Laws Of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Research Articles

Direction of Spontaneous Processes in Non-Equilibrium Systems with Movable/Permeable Internal Walls.

We consider three different systems in a heat flow: an ideal gas, a van der Waals gas, and a binary mixture of ideal gases. We divide each system internally into two subsystems by a movable wall. We show that the direction of the motion of the wall, after release, under constant boundary conditions, is determined by the same inequality as in equilibrium thermodynamics dU-đQ≤0. The only difference between the equilibrium and non-equilibrium laws is the dependence of the net heat change, đQ, on the state parameters of the system. We show that the same inequality is valid when introducing the gravitational field in the case of both the ideal gas and the van der Waals gas in the heat flow. It remains true when we consider a thick wall permeable to gas particles and derive Archimedes' principle in the heat flow. Finally, we consider the Couette (shear) flow of the ideal gas. In this system, the direction of the motion of the internal wall follows from the inequality dE-đQ-đWs≤0, where dE is the infinitesimal change in total energy (internal plus kinetic) and đWs is the infinitesimal work exchanged with the environment due to the shear force imposed on the flowing gas. Ultimately, we synthesize all these cases within a general framework of the second law of non-equilibrium thermodynamics.

Fundamental Relation for Gas of Interacting Particles in a Heat Flow.

There is a long-standing question of whether it is possible to extend the formalism of equilibrium thermodynamics to the case of nonequilibrium systems in steady-states. We have made such an extension for an ideal gas in a heat flow. Here, we investigated whether such a description exists for the system with interactions: the van der Waals gas in a heat flow. We introduced a steady-state fundamental relation and the parameters of state, each associated with a single way of changing energy. The first law of nonequilibrium thermodynamics follows from these parameters. The internal energy U for the nonequilibrium states has the same form as in equilibrium thermodynamics. For the van der Waals gas, U(S*,V,N,a*,b*) is a function of only five parameters of state (irrespective of the number of parameters characterizing the boundary conditions): the effective entropy S*, volume V, number of particles N, and rescaled van der Waals parameters a*, b*. The state parameters, a*, b*, together with S*, determine the net heat exchange with the environment. The net heat differential does not have an integrating factor. As in equilibrium thermodynamics, the steady-state fundamental equation also leads to the thermodynamic Maxwell relations for measurable steady-state properties.

О проблеме количественной оценки утомления водителей технологических автотранспортных средств

Cargo transportation by the technological vehicles is one of the main links in functioning of the industrial enterprises. At the same time, the operation of vehicles directly depends on the human factor, which contributes to an increase in the road accidents, one of the causes of which is driver fatigue. Numerous works were devoted to the attempts on solving this problem, containing an analysis of the signs of fatigue, which include changes in the time of reactions to light and sound, vehicle control dynamics, eyes functioning, blinking frequency, and others. It is required to find the ways for their quantitative assessment. However, the studies based on the principles of observation and experiment accepted in biology do not allow obtaining the specific result, since these studies are of descriptive character. In connection with it, the analysis of this problem from the standpoint of the laws of physics was carried out. From this point of view, a living organism is a biological system functioning in accordance with the laws of non-equilibrium thermodynamics in the form of a continuous alternation of cycles of the biochemical reactions that ensure the maintenance of its non-equilibrium state and vital activity by consuming and releasing energy. Analysis of the published studies results showed that it is enough to analyze the process of fatigue by changes in the time of reactions to light and sound, for which the required technical means are available. It is necessary to abandon the analysis of other features, the measurement of which is very problematic. The conducted studies of the patterns of changes in the reaction time to light and sound of the driver both in the process of driving a vehicle and during short and long breaks showed that these patterns are identical and obey the law of mass action, which allows to carry out the required calculations of the safe time of driving a vehicle.

The equation of the entropy production in a tribounit

It is proposed to consider the tribounit as a non-equilibrium thermodynamic system in which entropy is produced. The corresponding equation is obtained, whose analysis shows that in order to bring the tribounit to a stationary state, in which the entropy production tends to zero, and there is a minimum of friction force and a wear rate, it is necessary to reduce the coefficient of dynamic viscosity of the lubricating medium, the speed of relative motion of tribo-surfaces, sizes of contaminant particles, etc. As a result of laboratory studies, it has been established, in particular, that the presence of contaminant particles in the oil with the average weighted size of 10.36 μm leads to a decrease in the oil temperature, the friction coefficient and wear of the tribo-surfaces compared to the oil in which the average weighted size of particles is 35.8 μm. This proves the original hypothesis of the article that the tribounit is a thermodynamic system in which entropy is produced, and to which the laws of non-equilibrium thermodynamics are applicable

Multi-scale/fractal processes in the wake of a wind turbine array boundary layer

ABSTRACTMulti-scale statistics are used to analyse the flow structure of wake flow in the boundary layer of a wind turbine array. Experimentally, a wind turbine array is tested with X-type hot-wire anemometry, providing a velocity signal at discrete locations downstream of the array along the centreline of the centre turbine. Based on the Markov property, the turbulent cascade can be taken as a stochastic process in scale, for which an underlying Fokker-Planck equation and its Kramers-Moyal coefficients are assigned. The first two terms of the Kramers-Moyal expansion (drift and diffusion coefficients) are estimated directly from the measured data by an optimisation procedure, which includes reconstruction of the joint probability density functions via short-time propagator. To quantify the accuracy of estimated the Fokker-Planck equation for describing the turbulent cascade process, the validity of a fundamental law of nonequilibrium thermodynamics named integral fluctuation theorem is verified. The results highlight that multi-scale analysis separates the stochastic cascade into universal and non-universal portions with respect to physical location downstream of the rotor. In addition, the Kramer-Moyal coefficients reveal the impact of a specific generation mechanism of turbulence and its large and small scale motions. Velocity-intermittency quadrant method is used to characterise the flow structure of the wake flow. Multifractal framework presents the intermittency as a pointwise Hölder exponent. The relationship between large and small scales in wake flow is considered by quantifying the impact of the small scales on the large scales in terms of the pointwise Hölder condition. A negative correlation between the velocity and the intermittency is shown at the hub height and bottom tip, whereas the top tip regions show a positive correlation. The second and fourth quadrants are dominant downstream from the rotor. The pointwise results reflect large-scale organisation of the flow and velocity-intermittency events corresponding to a foreshortened recirculation region near the hub height and the bottom tip. A linear regression approach based on the Gram-Charlier series expansion of the joint probability density function is used to model the contribution of the second and fourth quadrants arriving at an excellent agreement between the model and the experiment. The model shows the best fit with the correlation of 0.9864.

SCIENTIFIC COSMISM AND POSTNONCLASSICAL SCIENCE: ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF INTERACTION

The ideas of human-dimensional scientific knowledge originated more than 100 years ago in the thoughts of the cosmists of М. Umov, V. Vernadsky, K. Tsiolkovsky, O. Chizhevsky, who wrote about the cosmic origin of man, the influence of his creative activity on cosmic processes are represented in the introduction. At the end of the XXth-at the beginning of the XXIst cc., they were developed by natural scientists who are investigating the origin of the universe and living conditions in it with the help of modern high technologies. It actualizes the philosophical conception of the correlation of the anthropological orientation of scientific cosmism and postnonclassical science. Hence the task of the article is to identify the connections between the philosophy of cosmism (its scientific direction) of the end of the XIXth and early XXth centuries and post-nonclassical science in the aspect of their anthropological dimension. For this purpose, philosophical-anthropological, cultural-historical and comparative methodological approaches and research methods of cultural-semantic analysis and interdisciplinary research are used. On the basis of the study and comparison of the anthropocosmic ideas of the native cosmists of the conditions for the origin of man in the cosmos and the influence of space processes on man's life, of the possibility of transformation of the biosphere into the noosphere in the process of human activity, the author of the article within research results substantiates the position of the relationship of these ideas with the scientific concepts of representatives of postclassical science. In these concepts, man himself is scientifically proven to become one of the factors of further evolution of nature in the part of the universe inhabited by him. And the laws of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, discovered by a scientific school under the direction of I. Prygozhin, confirm the hypotheses of cosmic scientists about the possibilities of the origin of life in the cosmos through the birth of living from nonliving and further - the higher forms of organization of living matter in the universe because of the emergence of instability in extremely unbalanced conditions. The discussion analyzes the results of the research of anthropological ideas of cosmic scientists and contemporary natural scientists, carried out by M. Wallerstein, V. Kazyutinsky, M. Moiseyev, I. Mochalov, V. Onoprienko, N. Popkova, V. Stepin, S. Yahodzinskyi and others. These researchers are shown in the article not to aim to compare the anthropological views of representatives of cosmism and postnonclassical science. The conclusions prove that the leading idea of anthropocosmism is to understand man as an integral part of the cosmos, his role and place in the world evolutionary processes - has become quite promising for the science of the late XXth - early XXIth centuries, has generated a large number of new hypotheses regarding the origin, formation and development of the universe, the planet Earth and man as a special species of living organisms. It discovers the laws of functioning of self-organized systems that represent non-linear, stochastic, cooperative, and other properties of such systems, which are all components of the space process, including the social world and man himself.

Numerical evidence for thermally induced monopoles

Electric charges are conserved. The same would be expected to hold for magnetic charges, yet magnetic monopoles have never been observed. It is therefore surprising that the laws of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, combined with Maxwell's equations, suggest that colloidal particles heated or cooled in certain polar or paramagnetic solvents may behave as if they carry an electric/magnetic charge. Here, we present numerical simulations that show that the field distribution around a pair of such heated/cooled colloidal particles agrees quantitatively with the theoretical predictions for a pair of oppositely charged electric or magnetic monopoles. However, in other respects, the nonequilibrium colloidal particles do not behave as monopoles: They cannot be moved by a homogeneous applied field. The numerical evidence for the monopole-like fields around heated/cooled colloidal particles is crucial because the experimental and numerical determination of forces between such colloidal particles would be complicated by the presence of other effects, such as thermophoresis.

Biological role for synthesis and release of isoprene by photosynthesizing cells in view of the entropy phenomenon

In this review, the issues of photobiological synthesis and release of isoprene by chlorophyll-containing cells are considered from the viewpoint of thermodynamics of open nonequilibrium systems, with an emphasis on fundamental significance of the entropy phenomenon. The excretory function of the living cell is envisioned as a result of the total release of energy by dissipative structures. The living cell metabolism represents a continuous transformation of a huge number of biologically significant chemical substances. The complex of these transformations results in maintenance of cell homeostasis. The cell functioning can be viewed as energy flows and matter conversions occurring on biological matrices. The flows of irreversible metabolic reactions proceed under steady-state condition of the system and ensure its balanced disequilibrium. The hypotheses considered in this review are based on the principles of energy dynamics; they permit the description of cell metabolism from the laws of nonequilibrium thermodynamics of open systems. It is concluded that the biogenic release of isoprene ensures entropy dissipation, which is required for regulation of fluxes leading to the formation of terpenoids and allowing the maintenance of cell homeostasis.

The potential and flux landscape, Lyapunov function and non-equilibrium thermodynamics for dynamic systems and networks with an application to signal-induced Ca2+ oscillation

In this review, we summarize our recent efforts in exploring the non-equilibrium potential and flux landscape for dynamical systems and networks. The driving force of non-equilibrium dynamics can be decomposed into the gradient of the non-equilibrium potential and the divergent free probability flux divided by the steady-state probability distribution. The potential landscape is linked to the probability distribution of the steady state. We found that the intrinsic potential landscape in the zero noise limit is a Lyapunov function. We have defined and quantified the entropy, energy and free energy of the non-equilibrium systems. These can be used for formulating the first law of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The free energy of the non-equilibrium system is also a Lyapunov function. Therefore, we can use both the intrinsic potential landscape and the free energy to quantify the robustness and global stability of the system. The Lyapunov property provides the formulation for the second law of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. The non-zero probability flux breaks the detailed balance. The two driving forces from the gradient of intrinsic potential landscape and the probability flux are perpendicular to each other under the zero noise limit. We investigate the dynamics of a new biological example of signal-induced Ca2+ oscillation. We explored the underlying potential landscape which shows a Mexican hat shape attracting the system down to the oscillation ring and the flux which provides the driving force on the ring for coherent and stable oscillation. We explored how the landscape and flux topography change with respect to the system parameters and the relationship to the period of oscillations and how the non-equilibrium free energy changes with respect to different dynamic phases and phase transitions when the system parameters vary. These explain how the system becomes robust and stable under different conditions and can help guide the experiment.

Order without design

Experimental reality in molecular and cell biology, as revealed by advanced research technologies and methods, is manifestly inconsistent with the design perspective on the cell, thus creating an apparent paradox: where do order and reproducibility in living systems come from if not from design?I suggest that the very idea of biological design (whether evolutionary or intelligent) is a misconception rooted in the time-honored and thus understandably precious error of interpreting living systems/organizations in terms of classical mechanics and equilibrium thermodynamics. This error, introduced by the founders and perpetuated due to institutionalization of science, is responsible for the majority of inconsistencies, contradictions, and absurdities plaguing modern sciences, including one of the most startling paradoxes - although almost everyone agrees that any living organization is an open nonequilibrium system of continuous energy/matter flow, almost everyone interprets and models living systems/organizations in terms of classical mechanics, equilibrium thermodynamics, and engineering, i.e., in terms and concepts that are fundamentally incompatible with the physics of life.The reinterpretation of biomolecules, cells, organisms, ecosystems, and societies in terms of open nonequilibrium organizations of energy/matter flow suggests that, in the domain of life, order and reproducibility do not come from design. Instead, they are natural and inevitable outcomes of self-organizing activities of evolutionary successful, and thus persistent, organizations co-evolving on multiple spatiotemporal scales as biomolecules, cells, organisms, ecosystems, and societies. The process of self-organization on all scales is driven by economic competition, obeys empirical laws of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, and is facilitated and, thus, accelerated by memories of living experience persisting in the form of evolutionary successful living organizations and their constituents.

Thermodynamic analysis of high-temperature treatment of metallic melts: Part I

High-temperature treatment of melts (HTTM) is used in metallurgy and casting as the most important technological operation for the production of highalloy steels and alloys. HTTM is accompanied by the overheating of a melt to the deactivation temperature of various impurity particles (substrates) contained in an alloy and by holding the overheated liquid metal under these conditions for its homogenization [1]. Thermodynamically, the introduction of thermal energy into a melt can be considered as an external action on a liquid metal. Melt heating is accompanied by a deviation of its temperature from the equilibrium melting temperature and by the appearance of various flows and related thermodynamic forces in the melt. Thus, HTTM should be analyzed using the laws of nonequilibrium thermodynamics [2].

A new model describing the superheated state of the wall layer during nucleate boiling

Observations of nucleate boiling in a glass pipe lead to a new interpretation of the superheated state at the heating wall. The constitutive law of heat transfer based on the laws of non-equilibrium thermodynamics is presented to build a new foundation to Thom's empirical correlation. An analytical result of the DNB wall superheating is deduced from a balance of momentum which serves as a proof that DNB is governed by a sonic limit for the evaporation.

Wood as a thermodynamic system

Wood is considered as a continuum whose behaviour must comply with basic laws of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. This provides a unifying point of view for explaining different processes in wood in terms of basic laws and constitutive assumptions. The equations governing the behaviour of wood under different circumstances (e.g. sorption, swelling, transport of moisture, build up of stresses) are derived from specific constitutive assumptions. More general constitutive assumptions compatible with requirements of non-equilibrium thermodynamics can lead to more realistic mathematical models.