Laws Of Electrostatics Research Articles

An adhesion model for contact electrification

Contact electrification (CE) is a universal phenomenon that occurs at the contact interface where tribo-charges transfer from one surface to another. These CE-driven charges accumulate at the interface and can significantly affect the soft adhesive contact. So far, only a few analytical and numerical models have been proposed to partially solve the CE-induced electroadhesive contact problem. In this study, we have developed a full self-consistent contact model to study the CE-induced electroadhesion between a dielectric elastic axisymmetric parabolic surface and a dielectric rigid flat. Both surfaces are initially neutralized and undergo only one loading–unloading cycle. The surface interaction is determined by both the Lennard-Jones and the electrostatic interaction laws. The electrostatic problem is numerically solved to accurately calculate the electrostatic traction due to both the tribo-charges and bound charges. The normal traction, interfacial gap, and hysteresis loop of the force curve are thoroughly investigated. The effect of non-uniform tribo-charge density on the force curve and electrostatic traction is explored. The numerical model developed in the present work can serve as the foundation for more complex electroadhesive contact models. It also sheds light on the interfacial design of CE-related devices, e.g., contact-separation triboelectric nanogenerator.

Electrophoresis of a weakly charged dielectric fluid droplet in a cylindrical pore.

Electrophoresis of a weakly charged dielectric droplet with constant surface charge density in a chargeless cylindrical pore is investigated theoretically in this study, focusing on the boundary confinement effect of the double layer, which in turn determines the ultimate motion of the droplet. A patched pseudo-spectral method based on the Chebyshev polynomial is adopted to solve the resulting governing fundamental electrokinetic equations. Mobility reversal, among other interesting phenomena, is observed when the droplet is in a narrow cylindrical pore. No such observation was made in the corresponding motion of a rigid particle. The droplet with a thick double layer may even move against the prediction based on the Coulomb electrostatic law, for instance, a positively charged droplet may move against the electric field. The significant enhancement of the motion-deterring double layer polarization due to the severe steric boundary confinement within a narrow cylindrical pore is found to be responsible for this seemingly peculiar phenomenon. Moreover, smaller droplets may move in the opposite direction of the larger ones. The results are useful in capillary electrophoresis involving droplets in particular and migration of droplets through narrow channels in general.

A New Theory about Interfacial Proton Diffusion Revisited: The Commonly Accepted Laws of Electrostatics and Diffusion Prevail.

The high propensity of protons to stay at interfaces has attracted much attention over the decades. It enables long-range interfacial proton diffusion without relying on titratable residues or electrostatic attraction. As a result, various phenomena manifest themselves, ranging from spillover in material sciences to local proton circuits between proton pumps and ATP synthases in bioenergetics. In an attempt to replace all existing theoretical and experimental insight into the origin of protons' preference for interfaces, TELP, the "Transmembrane Electrostatically-Localized Protons" hypothesis, has been proposed. The TELP hypothesis envisions static H+ and OH- layers on opposite sides of interfaces that are up to 75 µm thick. Yet, the separation at which the electrostatic interaction between two elementary charges is comparable in magnitude to the thermal energy is more than two orders of magnitude smaller and, as a result, the H+ and OH- layers cannot mutually stabilize each other, rendering proton accumulation at the interface energetically unfavorable. We show that (i) the law of electroneutrality, (ii) Fick's law of diffusion, and (iii) Coulomb's law prevail. Using them does not hinder but helps to interpret previously published experimental results, and also helps us understand the high entropy release barrier enabling long-range proton diffusion along the membrane surface.

Extended Theory and Analysis of Potential Applications of Gauss's Law

This article analyzes and discusses the extended theory of Gauss's law and its potential applications in different fields. In the theoretical foundation section, the article elaborates on the definition, theory, and formulas of the traditional Gauss's law, providing mathematical derivations. Additionally, it reviews the applications of Gauss's law in electrostatics and gravitational fields, including aspects such as electric field flux, electric potential displacement, gravitational field, and mass distribution. In the potential application analysis section, the article explores the potential applications of Gauss's law in fields such as communications, acoustics, and medicine The expanded theories and potential applications of Gauss's theorem provide us with a unified mathematical framework at the macroscopic level for describing and explaining physical phenomena in different fields. By applying Gauss's theorem and its extended forms, we can better understand and explore various phenomena in the natural world, applying them to acoustics, medicine, and scientific research, thus advancing technological development and addressing practical problems.

The role of the electric field in the departure of vapor bubbles in microgravity

We present the results of a study aimed at investigating the effects of electric fields on quasi-static bubble departure dynamics during pool boiling of perfluorohexane (FC-72) in microgravity conditions. Analysis was performed through an alternative formulation of the bubble momentum balance in which the contribution of non-uniform electric stress distributions at the bubble interface can be quantified through high-speed video measurements without having to numerically solve the laws of electrostatics. Data used in this study were obtained in the scope of the Multiscale Boiling Project, which included advanced single bubble growth experiments performed aboard the International Space Station. Our results confirm that bubble departure counterintuitively begins before the force resulting from electric stresses starts to pull the bubble up from the wall. When this occurs, it is shown that the shrinking process of the contact line accelerates, in agreement with known theoretical results. It is concluded that the electric force is essentially determined by the electric stress distribution at the bubble cap above the contact area. Furthermore, we show that the electric stress at the bubble interface is also responsible for the increase in bubble internal overpressure, which explains the early departure of the bubble while increasing the intensity of the electric field. The results of this study provide an important step in achieving a more comprehensive understanding of the bubble behavior at the heated surface in the presence of an electric field, which is essential to optimally design electrodes and two-phase heat transfer devices for future space applications.

Electric vector potential and the Biot-Savart like law in electrostatics

A vector potential formulation is shown in this article to compute the electric field of planar surface electrodes. The electric field is derived from from the solution of the Laplace’s equation in the free-charge space. Neumann-boundary conditions must be set on the region between planar metallic sheets as the separation goes to zero. It is shown that the electric field can be written via a Biot Savart- like integral. The strategy enables to generalize the analytical result for its application in the gaped surface electrodes description.

Research progress on electrostatic discharge law of aircraft and radiation signal detection technology

At present, the number of combat aircraft in China is huge and in a stage of rapid development, and the electrostatic discharge effect of aircraft during flight has become one of the important issues related to the reliability and safety of aircraft; At the same time, the use of electrostatic discharge radiation signals to achieve aircraft detection and positioning is also an urgent need to develop an effective means of dealing with stealth technology, with significant advantages and broad prospects for military applications. In this paper, from the aspects of the harm of electrostatic discharge to aircraft, the characteristics and radiation laws of electrostatic discharge of aircraft, and the detection technology of electrostatic signal of aircraft, this paper expounds the research progress at home and abroad, analyzes the new problems faced by the electrostatic discharge effect of aircraft and static detection technology, and looks forward to the next research and development direction. The analysis results show that the research hotspots of aircraft electrostatic discharge effect and static detection technology focus on the new mechanism of electrostatic discharge and new radiation signal detection technology brought about by new materials, new environments, new loads and new requirements, and the work that needs to be focused on urgent research mainly includes the study of the integrated characteristics of multi-source electrostatic discharge of aircraft, the long-distance detection of electrostatic discharge information, and the evaluation method of the effect of electrostatic discharge on the airborne electronic system, etc., which provide technical support for improving the reliability and safety of aircraft during flight.

Hybrid teaching–learning-based optimization for solving engineering and mathematical problems

In this work, a new and effective algorithm called hybrid teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO) and charged system search (CSS) algorithms (HTC) are proposed to solve engineering and mathematical problems. The CSS is inspired by Coulomb and Gauss’s electrostatic laws of physics as well as the Newtonian mechanic laws of motion. The TLBO is inspired by the interaction between teacher and student in a classroom. Usually, the TLBO gets trapped in the local optimal due to the lack of a system for measuring the distance between the student and the optimal point. In order to solve this problem, the CSS algorithm, which is based on the electrical physics laws, is utilized. In the CSS algorithm, each factor is stored under the influence of the best local and global positions, and it is used in subsequent iterations as the possible optimal answers. In fact, this leads to a better balance between exploration and exploitation. In order to validate the proposed method, the CEC2021 and CEC2005 mathematical functions are optimized. Additionally, to show the applicability of the proposed algorithm and to evaluate its performance and convergence rate, several benchmark truss structures are optimized. The weight of the structural elements is taken into account as the objective function, which is optimized under displacement and stress constraints. The results of the proposed algorithm are compared with some other well-known meta-heuristic methods. The results show that the hybrid HTC algorithm improved the convergence rate and quickly obtained the optimal and desired design. The hybrid HTC algorithm can be adapted to solve other complex mathematical and optimization problems.

Analysis of static electricity generation and elimination in the process of food powder screw feeding

AbstractThe static electricity in the powder can easily cause poor packaging accuracy, incomplete heat‐sealing of the packaging bag and certain safety hazards. Therefore, the electrostatic generation and elimination of wheat flour and wheat starch were studied in the process of powder screw feeding. Firstly, taking powder particle size, screw speed and conveying distance as influencing factors, the law of static electricity generation in the process of powder screw conveying is studied. Then, an adjustable DC power supply and an ion fan were used to apply voltage and ion wind during the powder screw feeding process to study the elimination of powder static electricity. The research results show that the electrostatic charge of wheat flour and wheat starch is positive. The greater the screw speed, the more severe the powder collision and friction, and the greater the increase in powder charge‐to‐mass ratio. The larger the conveying distance, the greater the increase in the powder‐to‐mass ratio, and when the conveying distance reaches 5200 mm, the experimental powder‐to‐mass ratio tends to be stable. The gain and loss of the charge of wheat starch with small particle size is obviously greater than that of wheat flour with large particle size. The ability and stability of adding ion wind at the outlet of the screw feeder to eliminate static electricity are obviously stronger than the ability and stability of adding voltage to eliminate static electricity.Practical applicationsThe static electricity generated in the process of screw conveying and feeding causes trouble to the packaging weighing, packaging sealing and safety production of powder. Therefore, this paper studies the electric characteristics of food powder in the process of screw transportation and the influence of various factors on the electrostatic generation law, and also through experiments to compare the two methods of electrostatic elimination. This study provides ideas and references for reducing the generation and elimination of static electricity in the process of screw transportation of food powder, so as to improve the packaging accuracy, packaging quality and reduce safety risks in actual industrial production.

Fullerenes Materials Contribute to Ordered Interfacial Cell Water Improving Cellular Electrodynamics and Oxidative Stress Management

The role of water in living systems is complex and a primary mediator of localized and long‐range biological effects in the cell. Of the approximately 70% of cell water, 20‐30% forms a structured semi‐crystalline gel state of water layers, where it also hydrates surfaces of biomolecules and cell structures and is essential for life. Decreases in ordered interfacial water are associated with cellular dysfunction and disease. This interfacial water behaves quantumly. The customary Coulomb Law of electrostatics does not apply, allowing the accumulation of tissues composed of negatively charged cell bodies. Interfacial water is responsible for the thermodynamics of proton and electron transfer and long‐range quantum electrodynamic coherence coordinating quantum criticality of the cellular machinery and systemic integration necessary of complex organisms. We propose that fullerene material increases interfacial water ordering, beneficially altering its electromagnetic properties. Fullerene materials can bind with cellular structures and protein secondary structures not typically available for water interaction, through weak van der Waals forces or pi‐pi stacking arrangements containing aromatic rings with dense pi electron clouds and hydrophobic functional groups. Modulating partial charges, dipoles, and quadrupoles in fullerene materials that result from coherent microtubule‐generated electromagnetic fields helps enhance and extend long‐range ordered water layers and electrostatics between hydrophobic molecules thought necessary for the self‐assembly of bio‐macromolecules. We propose that fullerenes short and long‐range enhancement of structured interfacial water contributes to many of the observed effects of fullerenes in vivo, including a non‐stoichiometric redox mechanism for the well‐established antioxidant activity of fullerene materials.

Regular quantum plasmons in segments of graphene nanoribbons

Graphene plasmons have advantages over noble metal plasmons such as high tunability and low loss. However, for graphene nanostructures smaller than 10 nm, little is known about their plasmons or whether regular plasmonic behavior exists, despite their potential applications. Here, we present first-principles calculations of plasmon excitations in zigzag graphene nanoribbon segments. Very regular plasmonic behavior is found: Only one plasmon mode exists in the low-energy regime ([Formula: see text] eV). The classical electrostatic scaling law still approximately holds when the width ([Formula: see text]) is larger than [Formula: see text] nm but totally fails when [Formula: see text] nm due to quantum effects. The scaling with different doping densities shows that the plasmon is nearly free-electron plasmon instead of Dirac plasmon.

Artificial electric field algorithm based superconducting magnetic energy storage system for damping inter area oscillations

This paper presents an artificial electric field algorithm (AEFA) based optimal control of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system for damping inter area oscillations. The artificial electric field algorithm is based upon Coulomb’s law of electrostatics and Newton’s law of motion. The proposed technique is used to optimize the SMES controller parameters for effective damping of inter area oscillations. Because of the potential for system damage and the subsequent constraints on power transmission along select lines, low frequency inter-area oscillations have been identified as a serious problem in utility systems. With the advancement in power electronics technologies, a new option for damping of power system oscillations has been created by integrating energy storage devices to it. The proposed scheme is tested on a two area interconnected power system which is suitably modelled and it’s modal analysis is done. The participation of each area towards the inter area mode is analyzed by using participation matrix and the suitable placement of SMES units is decided accordingly. MATLAB Simulations are carried out to prove the efficacy of proposed scheme. The simulation results show that proposed SMES controller along with the incorporation of SMES units to each generator bus effectively damps out the inter area oscillations.

Semi-analytical Equations for Designing Terahertz Graphene Dipole Antennas on Glass Substrate

Semi-analytical equations are developed for aiding the process of designing terahertz graphene-based rectangular dipole antennas lying on glass substrates. It directly provides the dipole length required for obtaining resonance at a desired frequency since antenna width and graphene chemical potential are known. By using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, a large number of computational simulations were performed considering several combinations of antenna dimensions and chemical potential values. The simulation results were used along with graphene electrostatic scaling law combined with the least squares method to optimize the formulation coefficients. With the optimized coefficients, we obtain very satisfying accuracy levels. In the frequency range from 0.5 THz to 3.0 THz, the average relative absolute error is 1.50%, with maximum relative absolute error of 6.77%.

Podolsky's Electrodynamics Via First Principles

A theory of electromagnetism with higher order derivatives, which attained by generalizing the laws of electrostatics, laws that follow from the generalized Coulomb's law and the superposition principle, so that they are consistent with special relativity.

Students’ understanding of the inverse square law in electrostatics

One problem of learning Electrostatics is that students often learn from their commonsense beliefs about electric force and electric field. This study investigated students’ conceptual understanding of finding electric force, electric field, and electric potential of point charge after learning an introductory physics course. We administered the Electrostatics Conceptual Evaluation Test to four lecture-based classes in high school. The first question was a comparison of the electric force from two-point charges at two different positions and the second question was a comparison of the electric field from a point charge at two different positions. The use of the inverse square law is required to find the electric force and the electric field at various positions. It was found that many students answered incorrectly. They described that the electric force and the electric field decrease whereas the distance increases by neglecting the inverse square law. This finding can be particularly used to suggest high school teachers to develop their effective strategy to support student learning.

Study of magnetic force between the two magnets for the torque and speed evaluations of rim-driven motor

A new quasi-Coulomb relation between magnetic force vs distance, magnetic flux density, and magnetic pole area is proposed in this paper based on the empirical analysis on the magnetic force vs distance measurements. A simple device is designed and fabricated to measure the repulsive/attractive magnetic force between two magnets. The measurement results show that the relationship between the magnetic force and distance is similar to Coulomb’s electrostatic law, but the attraction is greater than the repulsion. The magnetic force is proportional to the integral of the magnetic flux density with the areas of the magnetic pole. This quasi-Coulomb relationship is useful to evaluate the torque and speed of a rim-driven motor, which plays an important role in electrified propulsion in green aviation technology.

Quantum Vacuum Gravitation Matter-Antimatter Antigravity

Without stating any assumptions or making postulates we show that the electromagnetic quantum vacuum plays a primary role in quantum electrodynamics, particle physics, gravitation and cosmology. Photons are local oscillations of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum field guided by a non-local vector potential wave function. The electron-positron elementary charge emerges naturally from the vacuum field and is related to the photon vector potential. We establish the masse-charge equivalence relation showing that the masses of all particles (leptons, mesons, baryons) and antiparticles have electromagnetic origin. In addition, we deduce that the gravitational constant G is an intrinsic property of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum putting in evidence the electromagnetic nature of gravity. We show that Newton’s gravitational law is equivalent to Coulomb’s electrostatic law. Furthermore, we draw that G is the same for matter and antimatter but gravitational forces could be repulsive between particles and antiparticles because their masses bear naturally opposite signs. The electromagnetic quantum vacuum field may be the natural link between particle physics, quantum electrodynamics, gravitation and cosmology constituting a basic step towards a unified field theory.

Approximate analytical solutions for piezoelectric rectangular beams by using Boley-Tolins method

The Airy stress function satisfies the bipotential equation which is a fourth order partial differential equation in two-dimensional elasticity for isotropic materials. In 1956 Bruno Boley published an iterative procedure for the solution of the Airy stress function. Nowadays this approximation method would be classified as homotopy analysis method (HAM). Boley presented analytical formulas for the deflections and the stresses of two-dimensional, isotropic, rectangular strips and beams. In this contribution Boley's method is extended by considering a piezoelectric material (PZT-5A). After defining the stress function and the electric potential and substituting the constitutive relations into the compatibility equation and Gauss’ law of electrostatics, one obtains two coupled partial differential equations. Adapting Boley's approximation method one finds an iteratively improving solution series where the higher iterations are considered as correction terms. In particular, it is interesting to note that the first iteration is identical to the one-dimensional piezoelectric beam theory within the framework of Bernoulli-Euler if the x-component of the electric displacement is neglected in the charge equation. Analytical formulas are presented for a piezoelectric rectangular beam (unimorph) and a piezoelectric bimorph in case of electrical actuation. Numerical results for the displacement and the electric potential are presented for a cantilever with various thickness-to-length ratios. The analytical outcome of this novel approach is compared to two-dimensional finite element results, showing a very good agreement even for very thick beams if the second iteration is considered.

Finite model of an electric charge

We set up a model of an electric charge where the noninvertible metric phase of first order gravity supercedes the point charge singularity in a curved spacetime. A topological interpretation of the electric charge is provided in terms of an index defined for the degenerate spacetime solution, being closely related to the Euler characteristic. The gravitational equations of motion at this phase are found to be equivalent to the laws of electrostatics. The associated field energy is finite and the geometry sourcing the charge is regular.

A New Unified Electro-Gravity Theory for the Electron, and the Fundamental Origin of the Fine Structure Constant and the Casimir Effect

A rigorous model for the electron is presented by generalizing the Coulomb’s Law or Gauss’s Law of electrostatics, using a unified theory of electricity and gravity. The permittivity of the free-space is allowed to be variable, dependent on the energy density associated with the electric field at a given location, employing generalized concepts of gravity and mass/energy density. The electric field becomes a non-linear function of the source charge, where the concept of the energy density needs to be properly defined. Stable solutions are derived for a spherically symmetric, surface-charge distribution of an elementary charge. This is implemented by assuming that the gravitational field and its equivalent permittivity function is proportional to the energy density, as a simple first-order approximation, with the constant of proportionality, referred to as the Unified Electro-Gravity (UEG) constant. The stable solution with the lowest mass/energy is assumed to represent a “static” electron without any spin. Further, assuming that the mass/energy of a static electron is half of the total mass/energy of an electron including its spin contribution, the required UEG constant is estimated. More fundamentally, the lowest stable mass of a static elementary charged particle, its associated classical radius, and the UEG constant are related to each other by a dimensionless constant, independent of any specific value of the charge or mass of the particle. This dimensionless constant is numerologically found to be closely related to the fine structure constant. This possible origin of the fine structure constant is further strengthened by applying the proposed theory to successfully model the Casimir effect, from which approximately the same above relationship between the UEG constant, electron’s mass and classical radius, and the fine structure constant, emerges.