Law Behavior Research Articles

Reduced left ventricular dynamics modeling based on a cylindrical assumption.

Biomechanical modeling and simulation is expected to play a significant role in the development of the next generation tools in many fields of medicine. However, full-order finite element models of complex organs such as the heart can be computationally very expensive, thus limiting their practical usability. Therefore, reduced models are much valuable to be used, for example, for pre-calibration of full-order models, fast predictions, real-time applications, and so forth. In this work, focused on the left ventricle, we develop a reduced model by defining reduced geometry & kinematics while keeping general motion and behavior laws, allowing to derive a reduced model where all variables & parameters have a strong physical meaning. More specifically, we propose a reduced ventricular model based on cylindrical geometry & kinematics, which allows to describe the myofiber orientation through the ventricular wall and to represent contraction patterns such as ventricular twist, two important features of ventricular mechanics. Our model is based on the original cylindrical model of Guccione, McCulloch, & Waldman (1991); Guccione, Waldman, & McCulloch (1993), albeit with multiple differences: we propose a fully dynamical formulation, integrated into an open-loop lumped circulation model, and based on a material behavior that incorporates a fine description of contraction mechanisms; moreover, the issue of the cylinder closure has been completely reformulated; our numerical approach is novel aswell, with consistent spatial (finite element) and time discretizations. Finally, we analyze the sensitivity of the model response to various numerical and physical parameters, and study its physiological response.

Framework design and application perspectives of digital twin microgrid

In order to realize the energy supply-side reform and promote the “double carbon” goal, the power supply structure of China is being optimized and the proportion of renewable energy sources (RES) is gradually increasing, resulting in the traditional mechanism model analysis methods can hardly satisfy the requirements of monitoring and operation optimization of new power systems. Digital twin technology utilizes sensors, big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies to establish the mirroring from physical space to virtual space, and it is an effective way to analyze the evolution law of dynamic behavior of key equipment and power systems, and propose optimal control strategies. Based on the technical connotation of digital twin, this paper proposes a framework for the construction of digital twin microgrids with high percentage of RES. A real-time digital simulator (RTDS) is used to build a grid-level digital twin microgrid to digitally reproduce the equipment, environment and other key aspects of the physical grid. A digital twin framework for power equipment is proposed to provide a systematic structural support for the digital management of microgrid power equipment. Finally, the advanced application module of digital twin microgrid is prospected to provide lessons and references for the construction of digital twin microgrid.

Structural-disorder-driven critical quantum fluctuation and localization in two-dimensional semiconductors

Quantum fluctuations of wavefunctions in disorder-driven quantum phase transitions (QPT) exhibit criticality, as evidenced by their multifractality and power law behavior. However, understanding the metal-insulator transition (MIT) as a continuous QPT in a disordered system has been challenging due to fundamental issues such as the lack of an apparent order parameter and its dynamical nature. Here, we elucidate the universal mechanism underlying the structural-disorder-driven MIT in 2D semiconductors through autocorrelation and multifractality of quantum fluctuations. The structural disorder causes curvature-induced band gap fluctuations, leading to charge localization and formation of band tails near band edges. As doping level increases, the localization-delocalization transition occurs when states above a critical energy become uniform due to unusual band bending by localized charge. Furthermore, curvature induces local variations in spin-orbit interactions, resulting in non-uniform ferromagnetic domains. Our findings demonstrate that the structural disorder in 2D materials is essential to understanding the intricate phenomena associated with localization-delocalization transition, charge percolation, and spin glass with both topological and magnetic disorders.

Investigation on electrical transport and dielectric relaxation mechanism in TbCrO3 perovskite orthochromite

Herein, the TbCrO3 (TCO) chromite was synthesized by the sol-gel auto-combustion route and sintered at 900 °C. The Rietveld analysis of the room temperature powder X-ray diffraction profile confirmed the single-phase formation of the material crystallized in the orthorhombic phase of the perovskite structure with Pbnm space group symmetry. The surface morphology, the elemental composition, and the chemical states of the compound were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The electronic density of states, band structure, and electron density were analyzed by Density Functional Theory. The electrical transport and dielectric relaxation mechanism were investigated using complex impedance spectroscopy over the experimental frequency and temperature ranging from 40-1.2x106Hz and 138−273 K, respectively. Two semicircular arcs in the impedance complex plane plots were modeled to an equivalent circuit configured by RG∥QG+RGB∥QGB which were attributed to the contributions of the highly resistive grain boundaries and relatively conducting grains in the material. The electrical conductivity as a function of frequency followed Jonscher’s universal power law behavior and an increasing nature of the temperature-dependent frequency exponent suggested small polaron hopping as the electrical conduction mechanism of the material. The least capacitive response of the TCO system was investigated by the complex electrical modulus formalism and the frequency-dependent imaginary modulus spectra were modeled by the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts function, which resolved the thermally activated peaks of bulk and interface effects to the dielectric relaxation mechanism. The dielectric constant exhibited Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarization effects and the dielectric loss factor showed frequency dispersion at all temperatures.

Mitigation of Long-Term Risks and the Role of Insurance: A Behavioural Law and Economics Perspective

AbstractIn a world of rising long-term risks and their ensuing syndromes, the mitigation and financing of long-term risks are therefore arguably some of the most critical issues facing society. However, long-term thinking involving future generations draws limited attention in current political and social systems. Private insurance has received increased attention due to its expert role in risk management and its risk transfer mechanisms, and it has played an important role in dealing with some types of long-term risk, such as floods and earthquakes. Increasingly, insurance also contributes to disaster mitigation through regulating the conduct of policyholders by creating incentives for policyholders to counter short-termism and invest in reduction measures regarding long-term risks. In addition, it has been shown that supply-side problems and behavioural anomalies make it difficult to insure against long-term risks. Innovative long-term insurance solutions and a combination of public and private partnerships are proposed to overcome these restrictions.

Constraints on Knot Insertion, Not Internal Jamming, Control Polycatenane Translocation Dynamics through Crystalline Pores.

The translocation of polymers through pores and channels is an archetypal process in biology and is widely studied and exploited for applications in bio- and nanotechnology. In recent times, the translocation of polymers of various different topologies has been studied both experimentally and by computer simulation. However, in some cases, a clear understanding of the precise mechanisms that drive their translocation dynamics can be challenging to derive. Experimental methods are able to provide statistical details of polymer translocation, but computer simulations are uniquely placed to uncover a finer level of mechanistic understanding. In this work, we use high-throughput molecular simulations to reveal the importance that knot insertion rates play in controlling translocation dynamics in the small pore limit, where unexpected nonpower law behavior emerges. This work both provides new predictive understanding of polycatenane translocation and shows the importance of carefully considering the role of the definition of translocation itself.

Characterizing Temporal Heterogeneity by Quantifying Nanoscale Fluctuations in Amorphous Fe‐Ge Magnetic Films

AbstractEquilibrium phase transitions are influenced by fluctuations and often discussed within the framework of the Gibbs free energy, wherein the exchange of energy between system and thermal bath is stationary and all regions of the sample exhibit the same phase. Presence of spatial heterogeneity in the magnetic structures such as pinning centers, domain walls, topological defects, etc. may cause temporal heterogeneity that modifies the nature of the magnetic phase transition. This study reports that interplay of nanoscale thermodynamics with spatio‐temporal heterogeneity gives rise to complex phase transition pathways in amorphous FexGe1‐x thin films with temperature and Fe‐concentration (x). Coherent resonant soft X‐ray scattering experiments that have simultaneous spatial, temporal, and spectral sensitivity show that the origin of helical to paramagnetic phase transition in amorphous Fe‐Ge thin films lies in the appearance of enhanced‐fluctuation spots deep inside the ordered state. The fluctuations are heterogeneous, starting over a small fraction of the domains that increases and becomes isotropic over the entire film as the temperature increases or the Fe‐concentration decreases. The fluctuating‐fraction, when normalized to magnetization for different Fe‐concentrations, follows a single power law behavior, suggesting that the nature of the transition can be described in terms of the underlying spatio‐temporal fluctuations.

An Introduction to the Psychology of International Law

Cognitive studies and behavioural economics have been successful in domestic legal concerns and are increasingly utilized in public policy and regulation, their implication in public international law scholarship has not been systematically explored. We hope to fill two voids in the literature with this research: (1) the lack of behavioural insights in international law and economics; (2) the absence of international dimensions in behavioural law and economics; and (3) the avoidance of the importance of international norms by international political psychology. This piece provides a broad overview of the many psychological perspectives used throughout the research contributions and the challenges anticipated by those pursuing this line of inquiry. Despite these caveats, behavioural studies have yielded numerous insights that could greatly advance our comprehension of international law.

The Legal Pattern in the Rational Picture of Law

The modern rational picture of law needs to expand the conceptual, categorical and cognitive tools. To this end, the article introduces such categories as “regulatory cycle”, “regulatory crisis”, “legal pattern”, “rational picture of law” into legal circulation and legal discourse. With their help, it is proposed to monitor changes in public attitudes to emerging threats and risks, the prevention of which requires legal regulation. As the conducted research has shown, this toolkit should be based on the category of “legal pattern”, which allows to explore intuitive legal understanding, the structure of a legal norm, an unformalized sample of lawful behavior, as well as phase transitions from intuitive legal understanding to a legal norm representing the form-content of positive law, from a legal norm to an unformalized sample of lawful behavior, from such a sample to the legal code. The presented tools make it possible to avoid the current instability, social and legal crisis phenomena arising in connection with the overlapping of rational and real components of the picture of law, as well as many “regulatory cycles” leading to “regulatory crises”.

Interpolation and Extrapolation Performance Measurement of Analytical and ANN-Based Flow Laws for Hot Deformation Behavior of Medium Carbon Steel

In the present work, a critical analysis of the most-commonly used analytical models and recently introduced ANN-based models was performed to evaluate their predictive accuracy within and outside the experimental interval used to generate them. The high-temperature deformation behavior of a medium carbon steel was studied over a wide range of strains, strain rates, and temperatures using hot compression tests on a Gleeble-3800. The experimental flow curves were modeled using the Johnson–Cook, Modified-Zerilli–Armstrong, Hansel–Spittel, Arrhenius, and PTM models, as well as an ANN model. The mean absolute relative error and root-mean-squared error values were used to quantify the predictive accuracy of the models analyzed. The results indicated that the Johnson–Cook and Modified-Zerilli–Armstrong models had a significant error, while the Hansel–Spittel, PTM, and Arrhenius models were able to predict the behavior of this alloy. The ANN model showed excellent agreement between the predicted and experimental flow curves, with an error of less than 0.62%. To validate the performance, the ability to interpolate and extrapolate the experimental data was also tested. The Hansel–Spittel, PTM, and Arrhenius models showed good interpolation and extrapolation capabilities. However, the ANN model was the most-powerful of all the models.

Good faith as a conceptual basis for the legitimate implementation of civil procedural rights and obligations

The article is devoted to the study of the category of good faith in civil proceedings. The author notes that in the field of jurisprudence, and especially in the field of judicial jurisdiction, concepts and categories that belong to the field of ethics and morality by virtue of their nature began to be applied more and more often. One of these categories is good faith.
 It is justified that the problem of good faith is characteristic of each of the historical eras of the development of known forms of civil process. Even in the light of judicial transformations of the past, effective procedural means of combating dishonest behavior have not been developed. In modern conditions, research on the category of good faith in civil proceedings is being updated. It is not even so much about giving this category the quality of a principle, although it is worth noting that there are certain normative grounds for this.
 Good faith, by its very nature, is a non-legal category, in order to determine its content in this sense, it is necessary to refer to other concepts and categories of ethics and morality. Secondly, the category of good faith is traditionally used by the legislator to describe the limits of lawful behavior and, thus, to determine the limits of the possible implementation of civil procedural rights. Thirdly, giving the category of good faith as a legal obligation should be considered in the context of the elements of the normative and theoretical construction of the abuse of procedural rights and the mechanism of countering them.
 In general, it should be emphasized that the category of good faith plays a key role in determining the criteria by which it is possible to distinguish the legitimate active use of the right from its abuse. For civil procedural law and civil justice, this problem is particularly relevant, because by its legal nature, civil justice is designed to mediate the conflict of the parties, their competition and opposition to each other. Competition and opposition in civil litigation is the norm, not an abuse. Therefore, when researching the chosen topic, the central task is to find an answer to the question of in which cases competition and opposition turn into abuse of rights.

Integrative legal order regarding n the application of financial provisions of law

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence of the integration dimension of the exercise of discretion when applying the financial provisions of law. Methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. The following methods of scientific knowledge have been used during the research: logical-semantic, functional, system-structural, formal-legal, comparative-legal. Results. It has been determined that the integration legal order regarding discretion when applying the financial provisions of law is an interstate integrated system-superstructure of supranational principles, norms and institutions, which are formed through the interaction of national legal orders and have an organizational orientation of the tools for their implementation. Originality. In the context of the integration legal order, the mechanism of exercising discretion when applying the financial provisions of law has been established as functional elements, legal relations and tools that determine and limit the rules of behaviour of law enforcers in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the rule of law, ensuring the lawful behaviour of subjects and the balance of public and private interests when making a choice between alternatives and making a legitimate and optimal decision. A promising direction of the development of such a system is the practical implementation of the concept of logical formalization of the institution of such discretion regarding the typical order (algorithm) of observing the limits of discretion: how and on the basis of which factors discretion is to be exercised, criteria and sequence of analysis; comparison of facts with the rule of law to find coincidences; evaluations according to criteria, interpretation, justification; formation of conclusions; optional indication of similar legal positions; finalizing what decision to make within discretion. Practical significance. The results of the research could be used in law-making and law-enforcement activities to establish the limits of discretion when applying the financial provisions of law.

Monitoring of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions. Part 1

Objective : to assess the state of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian Federation subjects and to develop measures for its systematization and improvement. Methods : the main methods of the conducted research are general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, comparison, extrapolation, and specific-legal methods of cognition of award relations based on them, used in the Russian theory of law and the state. Results : based on the analysis of more than 500 normative legal acts of the Russian Federation subjects, knowledge about the legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions was systematized; specificity of the legal regulation related to the formation and application of the system of the highest official (state) regional awards of the Russian subjects was revealed, namely: the lack of uniformity in the establishment of regional awards, their hierarchy and procedures for awarding them, which indicates the need for systematization of regional award law. Assumingly, the systematizing element of award law in the Russian subjects is the adoption by their legislative bodies of complex (basic) laws on awards, which would consistently set out the issues of the regional awards establishment, their hierarchy, types, procedures for recommending and awarding with them, as well as the powers of regional bodies to implement these laws. The territorial scope of the study is limited to the Russian Federation as of September 30, 2022, before the Donetsk People’s Republic, Luhansk People’s Republic, Zaporozhye and Kherson regions, which established their regional awards, became part of it. The time frames of the monitoring study are limited to the period from 1991 to February 10, 2023. Scientific novelty : for the first time in Russian legal science, a monitoring study of the award law of all subjects of the Russian Federation was conducted, which allows assessing the quality of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions and, if necessary, improving the system of regional awards and other incentives for positive lawful behavior. Practical significance : the results obtained can be used in the law-making activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation subjects in improving regional award legislation, establishing official regional awards and systematizing the legal regulation of award relations. The conclusions of the conducted research enable to eliminate contradictions between the norms of award law and the norms of other regulatory legal acts.

Government Reporting on Significant Developments in Environmental Legislation around the World: The Challenges of Symbolic Legislation

Abstract The UK Environment Act 2021 imposes a duty on the Secretary of State to report on ‘significant’ developments in environmental legislation from around the world. The analysis explores this in the context of legislation which is significant by virtue of its symbolism, rather than (or in addition to) enforceable legal content. ‘Symbolic legislation’ has a long history in the field of the environment, and it remains highly pertinent to today. Whilst acknowledging the constitutional dangers of symbolic legislation, the authors argue that there is something particularly compelling about the use of legislation to achieve something different from, or additional to, the enforcement of enacted rules of behaviour in environmental law. The idea that legislation can or should serve as a vehicle for the expression of values, and/or embody important moral aspirations, has traction in environmental law contexts where there is both normative and epistemic uncertainty and problems are characteristically ‘hot’.

Temperature Dependence of the Electroclinic Effect in the Twist-Bend Nematic Phase

The twist-bend nematic (NTB) phase of bent-shaped molecules has recently attracted much attention due to the spontaneous bend of its director field and the doubly-degenerate chirality of its heliconical structure. Despite intensive experimental and theoretical investigation worldwide, the main structural characteristics (pitch and conical angle) and elastic properties of the phase are still barely understood. This is mainly due to the difficulty in growing large single domains of the NTB phase, which prevents the application of the powerful electro-optical techniques developed for the nematic (N) phase. Moreover, the twist and bend distortions of the optic axis are forbidden by the pseudo-layered structure of the NTB phase, which makes its response to the field smectic-like instead of nematic-like. Therefore, the only macroscopic electric effect that can be observed deep in the NTB phase is the smectic-like “electroclinic” effect (ECENTB). Here, we achieve large monochiral NTB domains which remain uniform over a wide temperature range (20–60 °C) in thin (1.5 µm) planar cells, thus avoiding the so-called stripe- and rope-like textural instabilities. This allowed us to experimentally determine, using electro-optical measurements, the temperature dependence of the ECENTB response in four different NTB materials: namely the dimers CB7CB, CB9CB, CB6OCB, and BNA76. For all compounds, the thermal dependences of conical angle and pitch in the vicinity of the N-NTB transition follow the theoretically predicted power law behaviour. However, the agreement between the measured and predicted power law exponents remains only qualitative, which calls for improvement of the theoretical models.

Effect of Gravity on Particle Clustering and Collisions in Decaying Turbulence

The preferential concentration of sedimenting particles in decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence is investigated using radial distribution functions (RDF). Direct numerical simulations of polydisperse distributions of non-sedimenting and sedimenting particles of radii 10–55 μm are performed. We see a power law behaviour for the RDF in decaying turbulence and the power-law relation derived by Chun et al. (J Fluid Mech 536:219–251, 2005) for the RDF of non-sedimenting particles holds for sedimenting particles as well. Empirical formulas are generated for the power-law coefficients which are shown to be functions of the Stokes number and the Taylor Reynolds number for sedimenting particles. An in-depth analysis of the turbulent kinematic collision kernel for both non-sedimenting and sedimenting collision kernels confirms that gravity enhances the collision kernel for unequal sized particles and decreases for same-sized particles. Models are created for both monodisperse and bidisperse RDFs which are combined with existing models for the conditional radial relative velocities of colliding particles to predict kinematic collision kernels for both non-sedimenting and sedimenting particles. The effect on the collision kernel due to turbulence is also explored and enhancement of factors of up to three is observed with respect to the gravitational collision kernel.

Characterizing the rheology of lamellar gel networks with optical coherence tomography velocimetry

Lamellar gel networks based on mixtures of cetostearyl alcohol and a cationic surfactant, cetyl-trimethylammonium chloride, were studied using a combination of rheometry and optical coherence tomography (OCT) velocimetry. Experiments were conducted in a stress-controlled rheometer with a parallel plate geometry. Each formulation was found to exhibit a yield stress and thixotropy. The shear start-up behavior in response to a constant stress was directly observed using OCT velocimetry. Close to the yield stress, the velocity had a power law behavior with time after an initial period of transience. At larger stresses, the velocity undergoes two successive increases in power law scaling with time. When sheared at low, constant, shear rates 1–5 s−1, the fluids exhibit plug flow with strong wall slip at both rheometer plates. At rates of 10–150 s−1, the fluids separate into a distinctive three shear band morphology while the wall slip reduces. These rheological properties can be explained by a multilamellar vesicle to planar lamellae transition.

Seasonal characterization of tropospheric ozone fluctuation in Mexico City

The air pollution due to tropospheric ozone (O3) is one of the most serious problems of large industrialized cities in the world. The excessive increase in O3 has a negative impact on the population health. Consequently, researchers have focused their efforts establishing measures to characterize the statistical analysis of spatio-temporal data. This work shows a study based on seasonal analysis of spatio-temporal data through second order structure function to and the scale behavior in power law by using the Hurst exponent (H) and analyzing the trend of fluctuations associated with O3 pollution concentration records at four monitoring stations in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC) considering the four season of the year. The records were consulted from the database of the Automatic Atmospheric Monitoring Network (AAMN) in Mexico City from 2010 to 2018. The results show the differences in behavior of ozone according to the seasons of the year in this megacity. The behavior of statistical persistence predominates in spring, with 63.89% of occurrence over the total of the samples analyzed. In winter, the observed regime is antipersistent, with 80.56%. The three regimes: persistence, randomness and antipersistence were observed in summer and autumn, with a similar proportion of occurrence of 33% ± 3%. Given the above, the climatological characteristics of each season could be associated with the regimes of persistent, random and antipersistent behavior of the fluctuation of the concentration of the pollutant O3

Improved fracture predictions using Acoustic Emissions data

The mechanical health of any composite specimen can be monitored by recording the acoustic emissions (AE) from the surface and hence can be used to predict mechanical fracturing of the material. The non-destructive and non-invasive technique of AE is an established method to monitor the mechanical health of a structure. The AE captured from a specimen undergoing mechanical stress appears to display power law like distribution. While empirical data almost never follow power law behaviour completely, which, in turn makes the estimation of its exponent (b-value) to be highly erroneous. Literature shows that attempts have been made by the researchers to filter out the non-power law parts of the dataset, however, issues such as choice of upper and lower bounds, and fixed values of these bounds for different types of datasets remain a challenge for efficient and robust estimation of b-value. In the present work, the author has proposed a novel technique to rectify the inherent shortcomings of b-value and improved b-value (ib-value) estimation methodology. The proposed method, which is computationally light to implement, has been verified on synthetic, experimental datasets and reputed datasets from literature. The results show measurable quantitative improvements in the estimation of b-value parameter compared to previous reported methods in the literature.

Navigating the Intersection of Behavioral Law and Antitrust Regulation in the Agro-Industrial Complex: Challenges and Solutions

Navigating the Intersection of Behavioral Law and Antitrust Regulation in the Agro-Industrial Complex: Challenges and Solutions