to viscous flow. There also may be a net movement of fluid from the costal pleura to the mediastinal and interlobar regions. In these areas, pleural fluid is resorbed primarily through lymphatic stomata on the parietal pleural surface. In the current review we will present the physiology of the pleural space in a step by step manner.

Muscle spindles exhibit core lesions and extensive degeneration of intrafusal fibers in the Ryr1I4895T/wt mouse model of core myopathy

Muscle spindles from the hind limb muscles of adult Ryr1I4895T/wt (IT/+) mice exhibit severe structural abnormalities. Up to 85% of the spindles are separated from skeletal muscle fascicles by a thick layer of connective tissue. Many intrafusal fibers exhibit degeneration, with Z-line streaming, compaction and collapse of myofibrillar bundles, mitochondrial clumping, nuclear shrinkage and pyknosis. The lesions resemble cores observed in the extrafusal myofibers of this animal model and of core myopathy patients. Spindle abnormalities precede those in extrafusal fibers, indicating that they are a primary pathological feature in this murine Ryr1-related core myopathy. Muscle spindle involvement, if confirmed for human core myopathy patients, would provide an explanation for an array of devastating clinical features characteristic of these diseases and provide novel insights into the pathology of RYR1-related myopathies.

Growing follicle in buffalo ovary: A histomorphometrical study during different seasons of the year

The present study was conducted on 100 ovaries of adult buffaloes collected from slaughter house during different seasons of year viz; winter, spring, summer, rainy and autumn. The whole ovary was processed for paraffin blocks preparation and sectioned with a rotary microtome at a thickness of 10micron. The growing follicles were characterized by an oocyte surrounded by 2 or more layers of granulosa cells enclosed with a basement membrane. Three types of growing follicles were observed. Type I was without any connective tissue layer. Type II was surrounded by connective tissue layer but without any antrum whereas Type III was having connective tissue layer and small pools of antrum. There was no significant difference in follicular diameter during different season. The average number of growing follicles was significantly higher (p < 0.05) during winter and autumn seasons as compared to other seasons.

Sol Bel Bölgesinde Dev Lipom: Olgu Sunumu ve Literatürün Gözden Geçirilmesi

Lipomas are benign soft tissue neoplasms comprised of mature adipocytes encapsulated by a layer of connective fibrous tissue. Our case was 56 years old man who has a slow growing mass on his left loin for ten years. Lately, he suffered from this mass because he complained about wearing pants, sitting a chair and failing daily activities. On physical examination, 25x15 cm soft, mobile mass lining through his left loin was seen. An elliptical incision consisting of expanded skin was made. 21x5 cm expanded skin and 25 cm length, 15 cm width and 6cm depth superficial lipoma was removed by the monopolar electrocautery over the fascia. A hemovac suction drain was placed. Dermis and subdermal tissue have sutured by 3-0 absorbable sutures. Skin was closed by stapler. In our study, we represent a case of giant lipoma in left loin which has a 25x15x6 cm dimensions. We suggest that this lipoma is among the biggest ones in the literature which has been reported.

Moderator Bands (Trabecula septomarginalis) of Mature Buffalo (Bos bubalis L.) with Special Emphasis on the Structure and Distribution of the Purkinje Cardiomyocytes: Histological and Histochemical

Ten hearts of mature healthy Buffalo (Bos bubalis L.) were employed to investigate the histological and histochemical structures of the moderator bands. Hearts were gently dissected and the moderator bands were collected. The specimens were processed histologically and subjected to different stains. Grossly, the moderator band (Septomarginal trabeculae) was a single muscular band that was found only in the right ventricle of the buffalo heart. It extended from the interventricular septum to the free ventricular wall especially at the base of the papillary muscle, crossing and passing through the ventricular cavity. Histologically, the moderator band was invested in a dense capsule of connective tissue, endocardium that is mainly consisting of three layers; the endothelial layer of simple squamous epithelium, subendothelial layer of loose connective tissue and the subendocardial layer that connects the endocardium with myocardium. Internally, about 4/5 of the core, myocardium is of the cardiac muscle fibers that arranged in bundles of one direction while only about 1/5 is lodged by purkinje cardiomyocytes that were arranged in bundles distributing mainly in two areas within the moderator band; the subendocardial layer beneath the subendothelial connective tissue and myocardium in between the cardiac myocytes bundles. Centrally, a medium-sized artery of thick wall and a very distinct internal elastic lamina was observed running at the center of the band myocardium and is surrounded with the cardiac myocytes bundles.

Finite Element Analysis of Cricket Ball Impact on Polycarbonate-EVA Sandwich

In cricket, balls are delivered at speeds ranging from 25 to 45 m/s. The force generated upon impact at such high speeds can be detrimental to batsmen's safety. There are several existing equipment that protect batsmen from injury and it is vital to evaluate their effectiveness for use in this sport. Finite Element Methods have come to be an exceptionally reliable tool in the design process of such protective gear as they provide deep insight into the impact phenomenon. With rigorous experimental testing, mathematical models for both the impacting projectile and the protective equipment can be developed and used to simulate the impact scenario under varied circumstances. This paper investigates the strength of a Polycarbonate-foam sandwich against impact by a cricket ball using Finite Element Analysis. The foam sandwiched is Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate, which possesses good impact absorbing characteristics and generally finds application in mouth-guards for sports and recreational activities. The Polycarbonate plate provides tear resistance. The cricket ball was modelled as a viscoelastic material, validated with experimental data available in literature. Additionally, the skin, connective adipose tissue and muscle layers of the human body are also modelled. Simulations with multiple velocities of impact, multiple angles of impact and multiple layer thicknesses of protective system were carried out. Impact force transmitted to the skin and the specific energy absorption of the foam sandwich was determined. The consecutive layers of the protective equipment and the human tissues were modelled together as square plates. The best combination of material thicknesses of the protective material was determined based on the least contact force transmitted to the human skin upon impact.

Embryonic Diffrentiation of the Colon of One Humped Camel (Camelus Dromedarius): A Histomorphology

A study involving histomorphological differentiation was conducted on the colon of 35 foetuses (both sex) of the one-humped camel collected from the Sokoto metropolitan abattoir, over a period of five months at different gestational ages. The approximate age of the fetuses was estimated and categorized into first, second and third trimester. Grossly, the color of the large intestine was whitish at first trimester and grayish to white in second and third trimester. The colon was divided into three main portions namely the ascending colon, the coiled and the descending part which formed the long part of the colon in second and third trimesters. At first trimester the coiled part was not differentiated but divided into two parts such as the centripetal and centrifugal part at second and third trimester. Histological observation of the tissues in this study revealed a complete structure of the tubular organ. The colon was found to consist of four layers namely: Tunica mucosa, Tunica sub mucosa, Tunica muscularis and Tunica serosa. The epithelium of the Tunica mucosa was stratified squamous epithelium with varying degree of stratification at first trimester and transformed to low columnar /cuboidal epithelium at second trimester. At third trimester, the epithelium was simple columnar epithelium. The lamina propria mucosa was found absent at first trimester but prominent at second and third trimester. The Lamina muscularis mucosa was found prominent at third trimester but not identified at first and second trimester. At first trimester of age tunica submucosa was prominent while at second trimester, it consisted of connective tissue cells and fibres scattered all over the layers with preliminary blood vessels. The cells and fibres were undifferentiated at this stage. There was no evidence of lymphatic nodular cells within the layer. At third trimester of age, the connective tissues and blood vessels were found prominent and the lymphatic nodular cells were found throughout the length of the colon. The tunica muscularis of camel colon consist of inner skeletal and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers. At first trimester this layer did not differentiate into these two zones but only longitudinal orientation of smooth muscle layer. At second trimester, the layers of two zones with clear demarcation were observed. A thin layer of connective tissue comprising of undifferentiated cells lined the colon externally was observed in all the stages of development. Based on the above findings, it showed that development of the camels’ colon was histologically in succession and different from other domestic animals by having an extensive skeletal muscle at the tunica muscularis.

Lipoma Arborescens in Bicipitoradial Bursae: A Rare Anterior Painful Elbow Swelling with Dual Morphology

Lipoma arborescens (LA) is a benign rare synovial neoplasm characterized by hyperplastic proliferation of fatty tissue that replaces the subsynovial connective tissue layer. Lipoma arborescens usually grows inside the joints, but it is also rarely found inside a bursae. This is a case of LA inside bicipitoradial bursae of a 50 years lady. Although six cases of LA in bicipitoradial bursae had been previously described in literature, this case is unique as features of two different types of morphology documented in the same lipoma. Here, in this write-up we describe common clinical features and sonographic findings LA in a middle-aged Bangladeshi woman.

Ultrastructural Assessment of Granulomas in the Liver of Perch (Perca fluviatilis) Infected by Tapeworm

Granulomas caused by migration of larvae of a helminth parasite, Triaenophorus nodulosus, within the liver of perch (Perca fluviatilis) from Rimov Dam Lake (Czech Republic) were assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Lesions were found in the liver of 29 out of 34 perch examined (85.2%) and there were between 1 and 15 T. nodulosus larvae identified per host. Pathological changes were more severe in livers containing more granulomas. Within the granulomas, there were three concentric regions: an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue, a middle clear epithelioid layer and a central dark spindle cell layer. The outer layer contained mast cells, fibroblasts, thick collagen bundles and epithelioid cells. The granulomas contained few lymphocytes and macrophages. Hepatocytes adjacent to the granulomas showed pronounced degeneration (ranging from vacuolar degeneration to acute cellular swelling).

Desquamative Diseases of Gingiva

The gingiva consists of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer. The oral epithelium is a keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium. The epithelium can be divided into the following cell layer: basal layer, prickle cell layer, granular cell layer and keratinized cell layer. The desquamative disease of gingiva means exfoliative diseases of epithelial layer on the gingiva. The chronic desqumative gingivitis is usually related to the dematologic disorders that produce cutaneous and mucous membrane blisters. The cicatricial pemphigoid and lichen planus are representative diseases of the dermatologic cases. Patients may be asymptomatic or symptomatic. When symptomatic, their complaints range from a mild burning sentation to an severe pain. The clinical examination must be considered with a thorough history, and routine histologic and immunofluorescence studies. A systemic approach needs to achieve accurate diagnosis and treatment of the gingival desquamative diseases.

REGENERATIVE PECULIARITIES OF LIVER TISSUE AFTER HEMOSTASIS BY NONEQUILIBRIUM PLASMA ON 90TH AND 180TH DAY (EXPERIMENTAL STUDY)

Liver damages occur to 17.8% of blunt abdominal trauma cases. Postoperative mortality in liver damage is a high. It amounts to 4–10% in case of stab wounds, to 30.4–35,2% in case of closed injury, to 39.3% in case of concomitant injury. Complete hemostasis without damage to organ parenchyma is needed for liver surgical operation. The aim of research is to evaluate the regenerative characteristics of liver tissue after hemostasis by nonequilibrium plasma in a long-term period. Material and methods. Research was performed on 20 laboratory rats, 3 experimental groups. 10 intact animals and 5 animals in groups on 90th and 180th day. Surgery is resection of liver left lobe and coagulation with cold plasma coagulator. The biochemical control (glucose, ALT, AST, total bilirubin, direct, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, urea, α-amylase, CRP, fibrinogen, aPTT, PTT, INR), morphological study of rat liver were performed. Results. After surgery with cold plasma hemostasis animals are active, early begin to eat. Fatal cases are not. Analysis of biochemical markers doesn't reveal statistically significant differences from the norm for the majority of indicators. Decrease of glucose concentration in the blood serum is observed in a long-term period. Histological analysis reveals an increase of the central and interlobular veins and moderate signs of edema on the 90th day. Hepatocytes with pronounced signs of protein and fatty degeneration are identified. Liver histology corresponds to the usual structure and is represented by liver lobules, separated by a small layer of connective tissue on the 180th day. Conclusion. Cold plasma coagulation in liver surgery showed effective hemostasis, minimal trauma of organ parenchyma, the lack of systemic effect and the subsequent complete regeneration of liver tissue in the treatment area.

Application of Cellular Technologies to the Experimental Treatment of Destructive Inflammatory Arthropathies.

IntroductionThe treatment of destructive inflammatory joint diseases (arthropathies) is one of the issues of current interest in modern medicine. In destructive inflammatory diseases, the regenerative ability of cartilaginous tissue proves to be inadequate for neogenesis of joints. The goal of this study is to determine the efficacy of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell fraction (MNC) and multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSC) in the treatment of destructive inflammatory joint diseases.Materials and methodsThe study subjects consisted of 15 male rabbits weighing 3–4 kg with experimental destructive inflammatory knee joint disease. The test animals were divided into 3 groups: reference group without treatment, first test group – introduction of autologous MNC from rabbit bone marrow into the affected joint, and second test group – introduction of cultured MMSC from rabbit bone marrow into the joint.ResultsA morphological examination of the synovial membranes in the reference group on the 40th day of the experiment revealed chronic synovitis with destruction of synoviocytes, thickening and inflammatory infiltration of the underlying connective tissue (subintima). During examination of synovial membranes in the first test group the patches of thickened regenerating inner layer (intima) made up by large proliferating synoviocytes were observed. The layer of loose connective tissue (subintima) contained a large number of small blood vessels and was only slightly infiltrated by inflammatory cells. The morphological examination of synovial membranes in the second test group discovered thickened regenerating intimal layer sitting on hypertrophied subintima with dense vascular network. Elastic collagenous layers of synovial membrane adjoined proliferating elements in cartilage plates.ConclusionBoth autologous MNC fraction and MMSC from bone marrow proved effectiveness in the treatment of destructive inflammatory joint diseases which stimulate neoangiogenesis. At the same time, it must be noted that the introduction of MMSC diminished destructive changes and accelerated proliferative process.