Law Of Action Research Articles

Монетарна ентропія в умовах економічної глобалізації

Introduction. Changes occurring in the nature of money in the context of globalization have long been of interest to economists. Instead, the events of recent years have shown that such changes can also be caused by profound transformations that are natural ones and subject to general physical laws. Problem Statement. Establishing the dependence of the further development of money as an economic category on the action of the second law of thermodynamics. The purpose is the analysis of scientific ideas at the junction of economics and physics (ecophysics) and their spread to the monetary sphere ,in particular considering the manifestation of monetary entropy in the process of the international monetary system. Methods. General scientific and special methods are used: analysis, synthesis, description, comparison, theoretical generalization and abstract-logical analyses. Results. This publication introduces the concept of monetary entropy as a state of chaoticization of the essence of money (entropy of money) and the monetary system as a whole. The development of monetary entropy is considered as the result of cyclical development according to the Hegelian model “thesis-antithesis-synthesis”, which allows to avoid complete chaosization of the monetary sphere due to its transition to a new level of the spiral of development. The current state of the development of money as an economic category and the international monetary system as a whole, caused by the impact of the globalization process on them, proves that they are at the stage of another transition from entropy to negentropy, which can lead to the emergence of Global Money. Conclusions. Turning to the issue of predicting the future of money, it should be noted that there is an opinion that soon money will simply become a relic of the past and disappear altogether, leaving the probable technological singularity as one of its consequences, the very liquidation (more precisely, the senselessness of existence ) of money as an economic category. One of the possibilities of the technological singularity is the emergence of a post-scarcity society in which there will be a surplus of resources and the needs of every member of society will be fully satisfied (a variant of capitalist communism, when even an unconditional basic income will appear to be an unacceptable minimum for satisfying needs, because the principle from each according to his abilities to each according to his needs will be implemented. However, the change will not happen overnight, so there will most likely be a transition period during which humanity will still use money and the concept of money will evolve rather than disappear completely.

Актуализация подходов к определению устойчивости и сбалансированности развития экономической системы региона

The article reveals a theoretical approach to the determination of the stability and balance of the development of regional economic systems, considering the specified classification of factors influencing these processes, examines various approaches to the determination of the stability and balance of the economic system development of the region, and discusses the importance of these approaches, each of which contributes to the determination of the stability and balance of the economic system development of the region. The author presents the interpretation of the regional economic system as a mesoeconomical system and an integrity formed by industrial relations between economic agents regarding the production, distribution, and consumption of public goods within the spatial and territorial boundaries of the region. Production relations are dynamic and changeable because of the influence of common factors caused by the action of basic economic laws, which are typical of economic systems of any scale. A group of special factors that have a dominant effect on the dynamics of industrial relations in modern conditions is suggested, i.e., natural-geographical, ethno-confessional, socio-economic, and socio-cultural ones. These factors determine the stability and balance of economic systems’ development in the regions in the national economic division of labor. The results obtained determine the author’s theoretical and methodological approach to determining the stability and balance of the development of economic systems in certain regions of the Russian Federation, such as the Kaliningrad Region, the Republic of Crimea, Sevastopol, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Murmansk Region, the Republics of Kalmykia, Buryatia, Tyva, and Altai, taking into account the specific factors of the prevailing realities and challenges of the future. The results also provide a better understanding of the problem areas and the potential for subsequent planning and development of policies and activities in order to stimulate sustainable and balanced development of the economic system of the region.

The place of legal obligations in the system of social obligations

The emergence and gradual development of human society, as well as the need to regulate relations between individuals within such a society, lead to the emergence of the first elementary rules of behavior. Undoubtedly, such rules arise spontaneously in the process of living together, have an oral form of expression and are supported by early traditions and customs. Gradually, the dynamic development of society causes complications and branching of ties between its members, giving impetus to the appearance of more regulated and established rules of behavior, namely, a system of social norms. The system of social norms is created and developed throughout the history of mankind, adapting to the emergence of new needs and interests of society. That is why this system is characterized by objectivity, as it expresses the laws of the development of society, its specificity, fixing stable and repeated social connections. At the same time, it is worth taking into account the subjective factor in the formation of social norms, since they cannot arise without the participation of public consciousness. The subjective nature of social norms is determined by the possibility of individuals and social groups to realize the needs of society in establishing value guidelines for behavior and to establish them in various rules or prescriptions, having formed a certain level of legal consciousness that would correspond to the level of development of society. So, on the one hand, social norms are created by people and have a conscious-volitional character, and on the other hand, they are determined by the action of objective laws that do not depend on a person. Thus, social norms can be defined as rules of behavior of a general nature existing in society, determined by objective laws, which express the will of a certain part of the population or the entire society and are provided by various means of social influence. At the nascent stage of the system of social norms, most of it consisted of social obligations and sanctions for their non-compliance, which were determined by the system of society at that time. Social duties arise together with the appearance in human society of the germs of morality and a person's awareness of his responsibility to his family and tribe. Accordingly, with the development of humanity and the diversification of social interactions, the institution of duty was modified, acquiring new features and giving impetus to the emergence of moral, religious, and later legal duties. A legal obligation arises and develops in a close relationship with other types of social obligations, in particular - moral, religious, corporate, so we consider it expedient to compare and compare them.

Questions of the effect of the law in the views of the philosophers of ancient Greece and ancient Rome

In the work, the author analyzed the ideas of the philosophers of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, in which the first ideas about law, its operation and effectiveness were formed. It was noted that the historical doctrinal analysis of law is an important method of studying law, which allows studying legal institutions and processes, on the one hand - in the sequence in which they arose, developed and changed each other, and, on the other hand - how they were perceived and understood what place they occupied in the history of legal thought.The current state of scientific understanding of the specified category is a consequence of the long-term formation of a multifaceted worldview perception of the specified phenomenon, which developed historically. Therefore, the answer to the question: how and when the category «action of law» arises, as it was perceived by thinkers and philosophers of the past, is mandatory for research in legal science, since, using the historical-legal method of scientific knowledge in combination with the method of logical analysis, we have the opportunity to follow important changes in the legal doctrine, its certain improvement, to analyze for ourselves the existing legal ideas about the operation of the law and to use them in the practical plane. Based on the analysis of the views of philosophers (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Seneca, Cicero, etc.), the conclusions were drawn that: 1) in the ideas of the thinkers of Ancient Greece and Rome, the effect of law has not yet received its categorical distinction, while at the same time, they present the characteristics of law , which are provided from the point of view of the process and consequences of its spread to the territory of the respective state and to the population living there; 2) the teachings of antiquity about the state and the law were based on idealistic concepts of eternal justice, and the issue of its achievement and provision through the proper operation of the law had a secondary character; 3) significant attention in the views of thinkers was paid to natural law, and the question of the effectiveness of law mainly concerned positive (written) law, as such, which ensures the inviolability of the laws of nature by society and individuals; 4) legal ideas of thinkers laid not only the worldview basis for understanding the operation of law, but also influenced the further development of: a) worldview perception of law as an activity-oriented phenomenon; b) scientific knowledge of law as a functional phenomenon endowed with a set of regularities.

Административная проверка судебных доказательств: пробелы цивилистической процессуальной формы

Work with judicial evidence is limited to a certain form of legal proceedings; the arsenal of judicial means for their verification and research focuses on identifying the content and meaning of the information provided, however, situations often arise when the admissibility of evidence submitted to the court must be rechecked by administrative authorities, but the current legislation does not provide for the use of such a mechanism as a mandatory one, the participants in the case may not have the appropriate competence, and the limited time of the trial does not allow for a long wait for the conclusions that can be made by the administrative authorities. In this regard, it is proposed to introduce an imperative pre-trial procedure for verifying written evidence, supported by mandatory requirements, and the competencies (lawfulness of actions) of the persons who compose and (or) provide them, by administrative bodies with the assignment of appropriate powers to the administrator (apparatus) of the court.

К ВОПРОСУ О СИСТЕМНЫХ СВЯЗЯХ В МЕХАНИЗМЕ ДЕЙСТВИЯ ПРАВА

The property of systematicity extends to the structural elements that make up the law, one of which is the mechanism of action of the law. The latter, as a systemic formation, is characterized by such characteristics as integrity, dynamism, emergence, self-preservation, hierarchy, the presence of direct and reverse connections with the external environment and intra-system connections, which are not sufficiently studied in the theory of law and branch legal sciences. 
 The purpose of the study is to study functional, structural, genetic, genealogical and other intra-system connections and their influence on the systemic properties of the mechanism of law.
 The functional and structural certainty of the mechanism of action of law as a system indicates its integrity and isolation from the external environment. 
 When writing the article, general scientific (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction) and specific scientific research methods were used. The article focuses on the lack of knowledge of intra-system connections in the mechanism of action of law, which determine the functional and structural integrity of the mechanism under consideration and determine the systematic nature of law. 
 The author used the provisions of the general theory of systems that define the relationship between the whole (the mechanism of action of law) and the part (its subsystems)

Прямое действие Конституции Российской Федерации при рассмотрении дел о превышении должностных полномочий

The article highlights problematic issues of applying the principle of direct action of the Constitution of the Russian Federation when courts of general jurisdiction consider criminal cases of abuse of power. The subject of the study includes the principle of direct action of the Basic Law, provides doctrinal sources in which the topic raised in the article was discussed, the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, and provides examples from judicial practice. Scientific provisions aimed at developing comprehensive measures to eliminate shortcomings in law enforcement practice in cases of this category are proposed for discussion.

Observer‐based event‐triggered distributed model predictive control for a class of nonlinear interconnected systems

AbstractIn this paper, an observer‐based event‐triggered distributed model predictive control method is proposed for a class of nonlinear interconnected systems with bounded disturbances, considering unmeasurable states. First of all, the state observer is constructed. It is proved that the observation error is bounded. Second, distributed model predictive controller is designed by using observed value. Meanwhile, the event‐triggered mechanism is set by using the error between the actual output and the predicted output. The setting of event‐triggered mechanism not only ensures the error between the actual output and the predicted output within a certain range, but also reduces the calculation amounts of solving the optimization problem. The states of each subsystem enter the terminal invariant set by distributed model predictive control, and then are stabilized in the invariant set under the action of output feedback control law. In addition, sufficient conditions are given to ensure the feasibility of the algorithm and the stability of the closed‐loop system. Finally, the numerical example is given, and the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Принцип прямого действия Конституции РФ при рассмотрении уголовных дел

The article is devoted to problematic issues of applying the principle of constitutional law related to the direct effect of the Constitution of the Russian Federation when considering criminal cases by courts of general jurisdiction. The subject of the study is the principle of direct action of the Basic Law, doctrinal sources devoted to the topic under discussion, the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, issues of legal consciousness of judges. Scientific provisions on the formation of comprehensive measures aimed at eliminating identified shortcomings in law enforcement practice are presented.

Функциональная характеристика ограничений в современном публичном и частном праве: сравнительный аспект

The article examines the functional characteristics of legal restrictions in modern public and private law. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that in the scientific literature the question of the functional characteristics of legal restrictions is posed extremely broadly, the scope of their application is defined by the framework of the mechanism of action of law. Raising the question about the functional characteristics of legal restrictions in modern public and private law involves finding out how their realization and implementation affect the achievement of goals. It claims that the functional characteristics of restrictions in modern public and private law have both similarities and differences. As the author notes, legal restrictions in the mechanism of public and private law can perform a fairly diverse range of functions. It is argued that in public and private law restrictions perform a number of general (universal) functions. It has been revealed that the presence of general functions of legal restrictions in public and private law is due to the fact that restrictions are universal means of legal regulation aimed at ensuring interests recognized by law. It is justified that due to the features inherent in public and private law, restrictions in them also have specific functions. Analyzing the latter, the author comes to the conclusion that in modern public law restrictions have auxiliary functions, but in private law restrictions do not have such functions. The article examines the features of the manifestation of the functions of legal restrictions identified by the author within the framework of the mechanism of action of modern public and private law.

Nanjing City Image Governance Based on China's Cultural Soft Power

This study focuses on the city image governance based on China's cultural soft power, taking Nanjing, China, as an example, which is crucial for China to find the path of city image governance to enhance its national strength. Methodology: The research method of "logical analysis→mechanism exploration→path optimization" is used to demonstrate the relationship between cultural soft power and urban image governance from multiple perspectives. This method, which combines technology and theory, can fill the gap of the current research method which is too theoretical and lacks targeted research. Results: The relationship between cultural soft power and Nanjing city image governance was determined in the logical analysis. In the mechanism exploration, it is found that the two are consistent with the law of action and reaction. The relationship between the two and the relationship between theory and practice are mutually applicable in the path optimization. Conclusion: First, cultural soft power and urban image governance are correlated. Second, the interaction mechanism between the two is the relationship of action and reaction. Third, it is determined that the innovative mechanism of cultural soft power and urban image governance in Nanjing can be widely applied to practice and has general applicability for other cities in China. Innovation: Propose the type, structure, approach, and effectiveness of urban cultural governance in Nanjing that is compatible with national policies. It is suggested that urban governance constructs an innovative system of multifaceted and collaborative dynamic construction that is adapted to China's local realities, has a clear urban positioning, and aims to build, govern, and share together.

Tinjauan Hukum Mengenai Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Dalam Transaksi Jual Beli Melalui Internet (E-Commerce) Dihubungakan Dengan Buku Iii Kuh Perdata

The development of the technology information has encougaded the existance of many activities performed by society through the sophisticated information technology, in this chase is internet. One of activities in the cyberg discussed in this term is electronic commerce. In the electronic commerce it self, it may create the existance of many breaking law actions. Therefore, it is essential to think the solutionof these problems in the form of law in actions, given to some tort in the electronic commerce in internet. As the consequency, such cases can be solved in law order and there will not be any vacuum of law that finally may cause a greater lost.

Epidemic: Human Relationships Mutate like Virus

Either war or epidemic, human beings react differently. Epidemics apocalypse T.V. shows and movies capture the human reactions and psychological aspects quite well. The fresh experience of covid-19 has a huge impact on the viewership and readership of epidemic narratives. This paper will analyze the effects of the mutating human psyche and its actions in response to some human feelings concerning the Korean Apocalypse T.V. show, All of us are Dead. The making of the virus or dealing with the virus can be understood using Newton’s law of action and reaction. For those who read, an Epidemic is an event, but for those who experience it, it is a process. Experience changes the human understanding of the event, but its impact can mutate the human psyche and even compel human beings to react. In the end, it is a human reaction that causes a major threat to the entire humanity.

Aspirational Laws in Action: A Field Experiment

This article examines aspirational laws in a randomized field experiment. We analyze the impact of an unenforced public smoking ban on individual behavior and attitudes. The findings indicate that aspirational laws, like public smoking bans, can make rights holders sensitive to behavior that violates their rights, irrespective of the material consequences of infringements and their personal views about the law. The results present a mixed position in the debate between rights-based social movement lawyering and critics of hollow rights. On the one hand, aspirational laws can create unforeseen social frictions when rights are declared, but their implementation and enforcement are ineffective. On the other hand, aspirational laws may also have self-fulfilling potential. Due to the adverse experience of rule breaking, rights holders may seek enforcement and compliance even if the law fails to influence public beliefs.

Spectral boundary integral equation method for simulation of 2D and 3D slip ruptures at bi‐material interfaces

AbstractThis paper presents a 3D spectral numerical scheme that can accurately model planarcracks of any shape residing on an interfacial plane between two elastic solids. The cracks propagate dynamically under the action of interfacial loads and interfacial constitutive laws. The scheme is a spectral form of the boundary integral equations (BIE) that relate the displacement discontinuity fields along the interfacial plane to the stress fields at the plane. In the BIE, the displacement discontinuities are expressed as a spatio‐temporal convolution of the traction components at the interface. This is in contrast with most previous studies which use a spatio‐temporal convolution of the displacement discontinuities or of the displacements at the interface. Due to the continuity of tractions across the interface, the present formulation is simpler, resulting in convolution kernels that can be written in closed‐form. Previous studies have relied on numerically obtained convolution kernels. The accuracy of the proposed scheme is validated with the known analytical solution of the 3D Lamb problem. Furthermore, new algorithms are developed for coupling the BIE with a slip‐weakening friction law, both for homogeneous materials as well as for bi‐material interfaces. This results in a widely applicable formulation for studying spontaneous rupture propagation. The algorithms are validated by comparing rupture simulation exercises to benchmark problems from Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC). Finally, the methodology is used to simulate 3D frictional rupture propagation along a bi‐material interface.

Laws beyond spacetime

Quantum gravity’s suggestion that spacetime may be emergent and so only exist contingently would force a radical reconception of extant analyses of laws of nature. Humeanism presupposes a spatiotemporal mosaic of particular matters of fact on which laws supervene; primitivism and dispositionalism conceive of the action of primitive laws or of dispositions as a process of ‘nomic production’ unfolding over time. We show how the Humean supervenience basis of non-modal facts and primitivist or dispositionalist accounts of nomic production can be reconceived, avoiding a reliance on fundamental spacetime. However, it is unclear that naturalistic forms of Humeanism can maintain their commitment to there being no necessary connections among distinct entities. Furthermore, non-temporal conceptions of production render this central concept more elusive than before. In fact, the challenges run so deep that the survival of the investigated analyses into the era of quantum gravity is questionable.

A commentary on “maladaptive lymphangiogenesis” according to Newton’s third law: the law of action and reaction as it applies to joint bleeding

A commentary on “maladaptive lymphangiogenesis” according to Newton’s third law: the law of action and reaction as it applies to joint bleeding

Transition state performance optimization of propfan engine based on DDPG algorithm

As the “heart” of an aircraft, aero-engines work in harsh environments of high temperature and high pressure for a long time. In order to ensure that the engine can operate safely and reliably within the entire flight envelope, a large safety margin needs to be reserved in the design of the control system. This design idea limits the full play of the engine performance, so it is necessary to carry out the research on the performance search control (PSC) of aero-engine. This paper studies the performance optimization control of propfan engine based on deep reinforcement learning algorithm. The Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm, which is more suitable for continuous action space, is used to optimize the acceleration process of the propfan engine. The simulation results show that, compared with the unoptimized adjustment process, the transition state adjustment time of the engine is reduced by 32.5% under the action of the optimal adjustment law obtained by the DDPG algorithm. Therefore, the DDPG algorithm can be applied to the performance optimization of the engine acceleration process, and has a good transition state performance optimization effect.

Fully distributed event-triggered cooperative output regulation for switched multi-agent systems with combined switching mechanism

The cooperative output regulation for switched heterogeneous multi-agent systems under aperiodic triggering and combined switching tactics is studied in this article. Since the global information of Laplacian matrix is not available in design, the fully distributed event-triggered protocol including integral-type term is implemented under directed topology that contain a spanning tree. Based on the relative estimator state between neighbors at triggering instants, the time-varying coupled weight of each agent is used to compensate the global information via designing the adaptive laws. Meanwhile, the integral-type term in event-triggering condition can further enlarge the inter-event times and avoid Zeno behavior. To reduce the switching frequency, the combined switching rules constituted by the dwell time and agent-dependent switching strategies are then established based on time-varying multiple Lyapunov functions. Further, the cooperative output regulation performance for switched multi-agent systems is achieved through the joint action of the combined switching laws and controller. Finally, two examples are used to clearly verify the effectiveness of results.

METODE INTEGRATIF PENETAPAN HUKUM ISLAM: Mengimplementasikan Kajian Normatif dan Empiris

This article examines the integrative method in the study of Islamic law. This integration can be grouped into two: First, it is integrative between all texts related to the problem being discussed or discussed. Second, it is integrative between texts and other sciences related to the problem being discussed. There are two forms, namely the empirical-historical-inductive form and the doctrinal-normative-deductive form. The first form is the process in which the context of a law (Islam) is formed from society (law in actions) and is to be applied and analyzed systematically. While the second form has more to do with the process of choosing, giving meaning, and formulating (Islamic) legal conclusions from sharia texts.